ABSTRACT
Después del desarrollo y la comercialización en masa de los antibióticos, las bacterias patógenas y ambientales han desarrollado resistencia a los antibióticos desde el siglo pasado, de modo que la infección causada por organismos resistentes a los antibióticos (ORAs) podría ser considerada como una infección emergente. Debido a ello, su control debe ser priorizado ya que constituye una amenaza para todas las naciones, sin reparar en su territorio y situación económica. El incremento de la vigilancia en Estados Unidos de América, Europa y Asia Oriental ha ilustrado lo rápido que pueden diseminarse, trayendo como consecuencia un incremento en la carga de infecciones causadas por los ORAs, sin embargo, la información disponible en los países de continuo desarrollo en América Latina es limitada. Esta revisión describe información reciente de estudios de vigilancia de ORAs en América Latina, así como también fuentes comunes de ORAs y posibles estrategias para su control.
After the development and mass commercialization of antibiotics, pathogenic and environmental bacteria have developed resistance to antibiotics since the last century, so that the infection caused by antibiotic-resistant organisms (AROs) could be considered an emerging infection. As a result, its control should be prioritized as a threat to all nations, regardless of territory and economic situation. Increased surveillance in the United States, Europe and East Asia has illustrated the rapid spread leading to an increasing burden of infections caused by AROs. However, the information available in countries of continued development in Latin America is limited. This review describes recent information on AROs surveillance studies in Latin America as well as common sources of AROs and possible strategies for their control.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Cross InfectionABSTRACT
Objetivos: Avaliar as características de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos de Acinetobacter spp. e Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistentes aos carbapenêmicos, isolados entre agosto de 2011 a janeiro de 2012 de pacientes internados no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, na cidadede Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo através da consulta ao banco de dados do Laboratório de Microbiologia, onde foram incluídos todos os isolados de Acinetobacter spp. e P. aeruginosa provenientes de diferentes espécimes clínicos coletados de pacientes internados que apresentaram resistência ou perfil intermediário aos antimicrobianos carbapenêmicos de uso neste nosocômio (imipenem, meropenem e ertapenem) verificados através de metodologia convencional pela técnica de difusão do disco (Kirby-Bauer) ou metodologia automatizada (MicroScan® ? Siemens) de acordo com as normas preconizadas pelo Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.Resultados: No período estudado foram encontradas 58 amostras de bacilos Gram-negativos não fermentadores resistentes aos carbapenêmicos, sendo 32 do gênero Acinetobacter e 26 P. aeruginosa. Acinetobacter spp. foi mais isolado na Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo, enquanto P. aeruginosa prevaleceu no Pronto Atendimento e no Ambulatório. Ambos os microrganismos provieram principalmente de secreções respiratórias.Conclusões: Neste estudo Acinetobacter spp. e P. aeruginosa apresentaram elevada resistência aos antimicrobianos. A polimixina B mostrou-se um bom antimicrobiano para o tratamento de infecções por microrganismos resistentes aos carbapenêmicos neste nosocômio.
Aims: To evaluate the characteristics of antimicrobial susceptibility of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosaisolated from August 2011 to January 2012 from inpatients at the University Hospital of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted by consulting the database of the Microbiology Laboratory, which included all isolates ofAcinetobacter spp. and P. aeruginosa from different clinical specimens collected from hospitalized patients who had resistant or intermediate profile to carbapenemic antimicrobials used in this hospital (imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem) verified through conventional methodologyby disc diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) or automated method (MicroScan® ? Siemens) according to the standards recommended by the Clinical andLaboratory Standards Institute.Results: In the studied period 58 samples of nonfermenters Gram-negative bacilli resistant to carbapenems were found, 32 of the genus Acinetobacter and 26 of P. aeruginosa. Acinetobacter spp. was more isolated in the intensive care unit, while P. aeruginosa prevailed in the emergency and outpatient departments. Both microorganisms came mainly from respiratory secretions.Conclusions: In this study, Acinetobacter spp. and P. aeruginosa showed high antimicrobial resistance. Polymyxin B was a good antimicrobial for the treatment of infections caused by microorganisms resistant to carbapenems in this hospital.
ABSTRACT
Objetivos: Discutir os diferentes aspectos associados à emergência da resistência aos antibióticos carbapenêmicos em Acinetobacter baumannii e a disseminação de clones epidêmicos.Fonte de dados: Foram consultadas as bases de dados SciELO, PubMed e Science Direct. Foram incluídos artigos publicados em inglês, prioritariamente no período de 2000 a 2011. Os descritores utilizados foram Acinetobacter, multidrug resistance (multirresistência), outbreaks (surtos) infection control measures (medidas de controle de infecções), e risk factors (fatores de risco).Síntese dos dados: Acinetobacter baumannii é um patógeno oportunista envolvido em um amplo espectro de infecções hospitalares, incluindo bacteremia, meningite e infecção do trato urinário. Sua maior prevalência é como agente de pneumonia hospitalar, particularmente pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica em unidades de terapia intensiva. Os antimicrobianos carbapenêmicos já foram utilizados como tratamento das infecções causadas por Acinetobacter, mas atualmente as elevadas taxas de resistência a essa classe de antimicrobianos têm limitado as opções terapêuticas. A resistência aos carbapenêmicos pode estar relacionada à perda de porinas, à produção de b-lactamases da classe B (metalo-b-lactamases) e, de forma mais significativa, à produção de b-lactamases da classe D (OXA-carbapenemases). Surtos associados à produção de OXA-carbapenemases vêm sendo descritos em diferentes países desde o final da década de 1990, e a disseminação de clones epidêmicos tem sido documentada.Conclusões: O elevado número de surtos já relatados na literatura, a facilidade de disseminação de clones epidêmicos e a dificuldade no tratamento tornam as infecções por Acinetobacter um grave problema de saúde pública.
Aims: To discuss the various aspects associated with the emergence of carbapenem resistance in isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii and the spread of epidemic clones.Source of data: We consulted the databases SciELO, PubMed and Science Direct. We included articles published in English, primarily from 2000 to 2011. The key words were Acinetobacter, multidrug resistance, outbreaks, infection control measures, and risk factors.Summary of findings: Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen involved in a wide spectrum of nosocomial infections, including bacteremia, meningitis and urinary tract infection. It is most prevalent as an agent of nosocomial pneumonia, particularly pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation in intensive care units. Carbapenem antibiotics have been used as treatment of choice for infections caused by Acinetobacter, but currently the high rates of resistance to this class of antimicrobials have limited the therapeutic options. Resistance to carbapenem may be related to the loss of porins, to class B b-lactamases (metallo-b-lactamases) and more significantly, to the production class D b-lactamases (OXA-type carbapenemases). Outbreaks associated with the production of OXA-carbapenemases have been reported in different countries since the late 1990s, and the spread of epidemic clones have been documented.Conclusions: The high number of outbreaks already reported in the literature, the ease of spread of epidemic clones and the difficulty in treating, make Acinetobacter infections a serious public health problem.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the resistance rate of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) to clarithromycin and its correlation with point mutations in 23S rRNA gene. Methods Hp was cultured from gastric biopsy specimen obtained from 189 patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The DNA of 11 clarithromycin sensitive Hp and 19 clarithromycin resistant Hp was extracted, and 23S rRNA was amplified and sequenced. Results The rate of clarithromycin resistance in cultured Hp was 29. 2%. Point mutations in 23S rRNA gene were found in 17 clarithromycin resistant Hp strains. The proportion of A to G mutation was 36.8%, G to A of 21.5%, C to T of 15.8%, A to C of 10.5% and T to C of 5.3%. No point mutation in 23S rRNA was detected in other 2 clarithromycin resistant and 11 sensitive Hp strains. Conclusion The resistance to clarithromycin is common in Hp, and point mutations in 23S rRNA gene of Hp are frequent in clarithromycin resistant strains, with most prevalent mutations of A to G and next G to A.