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Objective:To investigate the safety and efficacy of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) bridging program in the perioperative period of mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mPCNL) for long-term antithrombotic patients.Methods:The clinical data of 50 patients who received long-term antithrombotic therapy with mPCNL in Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital from January 2013 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Perioperative anticoagulation plans were drawn up after discussion with an internist. Patients with high thrombosis risk were bridged with LMWH during the perioperative period. Resumed LMWH anticoagulation within 48 hours after surgery. Patients with low or medium thrombosis risk directly discontinued anticoagulation one week before surgery. Preoperative anticoagulation was resumed within 48 hours after removing the nephrostomy tube in all patients. We analyzed the general information before surgery, data during surgery, postoperative hemoglobin changes and stone-free rate (SRF) of all cases. 21 patients were treated with LMWH bridging (bridging group), and 29 patients were directly discontinued with anticoagulant drugs (non-bridging group). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in age [(59.7±7.1) vs. (52.4±10.4)years] , gender [(male/female), 14/7 vs. 19/10], BMI [ (24.3±3.9) kg/m 2 vs. (24.7±5.1) kg/m 2], S. T.O.N.E. score (7.4±1.1 vs. 6.9±1.0), stone surface area [ 314.0(31.4-1 130.4) mm 2 vs. 282.5(64.7-866.0) mm 2], the number of calculi involved in calyces (6/15 vs. 13/16) and stone-related surgical history [ 34% (7/21) vs. 24% (7/29) ]. Results:In the bridging group, 18 patients (86%) performed single-channel mPCNL, 3 patients (14%) underwent dual-channel mPCNL, and the operation time was 80 (35-180) min. In the non-bridging group, 27 patients (93%) underwent single-channel mPCNL, 2 patients (7%) performed dual-channel mPCNL, and the operation time was 80 (30-60) min. The mean changes in hemoglobin in the bridging group and the non-bridging group was 18 (-2 -66) g/L and 14 (-25-64) g/L, respectively ( P = 0.073). The average postoperative hospital stay in the bridging group was (8.6 ± 3.5) days, and the non-bridging group was (7.1 ± 2.3) days ( P= 0.057). Two patients in each group received blood transfusion, and no patients received interventional embolization. The SRF of bridging group and non-bridging group was 81.0% (17/21) vs. 75.9% (22/29) ( P = 0.67) 1 month after the operation. During the perioperative period, no patients had thrombotic complications. Conclusions:When mPCNL was required for long-term antithrombotic treatment patients, the use of LWMH alternatives during the perioperative period did not increase bleeding related complications.
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RESUMEN Objetivo: Presentar los resultados a dos años de seguimiento de la cohorte argentina del estudio EPICOR, un registro internacional, multicéntrico, observacional, prospectivo, diseñado para determinar los patrones de utilización de la terapia antitrombótica en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo en el contexto de la práctica clínica habitual. Material y métodos: Se enrolaron 438 pacientes consecutivos con infarto de miocardio con supradesnivel del segmento ST (STEMI, 41%) o SCA sin supradesnivel del segmento ST (NSTE-ACS, 59%), externados vivos de centros hospitalarios públicos, privados y de comunidad. La media de edad fue 62 años, el 76% eran varones, el 71% hipertensos, el 64% fumadores, el 19% diabéticos y el 40% tenían antecedentes de patología cardiovascular previa. Resultados: La mortalidad global fue del 4,8% al año y del 7,3% a los 2 años. El uso de doble antiagregación plaquetaria fue del 80% al año y del 53% a los 2 años (p < 0,0001), sin diferencias entre aquellos con supradesnivel del ST o sin este. La incidencia de eventos isquémicos y hemorrágicos mayores a los 2 años fue del 15,3% y del 1,8%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Se observó un elevado porcentaje de persistencia de la doble antiagregación plaquetaria a los 2 años, más allá del año recomendado por las guías, con baja incidencia de hemorragias mayores, lo que sugiere una selección clínica de riesgo-beneficio.
ABSTRACT Objectives: To present the two-year follow-up resultis of the EPICOR study Argentine cohort, a prospective, international, observational, multicenter registry designed to determine the use of antithrombotic therapy patterns in the routine clinical practice of patientis with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: The study enrolled a total of 438 consecutive patientis with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI, 41%) or non-ST-segment elevation ACS (NSTE ACS, 59%) discharged alive from public, private, and community hospitals. Mean age was 62 years, 76% of patientis were male, 71% hypertensive, 64% smokers, 19% diabetic and 40% had history of previous cardiovascular disease. Resultis: Overall mortality was 4.8% at 1 year and 7.3% at 2 years. Use of dual antiplatelet therapy was 80% at one year and 53% at 2 years (p<0.0001), with no differences between those with or without ST-segment elevation. The 2-year incidence of ischemic and major bleeding eventis was 15.3% and 1.8%, respectively Conclusions: Beyond the one-year administration recommended by the guidelines, a high percentage of persistent dual antiplatelet therapy was observed at 2 years, with a low incidence of major bleeding eventis, suggesting a clinical risk-benefit selection.
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Objective To discuss antithrombotic drug treatment in subacute myocardial infarction patient with cerebral lacuna infarction and deep vein thrombosis .Methods Clinical pharmacists analyzed the causes of the blood clot formation ,as-sessed ischemia and hemorrhage risk ,consulted evidence-based medicine information ,put forward reasonable suggestions and monitored the medication efficacy and safety .Results There were a lot of risk factors of thrombosis in this patient who was al-so at high risk of bleeding .Clinical pharmacists recommended to reduce aspirin dose to 75 mg daily and add proton pump inhibi-tors .Anticoagulant therapy should also include low molecular heparin .Some suggestions were accepted by doctors .The pa-tient′s condition was improved and there was no bleeding during hospitalization .Conclusion Clinical pharmacists assisted doc-tors in the antithrombotic treatment and maximized medication safety .
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Antecedentes: la fibrilación auricular (FA) es la arritmia sostenida más frecuente en la clínica. Existen pocos datos en nuestro medio sobre la prevalencia, modo de presentación, perfil de riesgo tromboembólico y tratamiento antitrombótico de los pacientes con FA asistidos en la consulta cardiológica general ambulatoria. Método: se identificaron los casos de FA entre las consultas ambulatorias programadas consecutivas en 30 días (junio-julio de 2015) de diez cardiólogos a través de la historia clínica electrónica. Se estudiaron factores demográficos, score de riesgo tromboembólico, tipo de FA y utilización de medicación antitrombótica. Las variables cualitativas se analizaron mediante test exacto de Fisher y las cuantitativas mediante test t de Student o Mann-Whitney, según correspondiera. Resultados: entre 1.875 consultas analizadas, tenían registros de FA 282 (15%), correspondientes a 272 pacientes. La edad de los que tenían FA fue 78,4 ± 8,3 años, mientras que fue 68,3 ± 14 años en el resto (p<0,001). En el sexo masculino tenían FA 136 de 810 consultas (16,7%) y en el sexo femenino en 136 de 1.065 consultas (12,7%) (p=0,0171). En los 257 pacientes con FA no valvular el score CHA2DS2-VASc promedio fue 3,8 ± 1,4, mientras que el 95,3 % tenía un score ³2. El 70,2% tenía FA permanente/persistente y 29,8% la forma paroxística. En FA permanente/persistente la edad media fue 79,2 ± 7,9 años y en FA paroxística fue 76,5 ± 9 años (p=0,0207), el score CHA2DS2-VASc promedio fue 3,9 ± 1,3 y 3,5 ± 1,6 (p=0,0099) respectivamente. Recibían algún tratamiento antitrombótico 252 (92,6%), un anticoagulante oral (ACO) 207 (76,1%), antiagregantes plaquetarios 55 (20,2%) y ambos 10 (3,7%). En FA permanente/persistente recibían ACO 171 de 191 pacientes (89,5 %) y en FA paroxística 36 de 81 (44,4%) (p< 0,0001). El ACO utilizado fue warfarina en 64 (23,5%) y un anticoagulante directo (NOAC) en 143 (52,6%). Conclusiones: la prevalencia de FA en la consulta cardiológica ambulatoria fue elevada, con mayor frecuencia en el sexo masculino y con una media de edad superior en diez años al resto de la población. El 95,3 % de las FA no valvulares tenía score de riesgo ³2 por lo que eran elegibles para ACO. La utilización de ACO fue elevada, pero fue más del doble en FA permanente/persistente que en FA paroxística, aunque la diferencia en edad o score de riesgo entre ambos tipos fue pequeña. La utilización de NOAC superó a la warfarina por más de 2 a 1.
Background: atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in clinical practice. There are few data in our country about the prevalence, presentation mode, thromboembolic risk profile and antithrombotic treatment of patients with AF in a cardiology outpatient clinic. Methods: patients with AF were obtained by searching through the electronic medical records of 10 cardiologists outpatient visits throughout one whole month (June-July 2015). Demographic factors, thromboembolic risk score, type of AF, and use of antithrombotic drugs were reviewed. Qualitative variables were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test, and quantitative variables using Student’s t test or Mann-Whitney test, as appropriate. Results: AF was recorded in 282 out of 1875 outpatient visits (15%), corresponding to 272 patients. The mean age of the patients with AF was 78.4+8.3 years, while it was 68.3+14 years in the non-AF patients (p <0.001). In males, 136 of 810 subjects had AF (16.7%); it was 136 of 1065 in females (12.7%) (p = 0.0171). The mean CHA2DS2-VASc score of non-valvular AF patients was 3.8 ± 1.4, while it was ³2 in 95.3%. Seventy percent of AF patients were found to have permanent/persistent AF, while the remainder 30% had paroxysmal AF. Permanent/persistent AF patients’ mean age was 79.2+7.9 years; it was 76.5+9 years in paroxysmal AF patients (p = 0.0207), while CHA2DS2VASc average score was 3.9+1.3 and 3.5+1.6 (p = 0.0099) respectively. Antithrombotic treatment was prescribed in 252 patients (92.6%), an oral anticoagulant (OAC) in 207 (76.1%), an antiplatelet in 55 (20.2%), and both in 10 (3.7%). OAC were prescribed in 171 of 191 (89.5%) patients with permanent/persistent AF, and in 36 of 81 (44.4%) (p < 0.0001) patients with paroxysmal AF. The prescribed OAC was warfarin in 64 patients (23.5%) and a direct anticoagulant (NOAC) in 143 (52.6%). Conclusions: the prevalence of AF in cardiology outpatients visits was high and most often found in males. The mean age of patients with AF was 10 years higher than the rest of the population. In 95.3% of non-valvular AF patients the CHA2DS2VASc score was ³2 which made them eligible for OAC. The use of OAC was high, but it was more than doubled in permanent/persistent AF compared to paroxysmal AF, although the difference in mean age or risk score between the two groups was small. The use of NOAC exceeded warfarin by more than 2 to 1.
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Humans , Atrial Fibrillation/therapy , Thrombosis/therapy , Ambulatory CareABSTRACT
Heart failure represents one of the most prevalent and morbid cardiovascular condition thorough the world. It is thought, that chronic heart failure is associated with the increased incidence of thromboembolic complications, including stroke, pulmonary, coronary and peripheral embolism. However, epidemiological data on this subject is very limited. Important pathophysiological features of heart failure syndrome encompass chronic procoagulant blood state, low-grade inflammation, vessel wall structure and function abnormalities all changes, predisposing to thromboembolism. The place of anticoagulant therapy in heart failure management, despite long-standing active discussions and debates, remains to be established. In fact, there is a lack of firm evidence to date, suggesting, that oral anticoagulation could be beneficent to heart failure patients, unless they have atrial fibrillation or multiple risk factors of thromboembolism, including previous thrombotic episode. However, emerging data on alternative to oral anticoagulants approaches, including direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors, low molecular weight heparins and antiplatelet agents opens new avenues for pharmacological antithrombotic interventions in heart failure and dictates the need to test these promising hypotheses in prospective randomised clinical trials. This paper summarises data on pathobiological background, rationale and existing evidence on thromboembolism treatment and prevention in the setting of heart failure.
La insuficiencia cardíaca representa uno de los trastornos cardiovasculares mórbidos más prevalentes en el mundo. Se piensa que la insuficiencia cardíaca crónica está asociada con el aumento en la incidencia de complicaciones tromboembólicas como el accidente cerebrovascular y los embolismos pulmonares, coronarios y periféricos. Sin embargo, los datos epidemiológicos sobre este tema son muy limitados. El síndrome de insuficiencia cardíaca comprende importantes características fisiopatológicas como el estado procoagulante crónico, la inflamación de bajo grado, la estructura de la pared vascular y anormalidades en el funcionamiento. Todos estos cambios predisponen al tromboembolismo. Aún no se estableció el lugar que ocupa la anticoagulación en el tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca, a pesar de los debates y las discusiones prolongadas. De hecho, hasta la fecha se carece de pruebas que sugieran que la anticoagulación oral sea beneficiosa para los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca, a menos que presenten fibrilación auricular o múltiples factores de riesgo de tromboembolismo, como el antecedente de un episodio trombótico. Sin embargo, se dispone de nuevos datos acerca de enfoques alternativos a la anticoagulación oral, como los que incluyen los inhibidores directos de la trombina y del factor Xa, heparinas de bajo peso molecular y agentes antiplaquetarios, que abren nuevos caminos para la intervención farmacológica antiplaquetaria en la insuficiencia cardíaca e imponen la necesidad de probar estas hipótesis promisorias en ensayos clínicos prospectivos y aleatorizados. Este trabajo resume los datos publicados acerca de las bases teóricas, resultados actuales y la base biopatológica sobre la prevención y el tratamiento del tromboembolismo en el contexto de la insuficiencia cardíaca.