A Study of Malaria in Seven States of India: Jammu and Kashmir; Punjab, Uttar Pradesh; Madhya Pradesh; Assam; Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh

Background: To the best knowledge of the author, there is no available literature on the status of Malaria in the Union Territory (U.T.) of Jammu and Kashmir (J & K), the Punjab state of India, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh. Hence the preparation of this document. Objectives: To find out the parameters of Malaria in the U.T. of J & K, Punjab state of India, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, and Arunachal Pradesh till as recently as possible. Methods: By studying the documents prepared by the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP), an internet search, a study of the website of the National Health Mission, Manipur, and a study of the document titled “National Framework for Malaria Elimination in India 2016-2030” published by the NCVBDC. Results: Rajouri District in the U.T. of J & K had an Annual Parasite Incidence (API) of Malaria during 2017 of 0.12 which decreased to 0.06 in 2018. It is seen that the API of Malaria in Punjab had come down to the very low level of 0.02 in 2018 and that there were only 4 cases of Malaria during 2021 (up to 26 th April 2021). Bareilly district in Uttar Pradesh had a low API of Malaria of 0.06 during 2017 which increased to 7.32 in 2018. Sheopur District of Madhya Pradesh had a very high API of Malaria during 2017 and 2018 of 6.34 and 4.42 respectively. Udalguri district in Assam had an API of Malaria during 2017 of 1.24 which increased to 2.62 in 2018. Manipur reached zero API in 2018. Arunachal Pradesh used to have a high API of Malaria of 4.30 during 2014 which decreased to 0.39 in 2018. Conclusions: If interventions like the treatment of asymptomatic carriers take place, it is expected that the API in the U.T. of J & K, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh will come down sooner. Punjab state of India is very close to achieving Malariaelimination goals. A finding from the 2019 Malaria epidemic in Uttar Pradesh was that, out of the 74749 cases of Malaria in the state, 9690 were found to be due to P. falciparum. Although Manipur did not reach zero Malaria cases in 2018, it did reach zero API that year. Therefore, it is a good candidate for being the first state or union territory in the country close to being able to achieve near-elimination goals since no other state or union territory achieved zero API in 2018.

A Study of Malaria in Meghalaya State

The South Garo Hills District of Meghalaya had a high number of 284 Malaria cases out of which 281 were due to Plasmodium falciparum and an Annual Parasite Incidence (API) of 1.69 during 2021. However, if interventions like the treatment of asymptomatic carriers take place, it is expected that the API and the number of Malaria cases will come down further.

A study of Malaria in the Union Territory (U.T.) of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (DNHDD)

One of the districts in the newly reconstituted U. T. of DNHDD had a high Annual Parasite Incidence (API) of Malaria during 2014 which decreased in 2017 and 2018. However, if interventions like the treatment of asymptomatic carriers take place, it is expected that the API will come down sooner there.

A Study of Malaria in Jharkhand State

Background: The aim of India is to reach zero Malaria cases by 2027 and then wait for three years before WHO can grant Malaria-free status certification. It is already the beginning of 2022 and India is about to reach the halfway mark of the Malaria Elimination framework period of 2016 to 2027. Objectives: To see how far Jharkhand has reached about Malaria elimination targets. Methods: By reviewing documents published by the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP). Results: The Latehar District of Jharkhand had a very high Annual Parasite Incidence (API) of 10.86 during 2018. Conclusions: If interventions like the treatment of positive patients and asymptomatic carriers occur, the API will be expected to decrease drastically.

Realization of interactive assessment form of radiotherapy dose based on Eclipse Scripting API / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective:To realize the interactive form evaluation of radiotherapy dose and the automatic calculation of conformity index (CI) and heterogeneity index (HI) in the Eclipse planning system.Methods:The Eclipse Scripting API application development interface and C# programming language were employed to develop it with script plug-ins combined with independent programs. The visual interface programming and call the relevant dose query function in the API were utilized to realize the interactive table dose evaluation and the automatic calculation of HI. The functions of calling dosage structure creation and structure Boolean operation in the API were adopted to realize the automatic calculation of CI.Results:15 clinical radiotherapy cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma were selected. The dose evaluation results were statistically compared between this method and the module equipped in the Eclipse system. The results showed that the accuracy was consistent between these two methods ( P>0.05), whereas the evaluation efficiency of this method was significantly higher compared with that of the Eclipse system module ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The interactive evaluation form in this article has a friendly interface, which allows users to more conveniently perform dose assessment, multi-plan comparison, and calculation of CI and HI, which effectively improves work efficiency and can better serve the clinical and scientific research work of radiotherapy.

Development of a rapid GC-FID method to simultaneously determine triethylamine,diisopropylamine,and 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine residues in an active pharmaceutical ingredient / 药物分析学报

A rapid GC-FID method was developed to simultaneously determine residual levels of triethylamine(TEA),1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine(TMG),and diisopropylamine(DIPA)in the synthetic route of an active pharmaceutical ingredient(API).Due to the severe absorption of amines on GC stationary phases,GC columns with various stationary phases were evaluated for optimal peak shape and reproducibility.The final conditions used the Agilent CP-Volamine column to resolve the three amines in 12 min.Various inlet liners were also screened to further improve the sensitivity of the analysis.The Restek Siltek? liner was selected to achieve the desired detectability for the method.The quantitation limits were 4,3,and 4 μg/mL for TEA,DIPA,and TMG in the presence of API,respectively.All three amines showed good linearity(r＞0.999)and recoveries(＞90％)over the concentration range of 3 to 16 μg/mL.The testing of residual amines was initially performed at the penultimate stage of the synthesis.However,this work demonstrates that TMG can act as a proton sponge to react with salicylic acid,the counter ion of the penultimate,to form a volatile component that elutes at a different retention time.Consequently,in the final method,these three amines were monitored in the final API to circumvent the matrix interference.Key parameters of the method were qualified per method validation requirements in ICH guidelines.The method was successfully applied for batch testing during development and implemented as an in-process control procedure at manufacturing sites.

Pharmaceutical strategies to extend pulmonary exposure of inhaled medicines

Pulmonary administration route has been extensively exploited for the treatment of local lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and respiratory infections, and systemic diseases such as diabetes. Most inhaled medicines could be cleared rapidly from the lungs and their therapeutic effects are transit. The inhaled medicines with extended pulmonary exposure may not only improve the patient compliance by reducing the frequency of drug administration, but also enhance the clinical benefits to the patients with improved therapeutic outcomes. This article systematically reviews the physical and chemical strategies to extend the pulmonary exposure of the inhaled medicines. It starts with an introduction of various physiological and pathophysiological barriers for designing inhaled medicines with extended lung exposure, which is followed by recent advances in various strategies to overcome these barriers. Finally, the applications of the inhaled medicines with extended lung exposure for the treatment of various diseases and the safety concerns associated to various strategies to extend the pulmonary exposure of the inhaled medicines are summarized.

Advances in coamorphous drug delivery systems

In recent years, the coamorphous drug delivery system has been established as a promising formulation approach for delivering poorly water-soluble drugs. The coamorphous solid is a single-phase system containing an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and other low molecular weight molecules that might be pharmacologically relevant APIs or excipients. These formulations exhibit considerable advantages over neat crystalline or amorphous material, including improved physical stability, dissolution profiles, and potentially enhanced therapeutic efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of coamorphous drug delivery systems from the perspectives of preparation, physicochemical characteristics, physical stability, and performance. Furthermore, the challenges and strategies in developing robust coamorphous drug products of high quality and performance are briefly discussed.

The effects of pH, surfactant, ion concentration, coformer, and molecular arrangement on the solubility behavior of myricetin cocrystals

Pharmaceutical cocrystals are a promising technology that can be used to improve the solubility of poor aqueous compounds. The objective of this study was to systematically investigate the solubility of myricetin (MYR) cocrystals, including their kinetic solubility, thermodynamic solubility, and intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR). The effects of pH, surfactant, ion concentration, and coformers on the cocrystal solubility were evaluated. Furthermore, single crystal structures of MYR, myricetin-isonicotinamide (MYR-INM) and myricetin-caffeine (MYR-CAF) cocrystals were analyzed to discuss the possible reasons for the enhancement of cocrystal solubility from the perspective of the spatial structure. The results indicated that the kinetic solubility of MYR cocrystals was modulated by pH and cocrystal coformer (CCF) ionization in buffer solution, while it primarily depended on the CCF solubility in pure water. In addition, the solubility of MYR cocrystals was increased in a concentration dependent fashion by the surfactant or ion concentration. The thermodynamic solubility of MYR-INM (1:3) cocrystals decreased with the increases of the pH value of the dissolution media. The IDR of MYR cocrystals was faster than that of MYR in the same medium and extremely fast in pH 4.5 buffer. The improved solubility of MYR cocrystals was probably related to the alternate arrangements of MYR and INM/CAF molecules and increased intermolecular distance. The present study provides some references to investigate the solubility behavior of pharmaceutical cocrystals.

Effect of percutaneous nailing combined with unilateral fenestration and decompression for bilateral lumbar spinal stenosis / 实用医学杂志

Objective Clinical study on the treatment of bilateral lumbar spinal stenosis with percutane-ous fixation combined with unilateral open-ended spinal canal decompression. Methods 126 patients with bilater-al lumbar spinal stenosis admitted to our hospital were randomly divided into two groups.The observation group was treated by percutaneous nail combined with unilateral laminar fenestration,and the control group was treated by open reduction combined with bilateral hemi laminectomy and spinal canal decompression.The two groups of pa-tients with general surgical complications after treatment,index,lumbago and leg pain VAS score and ODI score were compared.Results The operation time of the observation group,the amount of bleeding,the time of hospital-ization and the cost of hospitalization were less than those of the control group.There were no complications such as incision infection after operation in the two groups.The two groups were statistically significant postoperative pain and leg pain VAS score and ODI score compared with preoperative difference.The two groups had statistical signifi-cance between low back and leg pain VAS score and ODI score after 6 and 12 months and last follow-up phase dif-ference.But the two groups after 3 months of lumbago and leg pain VAS score and ODI score had no significant dif-ference.Conclusions Percutaneous minimally invasive nail combined with unilateral laminar fenestration and de-compression for bilateral lumbar spinal stenosis has the advantages of less trauma,less bleeding,shorter hospitaliza-tion time and quicker recovery.It is worthy of clinical promotion.

Efficacy Study of Three Different Schemes of Budesonide in Recurrent Wheezing Children under 5 Years Old / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To explore the curative effect of the daily and two different METHODS of intermittent atomization inhalation of budesonide(BUD) in the treatment of recurrrent wheezing children under 5 years old, providing the basis for early selection of appropriate intervention regimen for them. METHODS: We studied 160 children between the aged 12 and 59 months who had positive values on the modified API(mAPI), recurrent wheezing episodes. Children were randomly divided into three groups according to admission time sequence: daily low dose atomization inhalation group (daily group) 54 cases, intermittent high dose early atomization inhalation group (early group) 53 cases and intermittent general dose preemptive atomization inhalation group (preemptive group) 53 cases. All children were observed for 1 year. Number of systemic corticosteroids courses, wheezing episodes, intravenous, the emergency number, symptomatic days, respiratory symptom scores and other curative effect indicators were compared between the three groups; and compare the number of systemic corticosteroids courses, intravenous, wheezing episodes, the emergency number, and hospitalization rates before and after treatment in each group. RESULTS: In this study, 10 children failed to complete the test because of various reasons, 150 cases were effective, each group 50 cases. All three groups can reduce the number of systemic corticosteroids courses, intravenous, wheezing episodes, the emergency number and hospitalization rate, the difference were statistically significant(P0.05);there was no significant difference between the respiratory symptom scores, the number of hospitalized patients, treatment failure rate, and use SABA days of the three group (P>0.05). The BUD use days and doses of intermittent inhalation regimens is less than daily inhalation regimen(P<0.01);among the three groups, the preemptive group used the least dose(P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The efficacy of early and preemptive group is close to the daily group, and BUD days and doses of the early and preemptive group is less than that of daily group. The drug administration time of preemptive group was earlier and the overall drug delivery time is more flexible than early group, so the preemptive regimen can offer new options for 5-year-old children with recurrent wheezing and positive values on the mAPI.

Understandingabsorption: regulatory aspects and contemporary approaches to tackling solubility and permeability hurdles

Oral drug absorption is a process influenced by the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of the drug and its inter-relationship with the gastrointestinal tract. Drug solubility, dissolution and permeability across intestinal barrier are the key parameters controlling absorption. This review provides an overview of the factors that affect drug absorption and the classification of a drug on the basis of solubility and permeability. The biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) was introduced in early 90׳s and is a regulatory tool used to predict bioavailability problems associated with a new entity, thereby helping in the development of a drug product. Strategies to combat solubility and permeability issues are also discussed.

Influence of physical properties of carrier on the performance of dry powder inhalers

Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) offer distinct advantages as a means of pulmonary drug delivery and have attracted much attention in the field of pharmaceutical science. DPIs commonly contain micronized drug particles which, because of their cohesiveness and strong propensity to aggregate, have poor aerosolization performance. Thus carriers with a larger particle size are added to address this problem. However, the performance of DPIs is profoundly influenced by the physical properties of the carrier, particularly their particle size, morphology/shape and surface roughness. Because these factors are interdependent, it is difficult to completely understand how they individually influence DPI performance. The purpose of this review is to summarize and illuminate how these factors affect drug-carrier interaction and influence the performance of DPIs.

Research on chemical constituents from branches and twigs with leaves of Viscum coloratum / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents from the dry stem leaves parts of Viscum coloratum. Methods: The chemical constituents were separated and purified by various column chromatographies and HPLC. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR, and MS). The dry stem leaves of V. coloratum were extracted by 95% ethanol, then concentrated and was extracted by water and chloroform. Then the water part was eluted by the gradient of water and ethanol (100:0→0:100), obtaining the six parts of water, 10% ethanol, 30% ethanol, 50% ethanol, 70% ethanol, and 95% ethanol. Results: Nine compounds were isolated from the 50% EtOH extract in the dry stem leaves parts of V. coloratum with the structures identified as rhamnazin-3-O-β-D-api (1→2)-O-β-D-glucoside (1), rhamnazine (2), rhamnazin-3-O-β-D-glucoside (3), rhamnazin-3- O-β-D-(6″-acetyl)-O-β-D-glucoside (4), homeriodictyol-7-O-β-D-glucoside (5), homeriodictyol-7-O-β-D-api (1→2)-O-β-D-glucoside (6), homeriodictyol-7-O-β-D- glucoside-4'-O-β-D-apioside (7), homeriodictyol-7-O-β-D-glucosid (8), and liquidamboside (9). Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new flavonoid glycoside, named as viscumneoside IX, and the compound 9 is isolated from the dry stem leaves parts of V. coloratumi first time.

Simultaneous determination of five effective components in different parts of Dracocephalum moldevica L by RP-HPLC / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To develop an RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of rosmarinic acid, tilianin, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, and diosmetin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide in different parts ofDracocephalum moldevica L. METHODS: The five constituents were measured on a Shim-pack ODS column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm)with gradient elution of acetonitrile (A)-0.5% formic acid aqeous solution (B) (0-30 min, 17%A;30-60 min, 17%-28%A; 60-70 min, 28%A) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1. The detection wavelength was set at 330 nm, and the column temperature was maitained at 35℃. RESULTS: The linear ranges of rosmarinic acid, tilianin, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, and diosmetin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide were 4.2-126 μg·mL-1 (r=0.999 2), 7.84-235.2 μg·mL-1 (r=0.999 3), 3.048-91.44 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 4), 1.472-44.16 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 4), and 2.816-84.48 μg·mL-1 (r=0.999 2), respectively. The average recoveries (RSD) of the five compounds were 98.97%(1.03%), 99.90%(0.92%), 99.89% (1.75%), 99.55% (0.98%), and 99.76%(1.19%) (n=6), respectively. CONCLUSION: The developed method is accurate and precise, which can be used for the quality control of different parts of Dracocephalum moldevica L.The RESULTS: of content determination indicate that the five compounds exist in all the parts of Dracocephalum moldevica L., but the mass fractions are obviously different.

A retrospective study of malaria outbreak in children of a defence establishment in Gujarat State of India.

Introduction: Malaria is a major health threat in India. Many states including Guj and focal outbreaks of malaria from 1997 to 2006. A defence establishment located in western part of India suffered from an epidemic of BT malaria in 2005, which was confirmed by epidemiological investigation. Material and methods: An outbreak of malaria occurred in a closed defence campus was investigated by an epidemiologist and was confirmed as an epidemic. Measures advised for its co and further prevention were strictly implemented to control it. The study is based on the reported information and data collected at the time of investigation. Results: In a population of 4832 in a closed campus, 363 cases were reported with high slide positivity rate of 27.07 percent and overall API of 75.12 per thousand populations. The incidence was relatively higher among the children below 16 years with a very high API of 156.43 in 6-11 years' age group. High spleen rate and infant parasite rate confirmed the local transmission of malaria. An excessive breeding of vector was noticed as several places. Discussion: The campus suffered from BT malaria epidemic with very high API among younger population of school going children mainly due to local transmission caused by An. stephensi. Vactoe was found breeding heavily in pools, ditches, overhead tanks and static tanks. The epidemic resulted due to insincere efforts in implementing anti-malaria activities. Conclusion: The epidemic affected all age groups with a very high incidence in pre-school and school going children especially 6-11 years' age group. Lack of anti-malaria activities, uncontrolled breeding of anopheles in the campus, delay in diagnosis and treatment, poor reporting, record maintenance and follow up of the cases were the causes of the epidemic. It was effectively controlled by implementing measures of control suggested by the epidemiologist.

Diferentes intervalos de tempo de leitura do sistema API 20C AUX® na identificação de leveduras de interesse médico / Different reading time intervals of the API 20C AUX® system for identifying the yeasts of medical interest

Infecções de corrente sanguínea por leveduras do gênero Candida são uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes imunocomprometidos. Candida albicans permanece a espécie mais isolada nestas infecções e é de fácil e rápida identificação. Contudo, existem outras espécies, como C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata e C. krusei, que são encontradas com menor frequência e que necessitam de maior período de tempo e de metodologias comerciais automatizadas ou semi-automatizadas para sua identificação. Neste estudo foram analisadas 146 cepas de leveduras quanto à capacidade do Sistema API 20C AUX® (Biomerieux®, França) em identificar corretamente o gênero e a espécie de microrganismos em diferentes períodos de leitura, visando-se a liberação do resultado em menor tempo. C. parapsilosis, C. guilliermondii, C. pelliculosa, C. colliculosa, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Trichosporon mucoides e T. asahii foram as leveduras cujos resultados finais puderam ser liberados nos períodos de tempo de 96, 120 e 144 h. Oitenta por cento das C. glabrata e 69 % das C. tropicalis também foram identificadas nos períodos além do tempo estabelecido. Com os resultados obtidos é possível antecipar a identificação do gênero e de algumas espécies de leveduras...

Uncertainty Measurement Evaluation of the Content Determination of Prednisolone API by HPLC / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the uncertainty measurement evaluation of the content determination of pred-nisolone API. METHODS:HPLC internal standard method was adopted to determine the content of prednisolone API,establish mathematical model for uncertainty evaluation,analyze influential factors and evaluate the factors. RESULTS:HPLC internal stan-dard method showed the contont was 98.8%,and expanded uncertainty of prednisolone API was 1.6%,and the determination result was(98.8±1.6)%,k=2. CONCLUSIONS:The method is suitable for the uncertainty measurement evaluation of the content deter-mination of prednisolone API by HPLC internal standard method.

Comparison of the Vitek 2, API 20A, and 16s rRNA Gene Sequencing for the Identification of Anaerobic Bacteria / 대한임상미생물학회지

BACKGROUND: Recently, genotypic identification of anaerobes is emerging as an alternative to the phenotypic method. In this study, we evaluated the performance of Vitek 2, API 20A and 16s rRNA gene sequencing for the identification of anaerobic bacteria. METHODS: A total of 35 anaerobe reference strains were identified using Vitek 2, API 20A and 16s rRNA gene sequencing. We evaluated the performance of three methods on the basis of the accurate identification rates. RESULTS: The Vitek 2, API 20A and 16s rRNA gene sequencing identified 54.3, 15.4, and 94.3% of test strains correctly at the species level and identified 77.1, 42.3, and 100% at the genus level, respectively. Results of the McNemar's test showed that there was a significant difference between each of the three identification methods in species level identification (P value<0.05). CONCLUSION: 16s rRNA gene sequencing showed better performance than Vitek 2 or API 20A for anaerobic bacteria. Considering its excellent performance, 16s rRNA gene sequencing may be useful for accurate identification of anaerobic bacteria that cannot be correctly identified by phenotypic methods.

Insecticide-tretted bed nets in rondônia, Brazi: evaluation of their impact onn malaria control / Mosquiteiros impregnados com inseticida em Rondônia, Brasil: avaliação do impacto na incidência da malária

Mosquito nets treated with long-lasting insecticide (LLINs), when used in compliance with guidelines of the World Health Organization, may be effective for malaria vector control. In 2012, approximately 150,000 LLINs were installed in nine municipalities in the state of Rondônia. However, no studies have assessed their impact on the reduction of malaria incidence. This study analyzed secondary data of malaria incidence, in order to assess the impact of LLINs on the annual parasite incidence (API). The results showed no statistically significant differences in API one year after LLIN installation when compared to municipalities without LLINs. The adoption of measures for malaria vector control should be associated with epidemiological studies and evaluations of their use and efficiency, with the aim of offering convincing advantages that justify their implementation and limit malaria infection in the Amazon Region.

O uso de mosquiteiros impregnados com inseticida de longa duração (MILD), quando obedecidas as orientações da Organização Mundial da Saúde, é medida de controle de vetores da malária que pode apresentar excelentes resultados. Em 2012 foram instalados aproximadamente 150.000 MILDs em nove municípios do estado de Rondônia. Concomitantemente não houve estudo de avaliação de impacto na redução da incidência. O presente estudo analisou dados secundários da incidência, na expectativa de avaliar o impacto dos MILDs na incidência parasitária anual (IPA). Os resultados estatísticos mostram que, no período de um ano após a instalação dos MILDs, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na variação da IPA em relação a outros municípios que não receberam os MILDs. A adoção de medidas de controle vetorial deve ser acompanhada de estudos epidemiológicos e de avaliação de uso e eficácia para oferecer subsídios mais robustos que justifiquem a adoção desta medida de controle da malária na Região Amazônica.