The impact of emotional attachment and culture on the breakup strategies perceived by the abandoned / El peso del apego y de la cultura en las estrategias de rompimiento amoroso percibidas por los abandonados

Abstract Considering the importance that has it been given to couple relationships, their breakdown has a negative impact on its members, especially on those who are victims (passive role) of the other's decision. Thus, from the cultural point of view, when a great value is attributed to romantic relationships, in terms of personal and family fulfillment, and this is transmitted to the members of the couple, facilitating the development of beliefs, norms, attitudes and expectations about the love experience, the search and consummation of that love becomes a guideline in people's lives. And if coupled with this, the attachment representing the means by which the biological needs for affection and security are met through the connection with another, it can be devastating to lose the source of such satisfactions. Based on the foregoing, the purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the historic socio-cultural premises (PHSC, for its Spanish acronym) about romantic mourning and the attachment styles with the breakup strategies perceived by the passive subjects with a positive and negative romantic history. To do this, the study used a non-probabilistic sample of 547 residents of Mexico City who had been left by their partner. After performing some correlation analyzes, results indicated that the PHSC's have greater effects on the perception of negative breakup strategies in people with a positive or negative romantic history. The effects increased when dealing with PHSC's about feelings, mainly in passive members with a negative history and with an anxious attachment style followed by those with avoidant style. For their part, positive PHSCs are associated, but at a low level, with any perceived strategy.

Resumen Dada la importancia que se confiere a las relaciones de pareja, su rompimiento generalmente repercute de manera negativa en la vida de sus miembros, sobre todo en quien es víctima de la decisión del otro -es decir, quien ejerce un papel pasivo-. Así, desde el punto de vista cultural, cuando se le atribuye a la relación de pareja un valor importante como fuente de realización personal y familiar, y ello se transmite a través de los miembros -lo que facilita el desarrollo de creencias, normas, actitudes y expectativas del amor-, su búsqueda y consumación se vuelve una directriz en la vida de las personas. Adicional a esto, si el apego -que representa el medio por el cual se cubren las necesidades biológicas de afecto y seguridad- se ve satisfecho en la vinculación con el otro, puede que resulte devastador perder la fuente de tales satisfactores. Con base en lo anterior, el propósito de este estudio fue identificar la relación entre los estilos de apego y las premisas histórico-socioculturales (PHSC) del duelo romántico con las estrategias de rompimiento percibidas por los abandonados con historia romántica positiva o negativa. Para ello, se trabajó con una muestra no probabilística de 547 personas residentes de la Ciudad de México que habían sido dejadas por su pareja. Tras realizar algunos análisis de correlación, los resultados indicaron que las PHSC tienen mayores efectos sobre la percepción de estrategias de rompimiento negativo tanto en personas con historia romántica positiva como negativa. Los efectos incrementan cuando se trata de las PHSC sobre el sentir, principalmente en abandonados con historia negativa y con estilo de apego ansioso-ambivalente, seguido del evitativo. Por su parte, las PHSC positivas se asocian, pero en un nivel bajo, con cualquier estrategia percibida.

Behavioral assessment of shelter dogs submitted to different methods of environmental enrichment / Avaliação comportamental de cães de abrigo submetidos a diferentes métodos de enriquecimento ambiental

ABSTRACT: Environmental enrichment is a dynamic process consisting of a set of activities designed to meet the ethological and psychological needs of animals. It stimulates the natural behavior of each animal species improving the well-being of the individual and avoiding the development of stereotyped behaviors. The present study aimed to assess the potential benefits that four different types of environmental enrichment would bring to the quality of life of shelter dogs. Twenty dogs were observed for 6 hours daily for 5 consecutive days in the first week in order to assess and document their behavior patterns in an experimental kennel. Between the second to the fourth week, 3 forms of game and 1 type of food enrichment were used in the first 4 days of each week. On the fifth day of each week, behavioral patterns were recorded and later compiled and analyzed according to the Tukey test. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in behaviors associated with lying down, standing up, and licking. Based on our findings, we concluded that the use of environmental enrichment methods through different types of games and toys in shelters decreased signs of depression and stereotyped behavior of kennelled dogs. Results of the present study showed that these tools may help improve life quality of these animals.

RESUMO: O enriquecimento ambiental é um processo dinâmico que consiste em um conjunto de atividades com a finalidade de atender às necessidades etológicas e psicológicas dos animais, estimulando os comportamentos naturais de cada espécie, melhorando o bem estar e evitando comportamentos estereotipados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi observar o benefício que quatro diferentes formas de enriquecimento ambiental trariam para melhorar a qualidade de vida de cães de abrigo. Vinte cães foram observados durante 6 horas diárias por cinco dias consecutivos na primeira semana, com a finalidade de se obter o padrão de comportamento no ambiente estéril do abrigo. Da segunda à quarta semana foram aplicadas três formas de brincadeiras e uma forma de enriquecimento alimentar nos primeiros quatro dias de cada semana. No quinto dia de cada semana os padrões de comportamento foram registrados e, posteriormente, compilados e analisados pelo teste de Tukey. A análise estatística demonstrou diferença significativa nos comportamentos de deitar, de ficar em pé e de lamber-se. Conclui-se que a aplicação do enriquecimento ambiental, por meio de diferentes formas de brincadeiras, empregado em abrigo para cães, diminuiu os sinais de depressão e os comportamentos estereotipados, demonstrando ser uma ótima ferramenta para aumentar a qualidade de vida destes animais.

Toxocariasis: seroprevalence in abandoned-institutionalized children and infants / Toxocariosis: seroprevalencia en infantes expósitos, abandonados e institucionalizados

Toxocariasis is an infection that has worldwide distribution. Toxocara canis is the most relevant agent due to its frequent occurrence in humans. Soil contamination with embryonated eggs is the primary source of T. canis. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of toxocariasis in 10-month to 3 year-old abandoned infants, considered to be at high risk because of their orphanhood status and early age. Blood samples were collected from 120 children institutionalized in an orphanage in the city of La Plata. In this study, we observed 38.33% of seropositive cases for T. canis by ELISA and 45% by Western blot techniques; significant differences among groups A (<1 year), B (1-2 years) and C (>2 years) were also found. In research group A, children presented a seropositivity rate of 23.91%, in group B of 42.85% and in group C of 56%, which indicates an increase in frequency as age advances, probably because of greater chances of contact with infective forms of the parasite since canines and soil are frequently infected with T. canis eggs. Abandoned children come from poor households, under highly unsanitary conditions resulting from inadequate or lack of water supply and sewer networks, and frequent promiscuity with canines, which promotes the occurrence of parasitic diseases. These children are highly vulnerable due to their orphanhood status and age.

La toxocariosis es una enfermedad presente en todo el mundo. Como causa primaria de infección se cita la contaminación de los suelos con huevos embrionados de Toxocara canis. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la seroprevalencia de toxocariosis en niños expósitos (abandonados) de 10 meses hasta 3 años, los que se consideran de alto riesgo por su condición de orfandad y escasa edad. Las muestras de sangre fueron recolectadas de 120 niños institucionalizados en un orfelinato de la ciudad de La Plata. En este estudio, se observó un porcentaje de seropositivos para T. canis de 38,33 % por la técnica de ELISA y de 45 % por la técnica de Western blot, con diferencias significativas entre los grupos etarios estudiados (A: < 1 año, B: 1-2 años, C: > 2 años). Los niños del grupo A presentaron una frecuencia de seropositividad de 23,91 %; los del grupo B, de 42,85 % y en los niños del grupo C fue del 56 %. Esto indica un incremento de la frecuencia de presentación a medida que aumentó la edad, debido probablemente a las mayores posibilidades de contactar con estados infectantes del parásito, ya que los caninos y el suelo se hallan frecuentemente infectados por huevos de T. canis. Los niños abandonados provienen de hogares carenciados, donde a las malas condiciones de higiene resultantes de la ausencia de red de agua y cloacal se le agrega la frecuente promiscuidad con caninos, lo cual propicia la presencia de parasitosis. Sumado a la condición de desamparo, esto produce un estado de máxima vulnerabilidad.

Absceso lumbar secundario a colelitiasis retenida / Lumbar abscess secundary to retained gallstones

Los cálculos abandonados tras apertura accidental durante una colecistectomía, generalmente laparoscópica, pueden producir complicaciones tardías, siendo el absceso intraabdominal la más frecuente. El diagnóstico se basa en la prueba de imagen (ecografía/tomografía computerizada), siendo el drenaje y la extracción quirúrgica de los cálculos la mejor opción terapéutica, ya que el drenaje percutáneo presenta una elevada tasa de fracasos. Sin embargo, el absceso en pared abdominal posterior como manifestación inicial de un absceso intraabdominal debido a colelitiasis retenida es poco frecuente, por lo que reportamos este caso.

Lost gallstones after accidental opening of the gallbladder during cholecystectomy usually under laparoscopy, can cause late complications. Intra-abdominal abscess is the most frequent and the diagnosis is based on imaging techniques (abdominal ultrasound or computed tomography scan). Surgical drainage with gallstones removal seems to be the best approach, due to the fact that a simple percutaneous drainage has a high failure rate. However, a posterior abdominal wall abscess as the initial manifestation of intra-abdominal abscess due to retained gallstones is uncommon, and this prompted us to report this case.

Perfil de los niños, niñas y adolescentes sin cuidado parental en Colombia / Perfil dos meninos, das meninas e dos adolescentes colombianos sem cuidado dos pais / Profile of Colombian boys, girls and adolescents without parental care

La situación de niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) sin cuidado parental es un tema poco estudiado en el país. Se realizó una caracterización del problema, a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, para ello se utilizaron varias estrategias metodológicas: análisis documental, análisis de bases de datos e informes estadísticos, entrevistas semiestructuradas, grupos de discusión y talleres. Todas las situaciones de riesgo para que falte el cuidado parental, se presentan en Colombia: pobreza, desplazamiento, migraciones nacionales e internacionales, desastres naturales, conflicto armado, discapacidad, violencia intrafamiliar, entre otros. Los datos presentados muestran que la magnitud del problema es grande y son graves sus implicaciones en la vulneración de derechos La respuesta social organizada ante el problema es limitada tanto en la prevención como en el restablecimiento de derechos.

A situação dos meninos, das meninas e dos adolescentes (MMA) sem cuidado dos pais é um tema que tem sido pouco estudado na Colombia. Uma caracterização do problema a partir de fontes primarias e secundárias foi estruturada. Varias estratégias metodológicas foram estruturadas: análises documentais, análises de bases de dados e relatórios estadísticos, entrevistas semi-estruturadas, grupos de discussão e workshops. Todas as situações de risco que facilitam a falta do cuidado dos pais se apresentam na Colômbia: pobreza, deslocamento, migrações nacionais e internacionais, desastres naturais, conflito armado, violência intra-familiar, entre outras. Os dados apresentados mostram que a magnitude do problema é grande e que as implicações da vulneração dos direitos são muito graves. A resposta social organizada diante o problema é limitada tanto na prevenção como no restabelecimento dos direitos.

The situation of boys, girls and adolescents (BGA) without parental care is a topic that has been neglected in this country. A characterization of the problem from primary and secondary sources was made. Various methodological strategies were implemented: document analysis, database and statistical report analysis, semi-structured interviews, discussion groups and workshops. All of the risk situations that result in the lack of parental care take place in Colombia: poverty, displacement, national and international migrations, natural disasters, armed conflict, disability, intra-familial violence, among others were also analyzed. The data indicate that the magnitude of the problem is enormous as well as its implications on the violation of rights. The organized social response to the problem is limited both in the prevention and in the recovery of the rights.