Poor Trunk Flexibility is Associated with Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Abstract Background: Poor flexibility is a predictor of reduced physical activity. The association between trunk flexibility and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) is not well understood. Objective: To identify the prevalence of CVRFs and their association with trunk flexibility in individuals participating in a community-based health education program. Methods: Volunteers (51 men, 48 women) aged 20-85 years old, participants in a community-based health education program in the city of Santo Antônio de Goiás, Brazil, were selected for this study. Anthropometric measures including body mass, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist/height ratio (WHtR) were evaluated. Physical activity level was evaluated based on leisure activity participation, and trunk flexibility was evaluated by the sit and reach test. Data distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test; Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact and Student t tests were performed for comparisons. To analyze the association between trunk flexibility and concomitant CVRFs, Spearman's correlation test and linear regression were employed. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results: 7.2% of the volunteers had no CVRF, 10.3% had only one CVRF and 82.5% had two or more CVRFs, with no differences between sexes. Increased abdominal adiposity, as assessed by WHtR (p = 0.0097), and systemic arterial hypertension (p = 0.0003) were the most prevalent CVRFs, with differences between age groups. A strong negative correlation was found between mean trunk flexibility and the number of concomitant CVRFs (r = -0.96, p < 0.0028). Conclusion: The strong negative correlation between trunk flexibility and concomitant CVRF indicates an increased risk for cardiovascular events. Therefore, trunk flexibility measurement may be an additional tool for health promotion and prevention of cardiovascular and associated diseases in community health programs.

Asociación entre variables ecográficas de adiposidad abdominal y variables analíticas y antropométricas aplicando análisis de correlación canónica en gestantes normopeso / Association between echography variables of abdominal adiposity and analytical and anthropometric variables applying canonical correlation analysis in normal-weight pregnant

RESUMEN Fundamento: La obesidad abdominal en gestantes es un marcador de riesgo cardiometabólico independientemente de la adiposidad general, siendo la ultrasonografía de gran utilidad para distinguir los compartimientos adiposos del abdomen y diagnosticar tal peligro al inicio de la gestación. Objetivo: Determinar asociaciones entre variables ecográficas de adiposidad abdominal y variables analíticas y antropométricas en gestantes normopeso al inicio del embarazo según fenotipos metabólicos empleando análisis de correlación canónica. Metodología: Estudio transversal en 526 embarazadas normopeso, entre 12 y 14 semanas de edad gestacional, atendidas en consulta de ultrasonido del Policlínico Docente Chiqui Gómez, municipio Santa Clara. Se midieron las grasas abdominales subcutánea, preperitoneal y visceral, así como variables antropométricas y analíticas. Se conformaron 3 fenotipos metabólicos, y se aplicó la correlación canónica para determinar el nexo entre las mismas y su comportamiento en los diferentes fenotipos. Resultados: Se identificaron 2 conjuntos de variables con correlaciones canónicas que se incrementaron del fenotipo saludable al metabólicamente obeso con valores de 0.6930 a 0.8955 y 0.9298 respectivamente y alta significancia estadística (p=0.000). Conclusiones: Se demuestra el nexo entre las variables ecográficas de adiposidad abdominal grasa subcutánea y grasa visceral y las variables analíticas resistencia a Ia insulina, producto de acumulación lipídico, índice aterogénico y glucemia, evidenciado por los altos valores de correlaciones canónicas obtenidos según cambia el fenotipo de normopeso saludable al metabólicamente obeso; orientando un nuevo enfoque en la determinación de fenotipos de riesgo metabólico en la gestación temprana en mujeres normopeso.

ABSTRACT Background: Abdominal obesity in pregnant women is an indicator of cardiometabolic risk with non-independence of general adiposity, being the ultrasound very useful to distinguish the abdomen adipose compartments also diagnose this risk at the beginning of pregnancy. Objective: To determine possible associations between the ultrasound variables of abdominal adiposity and those analytical and anthropometric in normal-weight pregnant women at the beginning of pregnancy according to metabolic phenotypes using canonical correlation analysis. Methodology: A cross-sectional study in 526 normal-weight pregnant women, between 12 and 14 weeks of gestational age, assisted in the ultrasound office at Chiqui Gómez teaching polyclinic, in Santa Clara city. Subcutaneous, preperitoneal and visceral abdominal fats were measured, as well as anthropometric and analytical variables. Three metabolic phenotypes were formed, and canonical correlation was applied to determine their relation and also behavior among the different phenotypes. Results: 2 sets of variables were identified with canonical correlations that increased from the healthy to the metabolically obese phenotype with values from 0.6930 to 0.8955 and 0.9298 respectively and high statistical significance (p=0.000). Conclusions: The link between the ultrasound variables of abdominal adiposity, subcutaneous and visceral fat and the analytical insulin resistance, lipid accumulation product, atherogenic index and blood glucose is demonstrated, evidenced by the high values of canonical correlations obtained as the phenotype changes from healthy normal-weight to metabolically obese; guiding a new approach in the resolve of the metabolic risk phenotypes in early gestation in normal-weight women.

Carboxiterapia associada à drenagem linfática manual na adiposidade abdominal / Carboxytherapy associated with manual lymphatic drainage in abdominal adiposity

Introdução: A lipodistrofia localizada em flancos está entre os problemas estéticos mais procurados para tratamento. Dentre os procedimentos utilizados para tratar esta condição, destaca-se a utilização da carboxiterapia e a drenagem linfática. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação da carboxiterapia com a drenagem linfática manual na gordura abdominal, em mulheres não sedentárias. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo do tipo exploratório, analítico, com abordagem quantitativa. A amostra caracterizou-se como não probabilística por conveniência, e foi aplicada tanto no gênero feminino, quanto masculino. A pesquisa foi realizada em um laboratório de saúde, de uma faculdade privada, localizada em Vitória da Conquista/BA. Os instrumentos utilizados foram um questionário com dados sociodemográficos, uma ficha de anamnese, uma escala likert de satisfação, além dos registros fotográficos. Foram realizadas 8 sessões de carboxiterapia associada à drenagem linfática manual, realizadas 2 vezes na semana, com duração de 50 minutos. Resultados: A análise do comprimento da circunferência abdominal mostrou que o procedimento realizado promove redução em sua média, no qual se observou um resultado satisfatório da redução de medidas através da perimetria. Conclusão: O tratamento com a carboxiterapia associado à drenagem linfática manual apresentou resultados significativos e favoráveis, quanto a redução de medidas e na satisfação. (AU)

Introduction: Flank localized lipodystrophy is one of the most aesthetic problems for treatment. Among the procedures used to treat this condition, the use of carboxytherapy and lymphatic drainage stands out. Objective: To evaluate the association of carboxytherapy with manual lymphatic drainage in abdominal fat in non-sedentary women. Methods: An exploratory study, analytical, with quantitative approach was performed. The sample was characterized as nonprobabilistic for convenience and was applied to both females and males. The research was conducted in a health laboratory of a private college, located in Vitória da Conquista in the state of Bahia. The instruments were a questionnaire with sociodemographic data, an anamnesis form, a likert satisfaction scale, and photographic records. Eight sessions of carboxytherapy associated with manual lymphatic drainage were performed twice a week, lasting 50 minutes. Results: The analysis of the abdominal circumference length showed that the procedure promotes a satisfactory result of the reduction of measurements. Conclusion: The treatment with carboxytherapy associated with manual lymphatic drainage showed significant and favorable results regarding the reduction of measurements and satisfaction. (AU)

Measures of Abdominal Adiposity and Risk of Stroke: A Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio, which are the indicators or measures of abdominal adiposity, have long been hypothesized to increase the risk of stroke; yet evidence accumulated till date is not conclusive. Here, we conducted a dose-response meta-analysis to summarize evidences of the association between these measures of abdominal adiposity and the risk of stroke.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to May 2015. Two investigators independently conducted the study selection and data extraction. Dose-response relationships were assessed by the generalized least squares trend estimation, while the summary effect estimates were evaluated by the use of fixed- or random-effect models. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the potential sources of heterogeneity and the robustness of the pooled estimation. Publication bias of the literature was evaluated using Begg's and Egger's test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Altogether 15 prospective cohort studies were identified in this study. The summary of relative risks (95% confidence intervals) of stroke for the highest versus the lowest categories was 1.28 (1.18-1.40) for waist circumference, 1.32 (1.21-1.44) for waist-to-hip ratio, and 1.49 (1.24-1.78) for waist-to-height ratio. For a 10-cm increase in waist circumference, the relative risk of stroke increased by 10%; for a 0.1-unit increase in waist-to-hip ratio, the relative risk increased by 16%; and for a 0.05-unit increase in waist-to-height ratio, the relative risk increased by 13%. There was evidence of a nonlinear association between waist-to-hip ratio and stroke risk, Pnonlinearity=0.028.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Findings from our meta-analysis indicated that waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio were positively associated with the risk of stroke, particularly ischemic stroke.</p>

Burnout syndrome and abdominal adiposity among primary health care nursing professionals

Background: Accumulation of abdominal adiposity (AA) constitutes a risk factor for heart and coronary diseases and for metabolic complications. Research suggests that stress is related to adipogenesis. The burnout syndrome (BS) is linked to stress due to the chronicity of work stress. The objective of this study is to estimate the association between BS and AA in Primary Health Care (PHC) nursing practitioners. Methods: This is confirmatory cross-sectional study with 189 workers from nine municipalities in Bahia, Brazil. The dependent variable was AA, measured by waist circumference. The independent variable was the BS, diagnosed by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Sociodemographic and job characteristics, lifestyle, and human biology were taken as covariates and were evaluated as modifiers or confounders by the homogeneity tests and by comparison with the adjusted Mantel-Haenszel test, respectively. Logistic regression was employed to evaluate the association between BS and AA, adjusted for covariates. The adequacy of the final regression model was evaluated by the model's goodness of fit test and the area under the ROC curve. Results: BS prevalence was 10.6% and AA 54%. The variables age, education, hypertension, diabetes, working time, and high emotional exhaustion were associated with AA. An association was found between BS and AA (1.63 adjusted prevalence ratios; 95% CI, 1.29 to 2.06) even after age and working time adjustment. Conclusion: The results suggest an association between BS and AA in the analyzed professionals. A significant prevalence of burnout and AA is highlighted. (AU)

Estado nutricional e distribuição de gordura corporal em crianças e adolescentes com Fibrose Cística / Nutritional status and body fat distribution in children and adolescentes with Cystic Fibrosis / Nutritional status and body fat distribution in children and adolescentes with Cystic Fibrosis

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o estado nutricional e a distribuição da gordura corporal em crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística. Foram realizadas avaliação da distribuição de gordura corporal por meio da absorciometria de duplo feixe de energia, do estado nutricional por estatura/idade e índice de massa corporal/idade e a ingestão dietética pelo recordatório alimentar de 24horas, em 56 pacientes com idade entre 8 e 18 anos. Aproximadamente 50% da amostra apresentou estado nutricional adequado. A maioria apresentou a ingestão calórica e de lipídios inadequadas. O IMC/I foi o indicador nutricional que melhor evidenciou o aumento do percentual de gordura do tronco, razão androide/ginecoide e razão gordura tronco/gordura total. Os pacientes com Insuficiência Pancreática e os eutróficos apresentaram razão mediana androide/ginecoide maior. O aumento da adiposidade abdominal foi evidenciado pela DXA. O IMC/I não identificou a diminuição da massa magra corporal, mas quando aumentado foi significativo para adiposidade abdominal. Pacientes com fibrose cística devem associar a avaliação antropométrica à composição corporal e à distribuição de gordura corporal para um diagnóstico mais precoce de desnutrição e fatores de risco cardiometabólico.

Objective : assessing the nutritional status and body fat distribution in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Method : Fifty-six (56) 8-18 year old patients were assessed for fat distribution by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, for nutritional status by height/age, and for body mass index to age and dietary intake by 24-hour dietary recall. Results : Approximately 50% of the sample showed adequate nutritional status. Most of it showed inadequate caloric and lipid intake. BMI/age was the nutritional indicator that best showed the increased percentage of trunk fat, android/gynecoidratio and trunk fat/total fat ratio. Patients with Pancreatic Insufficiency and eutrophic individuals showed higher median android/gynecoidratio. Conclusion : Increased abdominal adiposity was evidenced by DXA. The BMI did not identify decreased lean body mass. However, when body mass was high, it was significant for abdominal adiposity. The anthropometric assessment of patients with cystic fibrosis should be associated with body composition and body fat distribution to obtain an earlier malnutrition and cardiometabolic risk factor diagnosis.

Association between adiposity indicators, metabolic parameters and inflammatory markers in a sample of female adolescents

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the association between total and abdominal adiposity with metabolic parameters and inflammatory markers, in female adolescents.Subjects and methods The sample consisted of 53 adolescents aged 13 to 17 years from a public school in Curitiba, Brazil. The adiposity indicators studied were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), trunk fat mass (TKFM), total fat mass (TFM) and body fat percentage (BF%) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The metabolic and inflammatory parameters studied were systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipids, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), leptin, adiponectin and resistin.Results Eighty percent of WC variation, 87% of TKFM and TFM, and 73% of BF% were predicted by BMI variation. There was a significant positive correlation between all indicators of adiposity with SBP, DBP, insulin, HOMA-IR, CRP and leptin. Triglycerides were positively correlated with BMI and WC, and adiponectin correlated negatively with BMI. TNF-α, IL-6, glucose, total cholesterol, and high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not correlate to the studied variables.Conclusion BMI showed a significant association with most of the parameters studied, and WC was slightly better than BMI to predict insulin resistance in this specific population.

Adiposidad abdominal, insulino-resistencia, hipertensión y sodio urinarioen adolescentes obesos / Abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, hypertension and urinary sodium in obese adolescents / Adiposidade abdominal, insulino-resistência, hipertensão e sódio urinário em adolescentes obesos

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre adiposidad abdominal con insulino-resistencia, hipertensión arterial y excreción urinaria de sodio en adolescentes obesos. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo que incluyó 107 adolescentes obesos, entre 10 y 14 años, sin restricción dietaria, provenientes del Hospital de Pediatría-Posadas, Misiones, durante los años 2011-2012. Se definió obesidad abdominal según: perímetro de cintura ≥p90, hipertensión arterial: presión arterial sistólica y/o diastólica ≥p95 y prehipertensión ≥p90 y

The aim of this study was to assess abdominal adiposity relationship with insulin resistance, high blood pressure and urinary sodium excretion in an obese adolescent population. A descriptive cross sectional study that included 107 obese teenagers from 10 to 14 years of age without any dietary restriction was performed during 2011 and 2012 at the Pediatric Hospital, in Posadas, Misiones. Abdominal obesity was defined as: waist perimeter ≥p90, hypertension: systolic and/or diastolic pressure ≥p95 and prehypertension ≥p90 and

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação de adiposidade abdominal com insulino-resistência, hipertensão arterial e excreção urinária de sódio em adolescentes obesos. Foi realizado um estudo transversal descritivo que incluiu 107 adolescentes obesos, entre 10 e 14 anos, sem restrição na dieta, provenientes do Hospital de Pediatría Posadas, Misiones, durante os anos 2011-2012. Definiu-se obesidade abdominal conforme o perímetro de cintura ≥p90, hipertensão arterial: pressão arterial sistólica e/ou diastólica ≥p95 e pré-hipertensão ≥p90 e

Predictive capacity of anthropometric indicators for abdominal fat in the oldest old / Capacidade preditiva de indicadores antropométricos na indicação da gordura abdominal em idosos longevos

Cardiovascular diseases are a growing public health problem that affects most people over the age of 65 years and abdominal obesity is one of the risk factors for the development of these diseases. There are several methods that can be used to measure body fat, but their accuracy needs to be evaluated, especially in specific populations such as the elderly. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of anthropometric indicators to estimate the percentage of abdominal fat in subjects aged 80 years or older. A total of 125 subjects ranging in age from 80 to 95 years (83.5 ± 3), including 79 women (82.4 ± 3 years) and 46 men (83.6 ± 3 years), were studied. The following anthropometric indicators were used: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). The percentage of abdominal fat was measured by DEXA. Sensitivity and specificity were analyzed using an ROC curve. The sensitivity, specificity and AUC were 0. 578, 0. 934 and 0. 756 for BMI, respectively; 0.703, 0.820 and 0.761 for WC; 0.938, 0.213 and 0.575 for WHR, and 0.984, 0.344 and 0.664 for WHtR. BMI and WC were the anthropometric indicators with the largest area under the curve and were therefore more adequate to identify the presence or absence of abdominal obesity.

As doenças cardiovasculares são um problema crescente de saúde pública que afeta grande parte das pessoas acima de 65 anos, sendo a obesidade abdominal um dos vários fatores para o desenvolvimento dessas doenças. Existem vários métodos para mensurar gordura corporal, mas é necessário analisar a capacidade preditiva desses métodos, principalmente em algumas populações específicas como, por exemplo, os idosos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a capacidade preditiva de indicadores antropométricos na estimativa do percentual de gordura abdominal de idosos com 80 anos ou mais. Foram avaliados 125 idosos com idade entre 80 e 95 (83,5+ 3 anos), sendo 79 mulheres (82,4 ± 3 anos) e 46 homens (83,6 ± 3 anos). Utilizaram-se os indicadores antropométricos: Índice de Massa Corporal(IMC), Circunferência de Cintura(CC), Razão Cintura Quadril(RCQ) e Razão Cintura Estatura(RCEst), e o percentual de gordura de tronco foi mensurado por meio do DEXA. Foi realizada a análise de sensibilidade(SENS) e especificidade(ESP) mediante a curva ROC, e o IMC apresentou valores de SENS=0,578; ESP=0,934 e AUC= 0,756, a CC SENS= 0,703; ESP= 0,820 e AUC=0,761, a RCQ SENS=0,938; ESP=0,213 e AUC=0,575 e a RCEst SENS=0,984; ESP=0,344 e AUC=0,664. O IMC e a CC foram os indicadores antropométricos que apresentaram maior área sob a curva, e sucessivamente com maior capacidade em detectar aqueles que têm ou não obesidade abdominal.

Epidemiology of Abdominal Obesity among Adolescents from a Brazilian State Capital

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of socioeconomic, demographic and lifestyle factors on abdominal obesity in adolescents from a Brazilian state capital. In this cross-sectional study, 656 high school students (423 girls and 233 boys) from public schools, ranging in age from 14 to 19 yr, were evaluated. Abdominal obesity was identified based on waist circumference. Socioeconomic data (socioeconomic status, household head's education, and school grade), demographic data (gender and age), and information regarding lifestyle (physical activity, eating habits, aerobic fitness, and nutritional status) were collected. Logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 6.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.6-8.4). Being in the second (odds ratio [OR] = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.19-0.88) or third year (OR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.06-0.59) of high school was a protective factor against abdominal obesity. In addition, students presenting low aerobic fitness (OR = 4.10; 95% CI: 1.62-10.4) and those with excess weight (OR = 208.6; 95% CI: 47.7-911.7) had a higher probability of abdominal obesity. In conclusion, demographic factors such as school grade, lifestyle habits, low aerobic fitness and excess weight are associated with central obesity.

Epidemiology of Abdominal Obesity among Adolescents from a Brazilian State Capital

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of socioeconomic, demographic and lifestyle factors on abdominal obesity in adolescents from a Brazilian state capital. In this cross-sectional study, 656 high school students (423 girls and 233 boys) from public schools, ranging in age from 14 to 19 yr, were evaluated. Abdominal obesity was identified based on waist circumference. Socioeconomic data (socioeconomic status, household head's education, and school grade), demographic data (gender and age), and information regarding lifestyle (physical activity, eating habits, aerobic fitness, and nutritional status) were collected. Logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 6.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.6-8.4). Being in the second (odds ratio [OR] = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.19-0.88) or third year (OR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.06-0.59) of high school was a protective factor against abdominal obesity. In addition, students presenting low aerobic fitness (OR = 4.10; 95% CI: 1.62-10.4) and those with excess weight (OR = 208.6; 95% CI: 47.7-911.7) had a higher probability of abdominal obesity. In conclusion, demographic factors such as school grade, lifestyle habits, low aerobic fitness and excess weight are associated with central obesity.

Análise da relação entre a estatura e o perímetro abdominal em indivíduos portadores de percentuais normais de gordura / Relationship between the stature and abdominal circumference in individuals with normal fat percentages

RACIONAL: No indivíduo portador de obesidade há evidentes alterações morfofuncionais, que caracterizam a síndrome. São empregados vários parâmetros e índices perimétricos na análise de suas medidas antropométricas, que possuem relação com as alterações endocrinometabólicas. Muitos destes índices são aplicados de forma generalizada à população de uma maneira geral. OBJETIVO: Verificar a existência de uma razão cintura-estatura comum em indivíduos masculinos, de 18 a 25 anos de idade, portadores de percentuais de gordura normais, para fornecer modalidade de medida da cintura (perímetro) abdominal personalizada e não generalizada. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados de forma não probabilística intencional 380 sujeitos do sexo masculino, da faixa etária entre 18 e 45 anos, estratos de estatura de 160 a 169 cm, 170 a 179 cm e de 180 a 189 cm, do banco de dados do Ambulatório da Clínica Escola da empresa IBRATE - Instituto Brasileiro de Therapias e Ensino, sede de Curitiba/PR, com dados inclusos entre os anos de 2004 a 2008. Desta população foram triados 174 indivíduos, da faixa etária entre 18 e 25 anos, possuidores de percentuais de gordura dentro da faixa de normalidade, ou seja, entre 4 por cento e 16 por cento de gordura. Foi determinado coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r) entre o percentual de gordura e o perímetro abdominal; foi determinada a média e o desvio-padrão de todas as variáveis dispostas, e o intervalo de confiança para 95 por cento para média do perímetro abdominal e as razões cintura-estatura da população foram transcritos em percentuais, e determinadas as médias do perímetro abdominal. RESULTADOS: A análise da amostra de 174 indivíduos resultou estarem na faixa etária de 21,2 + 2,1 anos; com estatura de 174,3 + 6,2 cm; com percentual de gordura de 10,8 por cento; com medida do perímetro abdominal de 75,5 + 5,7 cm e com a razão cintura/estatura apresentando o valor de 0,43 + 0,033. CONCLUSÃO: Existe relação comum da razão ...

BACKGROUND: Obese people have evident morphologic changes characterizing the syndrome. Different parameters and index are used to analyze their anthropometric measurements related to metabolic diseases. Many of these are applied widely to the population in general. AIM: To verify the existence of the waist-height common in male individuals from 18 to 25 years of age, with normal percentages of fat, to provide a method for measuring the circumference (perimeter) abdominal. METHODS: It was selected a non-probabilistic intentional 380 male subjects group, aged between 18 and 45 years (2004 to 2008) with160 to 169 cm, 170 to 179 cm and 180 to 189 cm of height, taken from the database Outpatient Clinic School Company IBRATE - Brazilian Institute of Therapy and Education, based in Curitiba, PR, Brasil. From this population were screened 174 individuals, aged between 18 and 25 years, owners of percentage of fat within the normal range between 4 percent and 16 percent. Spearman's correlation coefficient (r) was used between fat percentage and waist circumference, determined by mean and standard deviation of all variables, with confidence interval of 95 percent for average waist circumference and population reasons waist-height. RESULTS: The analysis showed 174 men with age 21,2 + 2,1 y; height 174,3 + 6,2 cm; fat percentage of 10,8 percent; abdominal circumference of 75,5 + 5,7 cm and waist-height reason of 0,43 + 0,033. CONCLUSION: There is a correlation in the waist-height among men from 18 and 25 years old with normal fat percentage of 43 percent of the stature.

Changes of waist circumference distribution and the prevalence of abdominal adiposity among Chinese adults from 1993 to 2006 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To describe the changes of waist circumference distribution and the prevalence of abdominal adiposity on Chinese adults aged 20-65,from 1993 to 2006.Methods This paper was based on the data collected in the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 1993,1997,2000,2004 and 2006,and the subjects were men and women from 20 to 65 years old.Using the LMS method to construct the 15".50".and 85"percentile waist circumference percentile curves.The recommended cut-off points for abdominal adiposity were 85 cm and above for males and 80 cm and above for females.suggested in the"Guidelines for Overweight and Obesity Prevention and Control for Chinese Adults"in defining abdominal adiposity.Resuits Compared with 1993,the 2006 waist circumference distribution curves flattened and expanded at higher levels in males and females.The waist circumference increased from 77.1 cm to 82.9 cm among males and from 75.8 cm to 78.9 cm among females.A gradient of increasing prevalence of abdominal obesity was also observed in both sexes.In males,the prevalence increased from 17.9%to 42.5%while in females.it increased from 28.8%to 46.9%.Similar trends of increasing waist circumference and abdominal obesity were observed in underweight,normal weight,overweight and obesity.Subjects defined by body mass index(BMI)suggesting that primary prevention of abdominal obesity should be viewed as one of the major public health problems in China.Conclusion This study indicated that the rapid increase in waist circumference among Chinese adults from 1993 to 2006.A gradient of increasing prevalence of abdominal obesity was also observed in males and females.unless measures are taken to slow the increase in the course of the abdominal adiposity epidemic.the burden of obesity assoeiated morbidity and mortality in the Chinese can be expected to increese in future years.

Correlation between Aortic Stiffness and Abdominal Adiposity

BACKGROUND: Arterial stiffness is a strong indicator of cardiovascular risk. Increased visceral fat confers greater risks of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationships between arterial stiffness and regional distribution of abdominal adiposity (i.e. subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue). METHODS: Thirty obese participants (M:F=17:13, mean age=53.6+/-12.0 years) underwent anthropometric measurements, laboratory procedures such as serum lipid levels and abdominal computed tomography scan. The aortofemoral pulse wave velocity was measured by foot to foot method using two continuous Doppler waves. RESULTS: Pulse wave velocity was positively associated with age, hip circumference (P<0.01), visceral to subcutaneous abdominal fat ratio and body weight (P<0.05), but independent of the total abdominal, visceral, and subcutanous fat. Although not positively associated, the mean pulse wave velocity tended to be higher in patients with history of hypertension or diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: The site of abdominal fat distribution contribute to the prediction of arterial stiffness and visceral adiposity is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events.