Comparison of Diuretic and Electrolyte Excretory Activity between Compounds of Okra Fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus) and Furosemide

@#Introduction: Hypertension takes place of being one of the most concerning health issues, leading to increasing rate of death due to its complications. Pharmacological therapy diuretic become one to intervene on hypertension’s pathological sequences through sodium and potassium regulation. Similar diuretic effect can be achieved through fruits and vegetables crop including Okra fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus). Objective: to investigate the diuretic variance of different part of Okra fruit’s (Abelmoschus esculentus). Methods: In total of 8 groups of male Rattus norvegicus rats are sorted into control and intervention groups. As control, the C- Group (negative control group) was given Na- CMC 0.5% suspension, and C+ Group (positive control group) was given furosemide. The experimental groups P1, P2, and P3 were given Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) whole fruit ethanolic extract; P4, P5, and P6 Group are were given Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) seedless fruit ethanolic extract within range concentration of 75-300 mg/ kg body weight. Urine volume is measured every hour for 6 hours and the 24th hour. Sodium and potassium measurements are executed towards 24-hour urine accumulation. Results: Single dose administration of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) fruit significantly increase 5th hour urine volume as compared to furosemide (p < 0.001). Whole fruit of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) compared to seedless fruit exhibit no significant increment of urine volume and electrolytes (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) fruit produce similar diuretic effect to furosemide. However, seedless Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) fruit exerts a higher kaliuretic effect compared to whole fruit and furosemide.

Content determination of five flavonoids in Abelmoschus esculentus from different habitats by HPLC / 中草药

Objective: To establish a method for determination of quercetin-3-O-gentiobioside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, isoquercitrin, quercetin, and 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone in Abelmoschus esculentus from 12 different regions of China. Methods: COSMOSIL column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5.4 μm) was used. The gradient elution was carried out with acetonitrile and 0.2% phosphoric acid aqueous solution. The detection wavelength was 353 nm and the flow rate was 1 mL/min. Results: The contents of quercetin-3-O-gentiobioside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, isoquercitrin, quercetin and 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone had good linear relationship in the ranges of 15.72- 251.50 μg/mL (r = 0.999 5), 15.47-247.50 μg/mL (r = 0.999 6), 14.41-230.50 μg/mL (r = 0.999 5), 21.88-350.00 μg/mL (r = 0.999 7), and 17.25-276.00 μg/mL (r = 0.999 1). The average sample recovery rate was 97.46%, 96.74%, 100.21%, 95.66%, 98.35%, and RSD was 1.97%, 1.37%, 1.86%, 2.72%, 2.23%, respectively. Conclusion: This method is simple and accurate. It is suitable for simultaneous determination of quercetin-3-O-gentiobioside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, isoquercitrin, quercetin and 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone. The content of the five flavones can be used as one of the methods for evaluating the quality of A. esculentus.

Macromolecular properties and partial amino acid sequence of a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) seeds

A Kunitz-type protease inhibitor (OPI, okra protease inhibitor) has been purified from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) seedsby a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography and reverse-phase high-performanceliquid chromatography. The protein shows an apparent mass of 21 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis under reducing condition. OPI exhibits inhibitory activity against trypsin. Analysis of the far-UV circulardichroism spectrum showed that the protein contains *39% b-sheets but only *5% a-helices. The protein is thermallyquite stable, and exhibits a cooperative thermal unfolding transition at *70C, as determined by circular dichroismspectroscopy and differential scanning fluorimetry. De novo sequencing of OPI by nanoESI-Q-ToF mass spectrometry (MS)allowed the assignment of about 83% of its primary structure, which indicated that the protein shares 43% sequence identitywith a putative 21 kDa trypsin inhibitor from Theobroma bicolor. An intramolecular disulfide linkage between Cys149 andCys156 was also detected. The protein showed *24 and *25% sequence identity with a-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor frombarley and soybean (Kunitz) trypsin inhibitor, respectively. Comparative structure modeling of OPI revealed a structuralfold similar to other Kunitz-type TIs. The presence of Cys149–Cys156 disulfide bond as detected by MS and a seconddisulfide bond connecting Cys44–Cys91, conserved in all Kunitz-type TIs, is also identified in the model.

Vigor determination of okra seeds by respiratory activity / Determinação do vigor de sementes de quiabo pela atividade respiratória

Seed companies increasingly need to obtain reliable results on seed vigor. Therefore, the objective was to verify the efficiency of the respiratory activity measurement, by the CO2 released, to classify the vigor of okra seed lots. For this, five seed lots of okra cv. "Santa Cruz 47" were used. In order to determine seed physiological quality, the following tests were performed: germination, seedling emergence, emergence speed index, shoot length, total dry matter, potassium leaching, electrical conductivity and respiratory activity. Mean values of germination and vigor were compared by Tukey's test. Respiratory activity was correlated with germination and other vigor tests by the Pearson's correlation. The results indicate that CO2 measurement is a promising method to identify vigor differences between okra seed lots

As empresas produtoras de sementes necessitam cada vez mais da obtenção de resultados confiáveis quanto ao vigor da semente. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se verificar a eficiência da medição da atividade respiratória, através da emissão de CO2, para classificação do vigor de lotes de sementes de quiabo. Para isso, utilizaram-se cinco lotes de sementes de quiabo cv. "Santa Cruz 47". Para determinação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes, foram realizados os seguintes testes: germinação, emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimento da parte aérea, matéria seca total, lixiviação de potássio, condutividade elétrica e atividade respiratória. As médias de germinação e vigor foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. O teste de atividade respiratória foi correlacionado com a germinação e demais testes de vigor através da correlação de Pearson. A medição do CO2 constitui-se em um método promissor para identificar diferenças de vigor em lotes de sementes de quiabo

Phenotypic and Molecular Screening of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) Genotypes against Okra Leaf Curl Disease

Okra leaf curl disease (OLCD) is a major constraint on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) production in West Africa. The most effective way of managing this disease is through breeding and planting of resistant varieties. In order to identify sources of resistance and or tolerance, 21 okra genotypes were screened against OLCD in field trials which were conducted from May to October, 2015 (rainy season) and November 2015 to March 2016 (dry season). Field resistance was assessed at 2, 6 and 10 weeks after sowing (WAS) based on disease symptoms, and then confirmed by PCR amplification of viral coat protein gene. Populations of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), the vector of begomoviruses associated with OLCD, as well as fruit yields were also assessed. Both PCR and field trials showed that all the okra genotypes were susceptible to the viral infection. The genotypes varied significantly (P<0.05) among them in terms of severity of OLCD, whitefly infestation, mean fruit yield (t ha-1), and the average fruit weight per plant. Higher cumulative average population of whitefly and mean fruit yield (t ha-1) were recorded in the dry season than in the rainy season. Genotypes GH5332 and GH6105 consistently showed mild symptoms of OLCD and also had very high fruit yields of 11.88 t ha-1 and 9.34 t ha-1 respectively in the rainy season, and 6.108 t ha-1and 4.05 t ha-1 respectively in the dry season, far above the overall mean yields for all the okra genotypes. Both genotypes GH5332 and GH6105 should be evaluated multi-locationally at farmers’ fields prior to their release as varieties or they should be incorporated into breeding lines.

Detection of microbial activity in some organic amendments

@#Aims:In this paper we conducted a laboratory experiment to assess the biological characters and maturity level of three organic materials: filter cake (FC), spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and fermented grass (FG), through microbial activity and phytotoxicity.Methodology and results:Each sample was determined for physicochemical parameters, microbial activity and phytotoxicity. Microorganism population was counted by spreading plate method and microbial activities were tested by measuring fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis and dehydrogenase activity (DHA). The phytotoxicity evaluation by seed germination was tested on Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle),Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra) and Oryza sativa (Rice). The results showed that all substrates have suitable physicochemical values that could be used as soil amendments. These organic matters are a rich source of microorganisms (>107 CFU/g), especially plant growth promoting bacteria (ranging from 104 to 106CFU/g). The high value of FDA (ranging from 1.609 to 1.621 mg/g) and DHA activity (ranging from 153.95 to 179.92 μg/g)suggested a high degree of microbial activity in the organic amendment samples. Combining with germination index values in seed germination, most GI values indicate non-toxicity of those substrates, with the exception of fermented grass in germination of H.sabdariffa.Conclusion, significance and impact of study:The result from this study proposes that these substrates can be considered as potential amendments to support soil property.

Web blight (Thanatephorus cucumeris): a new disease on leaves of okra plants / Mancha areolada (Thanatephorus cucumeris): nova doença das folhas do quiabeiro

In an experiment on organic production of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) that was carried out from September 2013 to January 2014, in Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil, we observed large chlorotic, necrotic, helical, discontinuous, dark or light-brown lesions with partial detachment of the injured area on the adaxial surface of leaves located in the median and basal portions of the plants. A whitish mycelium mantle covers the lesions on the leaves at the abaxial surface at high moisture conditions. Using morphological characteristics, Koch's postulates, and phylogenetic analyses of the ITS-5.8S rDNA region, we identified that the fungus causing the lesions on the okra leaves was Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk (asexual stage of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn of the anastomosis group AG-1 ID). This is the first report of T. cucumeris causing web blight on okra in Brazil, and probably in the world. So far, T. cucumeris was described on okra only on post-harvest pods rotting and seedlings' damping off.(AU)

Em um experimento sobre a produção orgânica do quiabeiro (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), que foi instalado em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil, no período de setembro de 2013 a janeiro de 2014, observou-se, na face adaxial do limbo foliar das folhas medianas e baixeiras, a ocorrência de lesões cloróticas e necróticas grandes, helicoidais, de coloração marrom escuro ou marrom claro e descontínuas, com desprendimento parcial da área lesionada. Na face abaxial, sobre as manchas, em condições de alta umidade, constatou-se a presença de um manto micelial esbranquiçado do patógeno, facilmente visível, recobrindo a área colonizada. Por meio da análise de características morfológicas, postulados de Koch e análise filogenética da região ITS-5.8S do rDNA do fungo isolado, identificou-se Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk (fase assexuada Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn grupo de anastomose AG-1 ID) como o agente causal da doença. Este é o primeiro relato de T. cucumeris causando mancha foliar em quiabeiro no Brasil e, provavelmente, no mundo. Até então, sua ocorrência em quiabeiro estava restrita à podridão pós-colheita em frutos e tombamento de mudas.(AU)

Hypoglycemic effect of okra extract on type 2 diabetic mice and correlation with TNF-α and IDE / 中草药

Objective: To analyze the hypoglycemic effect of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) extract on the hyperlipidemia and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetic mice and the correlation between TNF-α and IDE. Methods: The diabetic mice were induced by high fat diet followed by a low dose of streptozotocin (STZ) and randomly divided into control group, diabetic model group, okra alcohol extract high, medium, and low dose (400, 200, and 100 mg/kg) groups, okra aqueous extract high, medium, and low dose (200, 100, and 50 mg/kg) groups. After the exposure to conventional or different treatment groups for 40 d, fasting blood sugar, glucose tolerance, related biochemical indexes in serum and liver tissue, and liver HE staining pathological sections were measured. Results: The okra alcohol extract high dose group and okra aqueous extract middle dose group effectively reduced the mice fasting blood glucose and improved oral glucose tolerance in mice, inhibited of type 2 diabetes mellitus rats serum TC, TG, LDL-C, ALT, AST, and mRNA expression of TNF-α and IDE in the rats liver. Conclusion: The okra alcohol extract with high dose and the okra aqueous extract with middle dose could reduce TC, TG, LDL-C, while increase HDL-C to improve the mouse obesity, and hyperlipidemia symptoms. And hypoglycemic and liver protection and TNF-α and IDE gene expression levels have a certain correlation.

Randomized open-label study comparing the effect of Abelmoschus esculentus water vs placebo in postprandial blood glucose on normal human subjects

Diabetes mellitus is a progressive metabolic disease and if left untreated, it is associated with failure of various organs. The search of safer antidiabetic agents leads to research of traditional medicinal plants.OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the effect of Abelmoschus esculentus water on the postprandial blood sugar among healthy normal human subjects.METHOD: Randomized Open-Label Study. Normal healthy volunteers 20-60 years of age were recruited at Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center. After an overnight fast, FBS measurements were recorded. The were then randomized to Okra water and placebo. Both groups were also fed a standard meal in addition to the water of their respective groups. Capillary blood glucose was measured. after 2 hours and 4 hours. The difference in in the blood glucose of both groups was compared.RESULTS: The mean random blood sugar of the subjects after intake of standard meal 2 hour postprandial in okra water group (109.92 ± 9.45 mg/dl) is greater than in the placebo group (108.35 ± 9.93 mg/dl), but not statistically significant (p>0.05). Also, the mean RBS 4 hours postprandial is less in okra water group than in placebo group (95.23 ± 6.99 versus 96.40 ± 9.13 mg/dl) but is also not statistically significant (p>0.05). Overall, the mean blood sugar of the okra water group from baseline to postprandial has no significant difference as compared to placebo.CONCLUSION: Contrary to the previous animal studies, this present study, which used human subjects, showed no significant difference n the postprandial blood sugar level on subjects given with A. esculentus water as compared to placebo.

Evaluación del efecto hipolipemiante de Talinum triangulare (falsa espinaca) y Abelmoschus esculentus (quimbombó) / Assessment of hypolipidemic action of Talinum triangulare (water leaf) and Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)

INTRODUCCIÓN: la evaluación de plantas con efecto reductor en los lípidos plasmáticos, constituye una herramienta muy valiosa para el control de las dislipidemias. OBJETIVOS: comprobar la efectividad farmacológica como hipolipemiante, de Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd(Talinaceae) y Abelmoschus esculentus moench (Malvaceae), en dos biomodelos de ensayo. MÉTODOS: se utilizó el fruto verde de A. esculentus y hojas frescas de Talinum triangulare. El material vegetal previo secado, se pulverizó para preparar extractos hidroalcohólicos, que una vez rotoevaporados, fueron suspendidos en agua para ser administrados a los modelos experimentales. El efecto hipolipémico de las plantas estudiadas se comprobó, en animales de experimentación, sometidos a dos modelos de inducción de hiperlipidemia; administración de solución de sacarosa al 63 % durante 16 semanas y administración vía intraperitoneal del detergente no iónico Poloxamer 338, durante 48 horas a una dosis de 0,6 g/kg. RESULTADOS: el extracto hidroalcohólico de A. esculentus (400 mg/kg) en el modelo de hiperlipemia por Dieta Rica en Sacarosa, mostró un efecto reductor de triacilglicéridos, superior al ácido nicotínico. En el modelo de hiperlipidemia por inducción con detergente no iónico, el extracto hidroalcohólico de Talinum triangulare (400 mg/kg), manifestó un efecto reductor de colesterol y triacilglicéridos, mayor que el ácido nicotínico y la atorvastatina. CONCLUSIONES: los extracto hidroalcohólicos de A. esculentus y de Talinum triangulare expresaron efectos reductores de triacilglicérios por mecanismos de acción diferentes, superiores al ácido nicotínico en cada caso. El extracto hidroalcohólico de Talinum triangulare manifestó un potente efecto reductor de colesterol mayor que el ácido nicotínico y la atorvastatina.

INTRODUCTION: assessment of plants with low plasmatic lipids effect is a power instrument to dislipidemias control. OBJECTIVES: to establish the pharmacological effectiveness as hipolipidemic agents of Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd (Portulacaceae) and Abelmoschus esculentus Moench (Malvaceae) in two biomodel assays. METHODS: in the present study we have researched the hypolipemic effect of Talinum triangulare (false spinach) and A. esculentus (okra) in experimental animals subjected to two models of hyperlipidemia induction; an intake of 63 % sucrose solution for 16 weeks and an intake of Poloxamer 338 nonionic detergent via intraperitoneal for 48 hours at a dose of 0,6 g/kg. RESULTS: the hydroalcoholic extract of A. esculentus, at a dose of 400 mg/kg showed triacilglicéridos reducing effect greater than nicotinic acid in the model of hyperlipidemia induction by a sucrose-rich diet. In the model of hyperlipidemia by induction with nonionic detergent, the hydroalcoholic extract of Talinum triangulare at a dose of 400 mg/kg, showed a powerful cholesterol and triacilglicéridos lowering effect, greater than nicotinic acid and atorvastatin. CONCLUSIONS: the hydroalcoholic extract of A. esculentus and T. triangulare showed hypotriglyceridemic effect for different action mechanisms, higher than the nicotinic acid, in each case. The extract hidroalcohólico of Talinum triangulare showed a potent hipocholesterolemic effect even more than the nicotinic acid and the atorvastatin.

Diferenciação de lotes de sementes de quiabo pelo teste de envelhecimento acelerado / Differentiation of seeds lots of okra by accelerated aging test

Os testes de germinação e de vigor são componentes essenciais do processo de controle de qualidade das empresas produtoras de sementes, e o teste de envelhecimento acelerado é um dos mais utilizados para avaliação do vigor de sementes. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar a metodologia do teste de envelhecimento acelerado, visando à identificação de diferentes níveis de vigor de lotes de sementes de quiabo (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). Para isso, quatro lotes de sementes da cultivar 'Colhe Bem' e cinco lotes da cultivar 'Santa Cruz 47' foram submetidos às seguintes avaliações: germinação, emergência de plântulas, envelhecimento acelerado tradicional e em solução saturada com NaCl (38 e 41ºC durante 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas) e grau de umidade no início dos testes e após a incubação para o teste de envelhecimento acelerado. Os testes de envelhecimento acelerado tradicional e em solução saturada com cloreto de sódio, a 41ºC durante 96 horas, constituem em opções promissoras para detectar diferenças de vigor entre lotes de sementes de quiabo.

The vigor and germination tests are essential components of seed quality control for the seed industry. Accelerated aging is one for the most useful tests used for the evaluation of seed vigor. In this sense, this paper aimed to study the methodology of the accelerated aging test, in order to identify different levels of vigor seed lots of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). Four seed lots of the 'Colhe Bem' cultivar and five seed lots of the 'Santa Cruz 47' were submitted to the following assessments: germination, seedling emergence, accelerated aging by traditional procedures and saturated NaCl (38 and 41°C for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours) and moisture content at the beginning of the tests and, after incubation to accelerated aging test. The accelerated aging test at 41°C/96 hours (traditional procedure and saturated NaCl) consisted efficient to detect vigor differences among seed lots of okra.

Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and CNS Depressant Activities of the Methanolic Extract of Abelmoschus esculentus Linn. Seed in Mice.

Aims: The study was carried out to assess the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and CNS depressant activity of the methanolic extract of Abelmoschus esculentus Linn. Seeds. Study Design: The Present study was designed to observe pharmacological activities of the crude extract of the plant Abelmoschus esculentus seeds. The study consisted of hot extraction of the seeds of the A. esculantus with methanol. Afterwards, Methanolic crude extract was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated. Finally, screening of analgesic, antiinflammatory and CNS depressant activity of crude extracts of A. esculantus on Swiss Albino mice. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh. January, 2013- July 2013. Methodology: The animals are divided into Four groups and each group consists of five mice. Analgesic activity was performed by acetic acid-induced writhing model and formalin induced licking and biting in mice. Anti-inflammatory effects of Abelmoschus esculentus seed extract were done by carrageenan induced anti-inflammatory method at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg b.wt., (p.o). The CNS depressant activity was evaluated by observing the reduction of locomotor and exploratory activities in the hole cross and opens field tests at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. Results: In statistical analysis, the dose (200 mg/kg) was found to exhibit (significant p=0.05) better analgesic activity (65.16% and 54.38%) against both acetic acid and formalin induced pain in mice which is about similar to standard drug Indomethacin. The extract of A. esculentus (100 and 200mg/kg) also showed sustained inhibition (54.97% and 65.56%) of paw edema at the 4th hour compared to Indomethacin (74.17%). Besides this A. esculentus (significant p=0.05) seed extract (100 and 200mg/kg p.o.) also possesses depressant activity at 90min in both methods. Conclusion: this study recommends that the methanolic extract of the Abelmoschus esculentus seeds has significant CNS depressant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.

Field evaluation of a botanical formulation from the milky mangrove Excoecaria agallocha L. against Helicoverpa armigera Hübner. in Abelmoschus esculentus (lady's finger) and Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea)

Objective: To evaluate a formulation from the milky mangrove tree Excoecaria agallocha L. (E. agallocha) against Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (H. armigera). Methods: About 3% aqueous ethanolic spray formulation derived from the lipophilic extract of E. agallocha (dry leaf) was evaluated against H. armigera in Abelmoschus esculentus (lady's finger) and Cajanus cajan (C. cajan) (pigeon pea), under field conditions. Results: On the 9th day of the 4th spray the larval count in the plot treated with 3% E. agallocha formulation drastically came down to 0.23 larva/plant, compared to 1.63 in the ethanol control plot and 1.60 in the unsprayed plot. Blocks sprayed with 3% E. agallocha formulation yielded 35.8 quintals/hectare (q/ha) of healthy pods compared to Ekalux® (pod yield: 60.7 q/ha), 3% Vijay Neem® (60.22 q/ha), yield plot (6 q/ha) and ethanol control (7 q/ha). In C. cajan, 1% E. agallocha, 3% Nimbecidine® and 0.07% indoxacarb were equally potent in reducing the larval population of H. armigera and the non-target pest Spilosoma obliqua to 0%, from the 9th day (3rd spray). Indoxacarb plot recorded the maximum yield of 16.1 q/ha with 2.4% pod damage. Plots sprayed with 1% E. agallocha yielded 14.7 q/ha with 2.32% pod damage. The effect of 3% Nimbecidine® spray (14.35 q/ha) was comparable to E. agallocha formulation. Unsprayed and ethanol control plots yielded 12.41 and 11.2 q/ha of pods with an average pod damage of 4.7%. Conclusions: E. agallocha formulation was found to be promising for the control of H. armigera, under field conditions.

Field evaluation of a botanical formulation from the milky mangrove Excoecaria agallocha L. against Helicoverpa armigera Hübner. in Abelmoschus esculentus (lady's finger) and Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea)

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate a formulation from the milky mangrove tree Excoecaria agallocha L. (E. agallocha) against Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (H. armigera).@*METHODS@#About 3% aqueous ethanolic spray formulation derived from the lipophilic extract of E. agallocha (dry leaf) was evaluated against H. armigera in Abelmoschus esculentus (lady's finger) and Cajanus cajan (C. cajan) (pigeon pea), under field conditions.@*RESULTS@#On the 9th day of the 4th spray the larval count in the plot treated with 3% E. agallocha formulation drastically came down to 0.23 larva/plant, compared to 1.63 in the ethanol control plot and 1.60 in the unsprayed plot. Blocks sprayed with 3% E. agallocha formulation yielded 35.8 quintals/hectare (q/ha) of healthy pods compared to Ekalux® (pod yield: 60.7 q/ha), 3% Vijay Neem® (60.22 q/ha), yield plot (6 q/ha) and ethanol control (7 q/ha). In C. cajan, 1% E. agallocha, 3% Nimbecidine® and 0.07% indoxacarb were equally potent in reducing the larval population of H. armigera and the non-target pest Spilosoma obliqua to 0%, from the 9th day (3rd spray). Indoxacarb plot recorded the maximum yield of 16.1 q/ha with 2.4% pod damage. Plots sprayed with 1% E. agallocha yielded 14.7 q/ha with 2.32% pod damage. The effect of 3% Nimbecidine® spray (14.35 q/ha) was comparable to E. agallocha formulation. Unsprayed and ethanol control plots yielded 12.41 and 11.2 q/ha of pods with an average pod damage of 4.7%.@*CONCLUSIONS@#E. agallocha formulation was found to be promising for the control of H. armigera, under field conditions.

Investigation of in vivo antioxidant property of Abelmoschus esculentus (L) moench. fruit seed and peel powders in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Background: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. fruit is a commonly consumed vegetable in many countries due to its rich medicinal value. However, till date, in vivo antioxidant property of A. esculentus has not been scientifically documented in animal models. Objective: The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the in vivo antioxidant property of A. esculentus (L.) Moench. peel and seed powder (AEPP and AESP) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In rats, acute toxicity assessment of AEPP and AESP at 2 g/kg did not show any toxicity. Diabetes was induced by STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.) injection and diabetic rats received AEPP (100 and 200 mg/kg) as well as AESP (100 and 200 mg/ kg) orally up to 28 days. At the end of the 28 day, diabetic rats were killed and liver, kidney and pancreas were collected to determine superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), and lipid peroxidation level. Results: In diabetic rats, significant (P < 0.001) reduction of liver, kidney and pancreas SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH levels and increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were observed as compared to normal control rats. Administration of both doses of AEPP and AESP significantly (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01) increased liver, kidney and pancreas SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH levels and decreased TBARS (P < 0.001) levels in diabetic rats compared to diabetic control rats. Conclusion: Our findings confirmed that A. esculentus peel and seed powder has significant in vivo antioxidant property in diabetic rats.

Enhancement in the germination, growth and yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) using pre-sowing magnetic treatment of seeds.

The effect of pre-sowing magnetic treatments was investigated on germination, growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus cv. Sapz pari). The dry okra seeds were exposed to sinusoidal magnetic field induced by an electromagnet. The average magnetic field exposure was 99 mT for 3 and 11 min and seeds with no magnetic field treatment were considered as control. Both treated and non-treated seeds were sown in experimental plots (120 m2) under similar conditions. Samples were collected at regular intervals for statistical analysis. A significant increase (P<0.05) was observed in germination percentage, number of flowers per plant, leaf area (cm2), plant height (cm) at maturity, number of fruits per plant, pod mass per plant and number of seeds per plant. The 99 mT for 11 min exposure showed better results as compared to control.

Chemical constituents in water fraction of Abelmoschus esculentus / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents of Abelmoschus esculentus. Methods: Compounds were isolated and purified by MCI, ODS, and silica gel column chromatography. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data and physicochemical properties. Results: Twelve compounds were isolated and identified as tryptophan (1), deoxyguanosine (2), hypoxanthine (3), 3, 4-dihydroxy benzoate (4), 3′-deoxyinosine (5), thymidine (6), inosine (7), β-daucosterol (8), aurantiamide acetate (9), xanthine (10), ethyl-β-D-xyloside (11), and ethyl-α-D- arabinofuranoside (12). Conclusion: Except compound 1, other compounds are separated from A. esculentus for the first time.

Qualidade de sementes de quiabeiro em função da idade e do repouso pós-colheita dos frutos / Okra seed quality as a function of age and fruit post harvest rest

O trabalho foi conduzido na FCA-UNESP, em Botucatu (SP), objetivando-se estudar o efeito da idade do fruto e o período de repouso pós-colheita sobre a qualidade de sementes de quiabeiro cv. Santa Cruz-47 (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench.). No dia da antese, as flores foram etiquetadas e os frutos foram colhidos com 34, 41, 48 e 55 dias após a antese (DAA). Para cada idade, em metade dos frutos as sementes foram extraídas imediatamente e a outra metade ficou em repouso por quatorze dias, antes da extração das sementes. Para verificar a qualidade das sementes os seguintes testes foram realizados: teor de água no dia da extração das sementes, massa de 100 sementes, teste de germinação, primeira contagem do teste de germinação e condutividade elétrica. Pode-se concluir que o armazenamento para qualquer idade do fruto melhora o vigor das sementes. Para germinação final, o armazenamento é favorável quando os frutos são colhidos ainda novos (34 e 41 DAA).

The work was carried out at FCA-UNESP, in Botucatu (SP), with the aim of studying the effect of fruit age and post harvest rest on quality of okra seeds cv. Santa Cruz-47 (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench.). At the day of the anthesis, the flowers were labeled and fruits were picked with 34,41,48 and 55 days after the anthesis (DAA). For each age, in half of the fruits the seeds were immediately extracted and the another half was stored for fourteen days before seed extraction. To verify the quality of seeds the following tests were accomplished: seed water content at extraction, weight of 100 seeds, germination test, first counted of germinated seeds and eletrical conductivity. It may be concluded that the fruit storage for any fruit age increases seed vigour, and for final germination, the rest is favorable when fruits are picked still new (34 and 41 DAA).

Composição mineral de frutos de quatro cultivares de quiabeiro / Mineral composition of four cultivars of okra fruits

Este experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Viçosa e teve como objetivo avaliar a composição mineral dos frutos de quatro cultivares de quiabo. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, sendo os tratamentos constituídos pelas cultivares Amarelinho, Red Velvet, Star of David e Mammoth Spinless, com cinco blocos. Os maiores teores de cálcio, fósforo, enxofre e magnésio foram encontrado na Cultivar Red Velvet. Os maiores teores de nitrogênio total, amônio e manganês e menor teor de fósforo foram encontrados na cultivar Mammoth Spinless, enquanto nas cultivares Red Velvet e Star of David foram observados os menores teores de nitrogênio total, amônio e manganês. Menores teores de cálcio, enxofre e magnésio foram verificados em conjunto nas cultivares Amarelinho, Star of David e Mammoth Spinless.

This experiment was carried out at Universidade Federal de Viçosa and had the objective to evaluate the mineral composition of four cultivars of okra fruits. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, where the treatments were composed by the cultivars Amarelinho, Red Velvet, Star of David and Mammoth Spinless, with five blocks. The cultivar Red Velvet had the highest content of calcium, phosphorus, sulfur and magnesium. The cultivar Mammoth Spinless had the highest content of total nitrogen, ammonium and manganese and the lowest content of phosphorus. The cultivars Red Velvet and Star of David had the lowest contents of total nitrogen, ammonium, and manganese. Lower contents of calcium, sulfur and magnesium were present in the cultivars Amarelinho, Star of David and Mammoth Spinless.