Clinical effect of Huoxue Qing Gong decoction in the treatment of vaginal bleeding after medical abortion / 中国基层医药

Objective To explore the clinical effect of Huoxue Qing Gong decoction in the treatment of vaginal bleeding after medical abortion.Methods From May 2016 to June 2017,90 cases of vaginal bleeding after drug abortion in the People's Hospital of Dongping County were divided into the observation group and the control group according to the digital table ,with 45 cases in each group .The two groups were all treated with drug abortion to terminate pregnancy ,and the control group was treated with metronidazole tablets +carbazochrome tablets after the termination of pregnancy .The observation group was treated with Huoxue Qing Gong decoction on the basis of the control group.The effect of abortion,bleeding time and bleeding volume after drug abortion ,the time of menstrual recovery and menstrual duration after treatment in thetwo groups were observed and compared .Results Thetotal abortion rate in the observation group was 95.6％,which was significantly higher than that in the control group (84.4％),the difference was statistically significant (χ2 =5.620,P<0.05).The proportion of bleeding time≤7d after abortion in the observation group was 37.8％,which was significantly higher than that in the control group (11.1％),the difference was statistically significant(χ2 =5.628,P<0.05).The proportion of bleeding time 8～14d of the observation group was 60％,which was significantly lower than that of the control group(73.3％),the difference was statistically significant(χ2 =6.571,P<0.05).The proportion of bleeding time more than 15d after drug abortion of the observation group was 2.2％,which was significantly lower than that of the control group (15.6％),the difference was statistically significant (χ2 =5.028,P<0.05).The proportion of vaginal bleeding volume <previous menstrual volume after drug abortion of the observation group was 60.0％,which was significantly higher than that of the control group(28.9％),the difference was statistically significant(χ2 =6.021,P <0.05).The proportion of amount of vaginal bleeding =previous menstrual volume after drug abortion in the observation group was 22.2％,which was significantly lower than that in the control group(26.7％),the difference was statistically significant (χ2 =5.114,P<0.05).The proportion of vaginal bleeding volume>previous menstrual volume after drug abortion of the observation group was 17.8％,which was significantly lower than that of the control group (44.4％),the difference was statistically significant (χ2 =6.375,P<0.05).The period of menstrual recovery of the observation group was (29.5 ±4.2) d,which was significantly shorter than that of the control group[(37.9 ±4.3)d](t=5.028,P<0.05).The duration of menstruation in the observation group was (5.0 ±1.1)d,which was significantly shorter than that in the control group[(6.9 ±1.2)d],the difference was statistically significant(t=3.229,P<0.05).Conclusion Huoxue Qing Gong decoction in the treatment of vaginal bleeding after drug abortion can significantly shorten the time of vaginal bleeding ,reduce the amount of vaginal bleeding ,improve the rate of complete abortion,and has no obvious effect on the first menstrual cycle and menstrual period after the drug flow .

Clinical effect of Huoxue Qing Gong decoction in the treatment of vaginal bleeding after medical abortion / 中国基层医药

Objective@#To explore the clinical effect of Huoxue Qing Gong decoction in the treatment of vaginal bleeding after medical abortion.@*Methods@#From May 2016 to June 2017, 90 cases of vaginal bleeding after drug abortion in the People's Hospital of Dongping County were divided into the observation group and the control group according to the digital table, with 45 cases in each group.The two groups were all treated with drug abortion to terminate pregnancy, and the control group was treated with metronidazole tablets + carbazochrome tablets after the termination of pregnancy.The observation group was treated with Huoxue Qing Gong decoction on the basis of the control group.The effect of abortion, bleeding time and bleeding volume after drug abortion, the time of menstrual recovery and menstrual duration after treatment in the two groups were observed and compared.@*Results@#The total abortion rate in the observation group was 95.6%, which was significantly higher than that in the control group(84.4%), the difference was statistically significant(χ2=5.620, P<0.05). The proportion of bleeding time≤7d after abortion in the observation group was 37.8%, which was significantly higher than that in the control group(11.1%), the difference was statistically significant(χ2=5.628, P<0.05). The proportion of bleeding time 8~14d of the observation group was 60%, which was significantly lower than that of the control group(73.3%), the difference was statistically significant(χ2=6.571, P<0.05). The proportion of bleeding time more than 15d after drug abortion of the observation group was 2.2%, which was significantly lower than that of the control group(15.6%), the difference was statistically significant(χ2=5.028, P<0.05). The proportion of vaginal bleeding volume<previous menstrual volume after drug abortion of the observation group was 60.0%, which was significantly higher than that of the control group(28.9%), the difference was statistically significant(χ2=6.021, P<0.05). The proportion of amount of vaginal bleeding=previous menstrual volume after drug abortion in the observation group was 22.2%, which was significantly lower than that in the control group(26.7%), the difference was statistically significant (χ2=5.114, P<0.05). The proportion of vaginal bleeding volume>previous menstrual volume after drug abortion of the observation group was 17.8%, which was significantly lower than that of the control group(44.4%), the difference was statistically significant(χ2=6.375, P<0.05). The period of menstrual recovery of the observation group was (29.5±4.2)d, which was significantly shorter than that of the control group[(37.9±4.3)d](t=5.028, P<0.05). The duration of menstruation in the observation group was (5.0±1.1)d, which was significantly shorter than that in the control group[(6.9±1.2)d], the difference was statistically significant(t=3.229, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Huoxue Qing Gong decoction in the treatment of vaginal bleeding after drug abortion can significantly shorten the time of vaginal bleeding, reduce the amount of vaginal bleeding, improve the rate of complete abortion, and has no obvious effect on the first menstrual cycle and menstrual period after the drug flow.

Adjuvant therapy of acupoint catgut embedding for threatened abortion after in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effects of acupoint catgut embedding on miscarriage prevention and pregnancy outcome in patients with threatened abortion after in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET).@*METHODS@#Sixty cases of patients with threatened abortion after IVF-ET were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 30 cases in each group. The patients in the control group were treated with intramuscular injection of progesterone (40 mg) once every day, while the patients in the observation group, on the basis of the treatment of control group, were treated with catgut embedding at Geshu (BL 17), Ganshu (BL 18), Shenshu (BL 23), Pishu (BL 20), Weishu (BL 21), Xuehai (SP 10), Diji (SP 8) and Fuliu (KI 7), once every two weeks, six times as a course of treatment. The treatment was given until 12 weeks into pregnancy. The level of serum human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), estradiol (E) and progesterone (P) before and after treatment was recorded; the TCM syndrome score before and after treatment was compared; the successful pregnancy rate and spontaneous abortion rate after treatment were observed in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#Compared before treatment, the scores of TCM syndrome in both groups were reduced after treatment (both <0.01), and score in the observation group was superior to that in the control group (<0.05). After treatment, the clinical efficacy in the observation group was superior to that in the control group (<0.05). After treatment, the hormone levels (β-HCG, E, P) in both groups were increased steadily; the hormone levels in 6-week pregnancy, 8-week pregnancy and 10-week pregnancy were significantly higher than those in 4-week pregnancy (all <0.05); except the levels of P and β-HCG in 10-week pregnancy, the hormone levels in the observation group were superior to those in the control group (all <0.05). After treatment, the early abortion rate was 16.7% (5/30) in the observation group, which was lower than 33.3% (10/30) in the control group (<0.01); the pregnancy rate was 96.0% (24/25) in the observation group, which was higher than 80.0% (16/20) in the control group (<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#Acupoint catgut embedding is effective for preventing threatened abortion, which could significantly reduce the spontaneous abortion rate, improve the pregnancy success rate, regulate hormone levels in patients after IVF-ET.

Spontaneous and induced abortion trends and determinants in the Northeast semiarid region of Brazil: a transversal series / Tendência de abortos espontâneos e induzidos na região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil: uma série transversal

Abstract Objectives: this study intends to estimate the rates, associated factors and trends of selfreported abortion rates in the northeast of Brazil. Methods: series of population-based surveys realized in Ceará, northeast of Brazil, one of the poorest states in the country. A sample of about 27,000 women of reproductive age was used. Abortion was assessed according to women´s information and rates were calculated using official population estimates. The trends and the association among socioeconomic and reproductive factors were studied using regressive models. Results: a trend for reduction in rates was identified. For induced abortion, the determinants were: not having a partner, condom in the last sexual intercourse, first child up to 25years old (AOR= 5.21; ACI: 2.9 - 9.34) and having less than 13years old at first sexual intercourse (AOR= 5.88; ACI: 3.29 - 10.51). For spontaneous abortion were: having studied less than 8 years, knowledge and use of morning-after pill (AOR= 26.44; ACI: 17.9 - 39.05) and not having any children (AOR= 3.43). Conclusions: rates may have been low due to self-reporting. Young age and knowledge about contraceptive methods were associated to both kinds of abortion, while education level along with spontaneous and marital status with induced. Programs to reduce abortion rates should focus on single younger women with low education.

Resumo Objetivos: este estudo objetiva estimar as taxas, fatores associados e tendência das taxas de aborto no Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos: série de estudos transversais realizada no Ceará, um dos estados mais pobres do país. Uma amostra de cerca de 27000 mulheres em idade reprodutiva foi utilizada. A ocorrência de aborto foi aferida através de informação dada pela participante e taxas foram calculadas usando estimativas populacionais oficiais. As tendências e associações entre fatores socioeconômicos e reprodutivos foram estudadas através de modelos regressivos. Resultados: foi identificada tendência de redução nas taxas de abortamento. Para aborto induzido, os determinantes foram não ter um parceiro fixo, ter utilizado camisinha na última relação sexual, ter tido o primeiro filho com menos de 25 anos (AOR= 5,21; ACI: 2,9 - 9,34), e ter tido a primeira relação com menos de 13 anos (AOR= 5,88; ACI: 3,29 - 10,51). Para o espontâneo, ter estudado menos de oito anos, conhecimento sobre a pílula do dia seguinte (AOR= 26,44; ACI: 17,9 - 39,05), e não ter filhos (AOR= 3,43). Conclusões: as taxas podem ser subestimadas por serem auto relatadas. Estar na adolescência e ter conhecimento sobre métodos contraceptivos foram associados aos dois tipos de aborto, enquanto nível educacional com o espontâneo e estado conjugal com induzido. Programas para reduzir taxas de abortamento deveriam focar em mulheres solteiras e com baixa educação.

Effect and mechanism of Yunkang oral liquid in regulating endocrine system and VEGF signaling pathway and reducing abortion rate in recurrent abortion mice / 中国中药杂志

This experiment focuses on the effect of Yunkang oral liquid on abortion rate, endocrine system and VEGF signal pathway in Clark classical recurrent abortion model mice. RSA mice were randomly divded into model group, low, middle and high-dose groups and progesterone group. The normal pregnancy mice were included into normal group. Since the first day of pregnancy, the normal group and the RSA model group were given the same dose of distilled water, while low, middle and high-dose groups were given Yunkang oral liquid at the dose of 9, 18, 36 mL·kg¹·d⁻¹; progesterone group were given progesterone by 0.039 g·kg¹·d⁻¹. The mice were put to deathat the 15th day of pregnancy, and the embryo loss rate of each group was observed. Serum estradiol (E₂), progesterone (P), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level were tested; the protein expressions of estrogen receptor(ER), progesterone receptor (PR), prolactin receptor (PRLR) in decidua and RAS, MAPK, VEGF, VEGFR-2 gene and protein expressions in deciduas were studied. The results showed that middle, high dose Yunkang and progesterone could significantly decrease the embryo loss rate of RSA mice. The levels of FSH, LH, PRL, P and E₂ in serum in Yunkang and progesterone groups were increased, and the serum levels of FSH, LH, and E₂ in Yunkang group were higher than those in progesterone group. Western blot analysis showed that Yunkang oral liquid and progesterone can significantly increase the expressions of PRLR, PR in the uterine decidua of RSA mice, and the expression of ER in Yunkang group was higher than that in progesterone group. Western blot and PCR showed that the Yunkang oral liquid and progesterone can significantly increase RAS, MAPK, VEGF, VEGFR-2 gene and protein expressions in the uterine decidua of RSA mice. The results showed that Yunkang oral liquid can effectively reduce the embryo loss rate of RSA model mice, increase the levels of FSH, LH, PRL, P and E₂ in serum, promote the expressions of PRLR, PR, ER protein in decidua and the RAS, MAPK, VEGF, VEGFR-2 gene and protein expressions in the decidua, improve the vascular remodeling of fetal interface, the endometrial receptivty, the development of decidua and the blastocyst implantation.

Induced and unsafe abortion 20 years after the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 94: prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics. Favela México 70, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil / Aborto induzido e inseguro 20 anos após a Conferência Internacional de População e Desenvolvimento, Cairo, 94: prevalência e características sociodemográficas. Favela México 70, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brasil

Objective: This research aimed at calculating the prevalence of women with induced and unsafe abortion and spontaneous abortion as well as the sociodemographic characteristics associated to them in a low income population. Method: It consists of a cross-sectional study, with a random sample of women in fertile age from 15 to 49 years of age, living in Favela México 70, in São Vicente-SP, performed in the last quarter of 2008. The method used for the analysis of the data was the Multiple Multinomial Logistic Regression in order to determine the main independent variables associated to the occurrence of induced abortion, with CI=95% and p<0.05. The statistical analyses were performed with the help of the SPSS software, version 17.0.Results: Among the 860 women from 15 to 49 years of age living in this community, it was observed a median of 2 pregnancies for women without abortions and, for women who reported induced abortion, 51 women, a median of 4 pregnancies. It was also observed a mean of 2.53 live born children/women in the studied population. In the final Multiple Multinomial Logistic Regression model, there remained the following categorized independent variables: “number of live born children>2″ (OR=4.0), showing that women with 2 or more children have a 4-time-higher chance of inducing an abortion and “accepting abortion by lack of economic conditions” (OR=11.5), which indicates that women without economic conditions of continuing pregnancy and/or raising one more child present an 11.5-time-higher chance of inducing an abortion. Conclusions: It may be concluded that, by lack of an efficient contraception system and family planning, women with low income up to now, after 20 years of the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 1994, resort to induced and unsafe abortion in order to diminish their own fertility and family size, in face of an unintended, unwanted or inopportune pregnancy.

Objetivo: Calcular a prevalência de mulheres com aborto provocado e inseguro e de aborto espontâneo, bem como as características sociodemográficas a eles associadas em uma população de baixa renda. Método: Estudo transversal, com amostra aleatória de mulheres em idade fértil de 15 a 49 anos, residentes na Favela México 70, em São Vicente (SP), efetuada no último trimestre de 2008. O método usado para a análise dos dados foi a regressão logística multinomial múltipla para determinar as principais variáveis independentes associadas à ocorrência de aborto provocado, com IC=95% e p<0,05. As análises estatísticas foram feitas com o auxílio do programa SPSS versão 17.0.Resultados: Entre as 860 mulheres de 15 a 49 anos residentes nessa comunidade observou-se mediana de duas gestações para as sem aborto. Para as que declararam aborto provocado, 51, uma mediana de quatro gestações. Foi observada ainda média de 2,53 filhos nascidos vivos/mulher na população em estudo. No modelo final de regressão logística multinomial múltipla permaneceram as seguintes variáveis independentes categorizadas: “número de filhos nascidos vivos>2″ (OR=4,0), mostra que as mulheres com dois ou mais filhos apresentam uma chance quatro vezes maior de provocar um aborto; e “aceitação do aborto por falta de condições econômicas” (OR=11,5), indica que as mulheres sem condições econômicas de prosseguir na gestação e/ou criar mais um filho apresentam chance 11,5 vezes maior de provocar um aborto.Conclusões: Por falta de um sistema eficaz de contracepção e de planejamento familiar, mulheres de baixa renda ainda hoje, após 20 anos da International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 1994, recorrem ao aborto provocado e inseguro para a diminuição da própria fecundidade e do tamanho da família, frente a uma gestação inesperada, não pretendida ou inoportuna.

Safety of the offspring conceived by assisted reproductive technology with cryopreserved donor sperm / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>Objective</b>To investigate the pregnancy outcomes of assisted reproductive technology (ART) with cryopreserved donor sperm and the safety of the offspring thus conceived.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The Human Sperm Bank of CITIC Xiangya Hospital provided cryopreserved donor semen to 31 reproductive centers in China between January 2006 and December 2012, with which 50247 ART cycles were accomplished. We compared the rates of birth defects and spontaneous abortion of intracervical insemination (ICI), intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 39 047 ART cycles were performed by artificial insemination with cryopreserved donor sperm, including 36 674 cycles of ICI and 2 372 cycles of IUI. Among the 8 612 clinical pregnancies achieved by ICI, there were 917 cases of spontaneous abortion (at <28 gestational wk) (10.6%) and 6133 live births, with 43 cases of birth defect (0.70%). Of the 547 clinical pregnancies achieved by IUI, there were 41 cases of spontaneous abortion (7.5%) and 426 live births, with 2 cases of birth defect (0.47%). Totally, 11 200 cycles of IVF and ICSI were accomplished with cryopreserved donor sperm. Of the 5 860 clinical pregnancies achieved by IVF, there were 456 cases of spontaneous abortion (7.8%) and 5089 live births, with 55 cases of birth defect (1.08%). Among the 350 clinical pregnancies achieved by ICSI, there were 30 cases of spontaneous abortion (8.6%) and 229 live births, with 3 cases of birth defect (1.31%). The birth defect rate of ART with cryopreserved donor sperm was significantly lower than that published by the Chinese Ministry of Health (0.86% vs 1.53%,P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The safety of the offspring conceived by ART with cryopreserved donor sperm is controllable.</p>

Atualização das estimativas da magnitude do aborto induzido, taxas por mil mulheres e razões por 100 nascimentos vivos do aborto induzido por faixa etária e grandes regiões. Brasil, 1995 a 2013 / Update to the estimates of the magnitude of the induced abortion rates per thousand women and reasons for 100 live births induced abortionby age group and major regions. Brasil, 1995 to 2013

Introdução: As estimativas do aborto induzido no Brasil eram imprecisas até o início dos anos 1990. Variavam entre 300 mil e 3,3 milhões de abortos clandestinos. Em 2000 foram estimados 22,3 abortos induzidos por 1.000 mulheres no Brasil, com base na metodologia proposta pelo Alan Guttmacher Institute. Objetivo: Atualizar as estimativas do aborto induzido no Brasil de 1995 a 2013.Método: A fonte dos dados primários foi o número de internações por aborto registrado no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde, desagregado por regiões e por faixa etária. O número de abortos induzidos foi estimado por intervalos. O limite superior foi definido com a multiplicação por cinco do número de internações. O limite inferior foi calculado com a multiplicação por quatro do número de internações. Considerou--se o percentual de sub-registro de 12,5% e a proporção de abortos espontâneos de 25%. Resultados: Entre 1995 e 2013, as internações de mulheres de 10 a 49 anos por complicações do aborto diminuíram 27% e a estimativa do número anual de abortos induzidos recuou 26%. Observou-se declínio do limite superior da razão de aborto induzido de 27/1.000 mulheres para 16/1.000. O mesmo foi notado para o limite inferior, de 21/1.000 para 12/1.000. Nas duas regiões com maior número de internações por complicações do aborto, Nordeste e Sudeste, observou-se redução significativa do número de casos, 35% e 27%, respectivamente.Constatou-se redução no risco de aborto induzido em todas as faixas etárias: 43% entre 15 e29 anos, 49% entre 20 e 29 anos, 26% entre 30 e 39 anos e 50% de 40 a 49 anos. A estimativa de abortos induzidos decresceu de 864.628 para 687.347 (limite inferior) e de 1.086.708 para865.160 (limite superior).

Introduction: Estimates of induced abortion in Brazil were inaccurate until the early 1990, varying between 300 million and 3.3 million clandestine abortions. In 2000, were estimated 22.3 abortions induced by 1000 women in Brazil, using the methodology proposed by the Alan Guttmacher Institute. Objective: Update estimates of induced abortion in Brazil during the period of 1995 to 2013. Method: The primary data source was the number of hospitalizations for abortion registeredin the Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System, disaggregated by regionand age group. The number of induced abortions has been estimated by interval upper limit, multiplying by five the number of hospitalizations, and by lower bound, by multiplying byfour the number of hospitalizations. It was considered under percentage record of 12.5% and the proportion of miscarriages of 25%. Results: Between 1995 and 2013, the hospitalizations of women from 10 to 49 years by complications from abortion decreased by 27% and the estimate of the annual number of induced abortions declined 26%. It was observed decline of upper limit of induced abortion ratio of 27/1000 women for 16/1000. The same was noticed for the lower bound of 21/12/1000to 1000. In the two regions with the highest number of hospitalizations for complications of abortion, Northeast and Southeast, showed significant reduction in the number of cases of 35% and 27% respectively. Found a great reduction in the risk of induced abortion, of 43% between 15 and 29 years, 49% between 20 and 29 years old, 26% between 30 and 39 years and 50% of 40 to 49 years. The estimation of induced abortions decreased from 864,628 to 687,347 (lower limit), and from 1,086,708 to 865,160 (upper limit). Conclusion: Both the reason of abortion per 100 live births and the rate of induced abortions per thousand women aged 15 to 49 years in Brazil showed decrease in the studied period.

Comparison of clinical outcomes of vitrified-thawed embryo transfer and fresh embryos transfer / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the clinical outcomes of frozen embryo transfer and fresh embryo transfer.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 870 cases receiving embryo transfer at the Reproductive Medical Center of Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital from January 2013 to March 2014,including 577 cases of in vitro fertilization and fresh embryo transfer,118 cases of intracytoplasmic sperm injection and fresh embryo transfer and 175 cases of frozen thawed embryo transfer,to compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes between fresh embryo transfer group and frozen embryo transfer group (the patients who had received unsuccessful fresh embryo transfer).The frozen embryo transfer group was divided into pregnant subgroup and non pregnant subgroup to further comparison.Binary logistic regression analyses was performed to identify the influencing factors of pregnancy.Results The implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate were significantly lower in frozen embryo transfer group than in fresh embryo transfer group (26.27％ vs.31.98％,P=0.01 and 47.43％ vs.65.18％,P＜0.001).The differences in abortion rate,biochemical pregnancy rate and fetal birth weight had no statistical significance between the two groups (P=0.63,P=0.17 and P=0.33).The difference in age between pregnant subgroup and non pregnant subgroup was statistical significant (30.69 ± 3.37 years vs.32.00 ± 5.09 years,P=0.03),but no significant differences were found in BMI,duration of infertility and basic endocrine between the two subgroups.Binary logistic regression analysis showed that receiving frozen embryo transfer or not (P＜0.001),wife's age (P＜0.001),BMI (P=0.011) and number of top quality embryos (P＜0.001) were influencing factors of pregnancy.Conclusion Lower implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate was observed in the patients in frozen embryo transfer group,who had received unsuccessful fresh embryo transfer,but no increase of abortion rate,influence on fetal birth weight and adverse pregnancy outcome were observed.

Comparative Analysis of Pregnancy Outcomes after In Vitro Fertilization with Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (IVF-ICSI) between Obstructive and Non-obstructive Azoospermia / 대한불임학회지

OBJECTIVE: To compare the pregnancy outcomes after in vitro fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF-ICSI) between obstrucvtive and non-obstrucvtive azoospermia. METHODS: From January 1994 to December 2002, 524 patients with obstructive azoospermia (886 cycles) and 163 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (277 cycles) were included in this study. Microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration (MESA) or testicular sperm extraction (TESE) in obstructive azoospermia and TESE in non-obstructive azoospermia were perfomed to retrieve sperm, which was used for ICSI and then fertilized embryos were transferred. The results of ICSI-fertlization rate (FR), clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), clinical abortion rate (CAR) and delivery rate (DR)- were statistically analysed in obstructive versus non-obstructive azoospermia. RESULTS: There were no differences in the number of retrieved oocytes, injected oocytes for ICSI and oocyte maturation rate. FR was significantly higher in obstructive than non-obstructive azoospermia (71.7% vs. 61.1%, p<0.001). There was no difference in CPR per embryo transfer cycle. After pregnancy was established, however, CAR was significantly higher in non-obstructive than obstructive azoospermia (25.6% vs. 12.5%, p=0.004). DR per clinical pregnancy cycle was significantly higher in obstructive than non-obstructive azoospermia (78.0% vs. 64.4%, p=0.012). In the karyotype ananlysis of abortus, abnormal karyotypes were found in 75.0% (6/8) of obstructive and 55.6% (5/9) of non-obstructive azoospermia. CONCLUSION: Our data show significantly higher FR in obstructive than non-obstructive azoospermia. Though there was no differrence in CPR, CAR was significantly higher in non-obstructive than obstructive azoospermia. The abortion may be related to the abnormal karyotype of embryo, but further investigations are necessary to elucidate the cause of clinical abortion in azoospermia.

Pregnancy, Abortion and Delibery Rates for Korean Teenagers / 간호학회지

The purpose of this study was to investigate pregnancy, abortion and delivery rates among Korean teenagers. The subjects of this study were 11,433 teenagers aged 13-19 year in Seoul, Pusan, Taegu, Kwangju, Insheon, Taejeon and Ansan, Korea. Data were collected from Feb. 1994 to May 1995, 16 months, by schoolnurses or the researchers. The results showed pregnancy rate was 7.2 per 1,000 teenagers, the abortion rate was 4.3 per 1,000 teenagers, and delivery rate was 1.2 per 1,000 teenagers. In the pregnancy experience, the main factors related to teenage pregnancy were love or marriage engagement. In the abortion experience, 53.9% of teenagers had more than two abortion experiences, 38.1% midtrimester abortion, 22% complications after abortion. In the delivery experience, 64.3% of teenagers delivered with no prenatal care and 42.9% had a delay in realizing they were pregnant. Fifty percent were delivered by non-professionals in non-medical institutions.