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Objective:To establish an atomic absorption spectrometry to determine the content of eight trace elements of Yu Salvia miltiorrhiza in different growth stages，namely K，Cu，Na，Mg，Fe，Zn，Ca and Mn. Method:Micro-digestion-atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the trace elements in the roots of Yu S. miltiorrhiza. The HPLC method was used to determine the content of active constituents of Yu S. miltiorrhiza. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis were used to evaluate the results. Result:The contents of trace elements in Yu S. miltiorrhiza in different growth periods were significantly different. Cu had a significant positive correlation with the growth period，while Zn，Ca and Mn had significant negative correlations with the growth period. The comprehensive score of Yu S. miltiorrhiza in December was the best. The content of index components was negatively correlated with Mn，Zn and Ca，and positively correlated with Cu，Fe and Na. In soil，Mg，Fe，Ca and Mn were correlated with Zn，Ca and Mn，while Mn was negatively correlated with Cu. The content of K and Mg in the crude drug increased gradually with the change of the growth period，and the overall score of annual Yu S. miltiorrhiza was the best. Conclusion:The change of trace elements in Yu S. miltiorrhiza in different periods has certain regularity. Trace elements in soil have impacts on trace elements in medicinal materials. Trace elements in medicinal materials are closely correlated with index components and quality of medicinal materials.
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Objective: To analyze the dynamic changes of components in the enzymolysis process of raw products of Raphani Semen. Method: HPLC was employed to analysis of characteristic spectra of Raphani Semen at different enzymolysis time with mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution for gradient elution and detection wavelength at 225 nm.The characteristic peaks were calibrated, meanwhile, the UV spectra of characterstic peaks were extracted, and the difference between UV spectra and the changes of peak areas were compared, and the dynamic changes of characterstic components in Raphani Semen were analyzed. Result: Eleven characteristic peaks were marked from the characteric spectra of raw products of Raphani Semen at different enzymolysis time, and glucoraphenin and sinapine thiocyanate were assigned.Glucoraphenin was enzymatically hydrolyzed fastly by myrosinase, and an intermediate was generated, and then continue to be decomposed into other components.Sinapine thiocyanate did not change significantly during the enzymolysis process, and sinadiosides was also enzymatically degraded. Conclusion: The enzymolysis of Raphani Semen is not only the glucoraphenin, but also the sinadiosides.This paper can provide reference for the property change of Raphani Semen in processing.
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Objective: To clarify the background difference between drug-induced photosensitivity and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum or structure and to construct useful information for prevention and prediction of drug-induced photosensitivity. Methods: We investigated whether, for 457 drugs for which the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum is listed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, there were absorption maxima in the UVA (320 nm or more and less than 400 nm), UVB (280 nm or more and less than 320 nm), or UVA and UVB (280 nm or more and less than 400 nm). Structure was investigated for the existence of “conjugated”, carbonyl, sulfone, nitro and fluorine. The case drug group was taken to be those drugs for which photosensitivity was listed as a side effect on the medical drug package insert. Using statistical software, SPSS statistics ® 24 (IBM), we performed univariate logistic regression analysis, and multivariate logistic regression analysis with a stepwise increment method (likelihood ratio) combining items with p＜0.2, and calculated the odds ratio (hereinafter: aOR). The significance level was taken as 0.05. Results: There were 85 drugs in the case drug group, and 372 drugs in the control drug group. As a result of multiple logistic regression analysis, in Model 1, we placed sulfone (aOR: 4.55, 95% C.I.: 2.22-9.35), fluorine (aOR: 3.66, 95% C.I.: 1.82-7.39) and nitro (aOR: 4.46, 95 % C.I.: 1.73-11.48) in this order. In Model 2, we placed sulfone (aOR: 4, 40, 95% C.I.: 2.12-9.15), fluorine (aOR: 3.81, 95% C.I.: 1.87-7.76), UVA (aOR: 2.40, 95% C.I.: 1.37-4.18) and nitro (aOR: 3.61, 95% C.I.: 1.39-9.40) in this order. Conclusion: When a drug is developed, its ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra and structure become clear, and from this information,measures can be taken which bear the potential risk of photosensitivity in mind.
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Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar los espectros de absorción neta de las películas radiocrómicas EBT2 y EBT3 para describir su influencia en el comportamiento de las curvas de dosis-respuesta. Metodología: Las películas se irradiaron en un acelerador lineal de 6 MV. La obtención de los espectros de absorción neta se realizó con espectrofotómetro UV/VIS. Las curvas de dosis-respuesta se obtuvieron con un escáner, un láser He-Ne y un espectrofotómetro. Resultados: El espectro de absorción de las EBT2 muestra tres bandas de absorción centradas que conservan la posición y aumentan su intensidad en función de la dosis, sin embargo, este comportamiento no se observa en las películas EBT3. La curva dosis-respuesta muestra la máxima sensibilidad utilizando el espectrofotómetro, pero no muestra un comportamiento definido. Implicaciones: Generación de nuevos conocimientos para la creación de nuevos sistemas ópticos capaces de amplificar la sensibilidad de la respuesta de las películas. Originalidad: Mostrar la correlación entre los espectros de absorción neta y su influencia en las curvas dosis-respuesta en tres diferentes sistemas ópticos. Conclusiones: El comportamiento de los espectros de absorción aunado al comportamiento de las curvas dosis-respuesta nos ayuda a descartar el uso de sistemas ópticos que no garanticen un uso clínico confiable.
Abstract: Objective: To analyze the net absorption spectra of EBT2 and EBT3 radiochromic films to describe their influence on the behavior of dose-response curves. Methodology: The films were irradiated in a linear accelerator of 6 MV. The net absorption spectra were obtained with a UV / VIS spectrophotometer. Dose-response curves were obtained with a scanner, a He-Ne laser and a spectrophotometer. Results: The absorption spectrum of the EBT2 shows three focused absorption bands that retain position and increase their intensity as a function of dose, however, this behavior is not observed in EBT3 films. The dose-response curve shows maximum sensitivity using the spectrophotometer, but does not show a defined behavior. Implications: Generation of new knowledge for the creation of new optical systems capable of amplifying the responsiveness of the films. Originality: Show the correlation between net absorption spectra and their influence on dose-response curves in three different optical systems. Conclusions: The behavior of absorption spectra combined with the behavior of the dose-response curves helps to discard the use of optical systems that do not guarantee a reliable clinical use.
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Presence of rennet whey solids in ultrapasteurized milk (UHT) commercialized in Mexico City was determined using fourth derivative of absorption spectrum method, which allows to know the variation in whey protein/total protein ratio (WP/TP). The quantification of WP/TP ratio was used as an indicator of adulteration with rennet whey solids. The method was standardized to evaluate the accuracy, linearity and repeatability by rennet whey addition in concentrations between 0-15%, in raw milk. Thirty samples of skim ultrapasteurized milk were analyzed during September, October and November; found values were compared to the ones of raw milk added with rennet whey solids (0-15%, in levels of 2.5%). A marginal difference was found in the WP/TP ratio for the 0% concentration between the two types of milk, while the rest of the concentrations showed a high significance (P < 0.01). Values above 13.5% of WP/TP showed rennet whey solids addition; 36.7% of the UHT milk samples were between 5% and 12% positive to rennet whey solids addition. The results indicated that fourth derivative of the absorption spectrum of the WP/TP ratio was a sensitive indicator to rennet whey solids additions.
Se determinó la presencia de suero de quesería en leches ultrapasteurizadas (UHT) comercializadas en la Ciudad de México mediante el método de la cuarta derivada del espectro de absorción, el cual permite conocer la variación de la relación proteínas de suero/proteína total (PS/PT). La cuantificación de la relación PS/PT se utilizó como indicador de la adulteración con suero de quesería. El método fue estandarizado evaluando la exactitud, linealidad y repetibilidad mediante la adición de suero en concentraciones entre 0%-15% a leche cruda. Se analizaron 30 muestras de leche ultrapasteurizada descremada durante septiembre, octubre y noviembre; los valores encontrados se contrastaron con los de leche cruda adicionada con suero de quesería (0%-15%, en niveles de 2.5%. Se encontró una diferencia marginal en la relación PS/PT para la concentración 0% entre los dos tipos de leche, mientras que el resto de las concentraciones mostró una significancia alta (P < 0.01). Valores por encima de 13.5% de PS/PT expresaron adición de suero; 36.7% de las muestras de leche UHT fueron positivas a la adición de suero entre 5% y 12%. Los resultados indicaron que la cuarta derivada del espectro de absorción de la relación PS/PT fue un indicador sensible a adiciones de suero de quesería.
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OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the possibility of detecting the chemicals illegally mixed in the vegetable drugs by ultraviolet spectrophotometry(UV).METHODS:The theoretical spectral absorption of Decoction of four drugs and Rhei and Aconiti praeparatae decoction were respectively defined as the weighted average of the spectral data of their respective prescription ingredients from ultraviolet scanning.Pearson's R values and the similarity between theoretical and actual spectra of the vegetable drugs were obtained with weighted correlation analysis(based on the correlation analysis,with larger weighted value around the peaks and valleys of UV absorption spectrum arranged).RESULTS:The similarity between theoretical and actual UV absorption spectra of the vegetable drugs was high with Pearson's R=0.98～0.999 5.CONCLUSION:The results show that UV absorption spectra of vegetable drugs can be exactly predicted by their prescription ingredients.It is possible to use the similarity between theoretical and actual spectra of vegetable drug to detect the chemicals illegally mixed because in such case it might lead to UV spectra change.
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Objective To determine the contents of elements Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ca, Mg and Cr in Gentiana macrophlla and Gentiana officinalis. Methods The contents of elements were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Results The recovery rates obtained by standard addition method were between 88.1%～114.5%, and the RSDs were lower than 3.18%. Gentiana macrophlla is rich in the trace elements such as Fe, Ni, Cu, Ca, Mg, and Gentiana officinalis is rich in the trace elements such as Mn, Zn, Cr. Conclusion There are some difference between wild and planted Gentiana officinalis in element content, that may be related to their growing environment.
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The growth predominance and culturing potential of transgenic Synechococcus sp.PCC 7002 with mouse metallothionein-Igene are characterized and expatiated by room temperature absorption spectra,photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate,growth kinetic parameters.The results show that the spectral absorption,maximum net photosynthetic rate and saturated light intensity of transgenic Synechococcus sp.PCC 7002 are higher than wild strain,whereas its the respiration rate and compensating light intensity are lower than wild strain.The transgenic cells exhibit a higher growth rate,and the maximum cell concentration is 1.74 times higher than wild ones when cultured in shaking flask.The air lift photobioreactor is suitable for bringing its growth potential into play.
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Amounts of Certain elements in Anopheles sinensis, both normal ones (emerged mosquitoes, d0, d5, d8, d12 and d18 after taking blood meal) and those infected with Brugla malayi microfilaria (d5, d 8, d12 and d18 after infection), were determined using IL-551 and PE-603 atomic absorption spectrometer(AAS). The results showed that 9 kinds of trace elements including Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Al, Pb, Mn. Ni and Cr and 4 kinds of macro elements as K, Na, Ca, Mg were present in both the noninfected and infected mosquitoes. Comparing the contents of the elements between the noninfected and infected mosquitoes, the amounts of many kinds of elements reduced obviously in mosquitoes infected with microfilaria. The quantity and kinds of elements reduced in mosquitoes with the days of infection, for instance, 10 kinds of elements on the 5th day, 11 on the 8th day, 9 on the 12th day and 7 on the 18th day after infection(Tables 1, 2).