Diseño del curso dinámico e interactivo para el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del tema Bases para el desarrollo del pensamiento abstracto y el razonamiento lógico / Design of the dynamic and interactive course for the teaching-learning process of the theme Bases for the development of abstract thinking and logical reasoning

La asignatura Bases para el desarrollo del pensamiento abstracto y el razonamiento lógico, es de alto grado de complejidad para los profesionales de las Ciencias Médicas, por las características del contenido, lo cual se agrava por las dificultades en cuanto a los medios didácticos de los que se dispone para contribuir al trabajo independiente de los estudiantes. El trabajo independiente favorece la autonomía, refuerza la apropiación de los contenidos y el desarrollo del pensamiento, así como la independencia cognoscitiva. El objetivo que se propone en este trabajo es diseñar un curso dinámico e interactivo para el aprendizaje de los contenidos de la asignatura Bases para el desarrollo del pensamiento abstracto y el razonamiento lógico. Se partió del análisis del Programa de la maestría Informática en salud, el programa de la asignatura y los medios disponibles para el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje, en especial se tomaron como antecedentes los resultados del trabajo de diploma en opción a la Licenciatura en Educación en Matemática-Computación y tesis de Maestría de Informática en Salud de la autora de este articulo. También se estudiaron los beneficios de la plataforma Moodle y sus principales características con vistas a utilizarla como Sistema de gestión de contenidos educativos. Como resultado se obtuvo el curso dinámico e interactivo que se presenta, diseñado para dar cobertura a cada uno de los temas principales que se abordan en los contenidos. Plantea ejercicios problémicos con niveles de dificultad creciente y proporciona a los estudiantes retroalimentaciones que contribuyen al ejercicio orientado del trabajo independiente. Este curso constituye un medio integrador y de fácil acceso para los estudiantes, que beneficia el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje y completa el sistema de medios de la asignatura para los estudiantes provenientes de las ciencias de la salud(AU)

Bases for the development of abstract thinking and logical reasoning¨, due to the characteristics of the content, is a subject with a high degree of complexity for the professionals of the Medical Sciences. This issue is aggravated due to the lack of didactic means to contribute to the independent work of students. Independent work favors autonomy, reinforces the appropriation of content and the development of thought, as well as cognitive independence. The aim of the work presented in this paper was to design a dynamic and interactive course for helping the learning of contents of the subject we mentioned in the previousl reasoning. The course design is based on the analysis of the Master's Program in Health Informatics, in with the subject is included, the program of the subject itself and the previous designed didactic means available for the teaching-learning process, in particular the background of the results of the diploma work in option to the Bachelor of Education in Mathematics -Computation and Thesis of Master in Information Technology in Health of the author of this article. We also studied the benefits of the Moodle platform and its main features in order to use it as an educational content management system. As a result we obtained a course with dynamic and interactive characteristics, designed to cover each of the main topics that are addressed in the contents. It presents to students exercises with increasing difficulty levels and provides feedback that contributes to the independent work-oriented exercise. This course is an integrating and easily accessible medium for students, which benefits the teaching-learning process and completes the course system for students coming from the health sciences(AU)

Deficits in Abstract Thinking Assessed by Theme Identification in Patients with Schizophrenia / 대한정신분열병학회지

OBJECTIVES: Patients with schizophrenia often have a concrete thinking or an impairment in abstract thinking, but there has been a limitation in quantitatively measuring this cognitive function. The aim of the current study was to investigate a deficit in abstract thinking in patients with schizophrenia using the theme identification task. METHODS: Twenty subjects with schizophrenia and 20 healthy volunteers participated in the behavioral study for theme identification. The visual stimuli were composed of a series of pictures, which contained positive or negative emotional situations. Three words, indicating a main theme of the picture, a theme-related item and a theme-unrelated item, respectively, were presented in the bottom of the pictures, and participants had to select a theme. RESULTS: The patient group selected theme words at significantly lower rate in both emotional conditions than the control group (positive, p=0.002 ; negative, p=0.001). Especially, in the negative condition, the patient group more selected theme-unrelated items than the control group (p=0.001). The rates of theme identification were inversely correlated with scores of the Social Anhedonia Scale (positive, r=-0.440, p=0.007 ; negative, r=-0.366, p=0.028). CONCLUSION: Patients with schizophrenia exhibited an impairment in abstract thinking, and it was remarkable in the negative condition. The ability to think abstractly was associated with the severity of social anhedonia. The impairment of abstract thinking may become one of the reasons for poor social functioning in socially anhedonic patients.

Estudio del discurso de una paciente con discapacidad congénita sensorial y motriz: análisis comparativo de dos momentos del tratamiento / Study of the discourse of a patient suffering a congenital sensory and motor handicap: comparative analysis of two moments in the treatment

Una dificultad insoslayable en la clínica con personas con discapacidad congénita, es la de sintonizar con un aparato psíquico cuya constitución es diferente al de las personas sin déficit. Objetivo: La investigación tiene por objeto el estudio del tipo de función psíquica dominante, en el discurso de un paciente con discapacidad congénita sensorial y motriz, analizando en particular la importancia del pensamiento abstracto. Metodología: Aplicamos el programa computarizado del Algoritmo David Liberman (ADL), construido sobre la base de la teoría freudiana de las pulsiones. Se parte de la idea que la pulsión se conquista un determinado lenguaje en el yo. Este método es sensible en detectar en un discurso tanto las fijaciones libidinales como las defensas. El diccionario corresponde, en el marco del ADL, al nivel de análisis de las palabras. También aplicamos al material el análisis de los actos del habla. Procedimiento: Se privilegian las verbalizaciones de la paciente tanto del inicio como del final de dos sesiones psicoterapéuticas espaciadas en el tratamiento. Se le aplica a los fragmentos seleccionados el diccionario. Se analizan sus resultados y luego se los compara. Finalmente se cruzan los datos con los obtenidos en el análisis de los actos del hablaResultados: Se pone en evidencia el predominio del erotismo oral primario en primer lugar y en segundo lugar el anal secundario, lo cual manifiesta el énfasis puesto por la paciente en su actividad intelectual y cognoscitiva, que se da de manera exitosa. Realizamos una propuesta metodológica para discernir a través del método la diferencia entre ambos tipos de pensamiento.

Treatment of congenitally handicapped people presents the unavoidable difficulty of harmonizing with a psychic constitution which differs from the one of people presenting no deficit. Aim: The aim of the research is the study of the type of main psychic function in the speech of a patient with congenital sensory and motor impairment, analyzing in particular the importance of abstract thinking. Methodology: The application of the David Liberman computerized program (DLA), based on the Freudian theory of drives. The core idea is that the drive gains control ofa determined language in the ego. This method is sensitive to the detection of libidinal fixations in discourse as well as to defenses. The dictionary corresponds, in the DLA frame, to the word analysis level. The speech acts analysis was also applied to the segment. Procedure: The patient´s verbalizations are privileged at the beginning as well as atthe end of two time spaced psychotherapeutic sessions. The dictionary was applied to the selected fragments. The results were analyzed and then compared. Finally the dataobtained was contrasted with the data obtained in the speech acts analysis.Results: The primary oral language is dominant and the secondary anal is next in importance. This is a manifestation of the patient´s emphasis on her intellectual and cognitive activity, which proves successful. A methodological proposition is put forward to discriminate between both types of thinking.

Impaired abstract thinking may discriminate between normal aging and vascular mild cognitive impairment / O pensamento abstrato comprometido pode diferenciar o envelhecimento normal do comprometimento cognitivo leve vascular

OBJECTIVE: Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is associated with cognitive deficits. This cross-sectional study examines differences among healthy elderly controls and patients with vascular mild cognitive impairment (VaMCI) and vascular dementia (VaD) in performances on CAMCOG subscales. METHOD: Elderly individuals (n=61) were divided into 3 groups, according to cognitive and neuroimaging status: 16 controls, 20 VaMCI and 25 VaD. VaMCI and VaD individuals scored over 4 points on the Hachinski Ischemic Scale. RESULTS: Significant differences in total CAMCOG scores were observed across the three groups (p<0.001). VaD subjects performed worse than those with VaMCI in most CAMCOG subscales (p<0.001). All subscales showed differences between controls and VaD (p<0.001). Performance on abstract thinking showed difference between VaMCI and controls (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: CAMCOG discriminated controls from VaMCI and VaD. Assessment of abstract thinking may be useful as a screening item for diagnosis of VaMCI.

OBJETIVO: A doença cerebrovascular (DCV) associa-se a déficits cognitivos. Este estudo transversal objetiva examinar diferenças entre controles saudáveis idosos e pacientes com comprometimento cognitivo leve vascular (CCLV) e demência vascular (DV) nas subescalas do CAMCOG. MÉTODO: Indivíduos idosos (n=61) foram divididos em 3 grupos, de acordo com o perfil cognitivo e com a neuroimagem: 16 controles, 20 CCLV e 25 DV. Pacientes com CCLV e DV pontuaram acima de 4 pontos no Escore Isquêmico de Hachinski. RESULTADOS: Diferenças significativas foram observadas entre os três grupos no resultado final do CAMCOG. Pacientes com DV obtiveram escores inferiores àqueles dos indivíduos com CCLV em quase todas as subescalas. Todas as subescalas mostraram diferenças entre DV e controles. O desempenho no item pensamento abstrato mostrou diferenças entre CCLV e controles. CONCLUSÃO: O CAMCOG diferenciou controles de pacientes com CCLV e DV. A avaliação do pensamento abstrato pode ser útil para discriminar CCLV de controles.