Efectos de la estructura textual sobre la comprensión y abstracción de hechos históricos / Effects of textual structure on comprehension and abstraction of historical facts

Resumen En este trabajo se indagó, desde una aproximación psicológica no representacional, y a partir de dos experimentos, por el efecto de la estructura textual en la comprensión y abstracción de textos. En el primer experimento, quince estudiantes universitarios leyeron tres textos históricos distintos con una de tres estructuras -secuencial, jerárquica o circunstancial-, y se midió si interpretaron, subinterpretaron o sobreinterpretaron los textos en tres pruebas propias de cada estructura, y si realizaban la abstracción de un hecho común a los tres textos. En el segundo, se replicó sistemáticamente el primer experimento, pero con otros quince estudiantes, que se asignaron según su conocimiento conceptual del dominio histórico-político. Los resultados sugieren mayor subinterpretación con la estructura secuencial, y mayor sobreinterpretación con la jerárquica y la circunstancial; el conocimiento conceptual explicó los hallazgos mejor que la estructura textual, pero no dio cuenta de toda la variabilidad. Al final se discuten los resultados en términos de la mediación lingüística como una competencia subordinante tanto del conocimiento conceptual como de la estructura textual. Asimismo, se resaltan las ventajas del registro evolutivo de la comprensión de cada lector, se anticipan algunas fuentes de control adicional para futuros estudios, y se culmina proponiendo algunas implicaciones educativas de los hallazgos.

Abstract In two experiments, the effect of textual structure on the comprehension and abstraction of texts from a non-representational psychological approach was investigated. In the first experiment, fifteen college students read three different historical texts with one of three structures: -sequential, hierarchical, and circumstantial- and t was measured whether they interpreted, under-intetpreted or over-interpreted the texts in three tests specific to each structure, and whether they abstracted a fact common to the three texts. In the second, the first experiment was systematically replicated but with another fifteen students, who were assigned according to their conceptual knowledge of the historical-political domain. The results suggest greater under-intetpretation with the sequential structure, and greater over-interpretation with the hierarchical and circumstantial. Conceptual knowledge explained the findings better than the textual structure but did not account for all variability. The results are discussed in terms of linguistic mediation as a subordinating competence of both conceptual knowledge and textual structure. It also highlights the advantages of the evolving record of each reader's comprehension, anticipates some sources of additional control for future studies, and concludes by proposing some educational implications of the findings.

Abstração reflexionante em estudantes: implicações pedagógicas e psicopedagógicas / Reflective abstraction in students: Pedagogical and psycho-pedagogical implications

A partir da teoria piagetiana, a abstração reflexionante pode ser entendida como um motor para o desenvolvimento cognitivo, ao passo que atua diretamente no processo de equilibração. Dito isso, a pesquisa apresentada teve por objetivo investigar o desempenho de escolares frente às solicitações de uma situação operatória, contida no instrumento piagetiano "Abstrações, Diferenciações e Integrações no emprego de Operações Aritméticas Elementares", específico para a observação do mecanismo da abstração reflexionante. Para isso, empregou-se um estudo evolutivo com 80 sujeitos, distribuídos da seguinte forma: 20 estudantes de 6 anos, 20 estudantes de 11 anos, 20 de 16 anos e 20 alunos de 21 anos, sendo que, para cada faixa etária, 10 participantes estavam matriculados em escolas públicas e 10 em escolas da rede privada. Os dados foram analisados à luz dos níveis da prova operatória, acrescidos de análise estatística pela aplicação do teste de Mann-Whitney, para comparação dos resultados entre escolas públicas e particulares. Destaca-se que os estudantes, em grande maioria, não atingiram respostas mais avançadas do instrumento utilizado, revelando dificuldade em diferenciar e integrar os elementos da situação proposta, mesmo no caso dos participantes com idade mais avançada. Ainda, não houve diferença entre os alunos de escolas públicas e particulares. Afirma-se a importância de tais resultados e das discussões desenvolvidas ao longo do texto no âmbito pedagógico e psicopedagógico no que diz respeito a intervenções que coloquem em marcha o mecanismo da abstração reflexionante, imprescindível à evolução cognitiva.

From Piagetian theory, reflective abstraction can be understood as an engine for cognitive development, while acting directly in the equilibration process. That said, the research presented was aimed to investigate student's performance in response to requests for an operative situation, contained in the Piagetian instrument "Abstractions, Differences and Integrations in the Use of Elementary Arithmetic Operations", specific to the mechanism observation of reflective abstraction. For this, an evolutionary study was carried out with 80 subjects, distributed as follows: 20 six-year-old students, 20 eleven-year-old students, 20 sixteen-year-old and 20 twenty-one-year-old students, enrolled 10 of each age group in public schools and 10 in private schools. The data were analyzed according to the levels of the operative test, plus statistical analysis by the Mann-Whitney test, to compare the results between public and private schools. It is worth mentioning that the majority of students did not reach more advanced answers of the instrument used, revealing difficulty in differentiating and integrating the elements of the proposed situation, even in the case of older participants. Still, there was no difference between the participants of public and private schools. The importance of such results and the discussions developed throughout the text in the pedagogical and psycho-pedagogical context is affirmed with regard to interventions that put in motion the mechanism of reflective abstraction, essential to cognitive evolution.

Análisis del concepto de abstracción y su uso en referencia a las relaciones conductuales / An analysis of the concept of abstraction and its use about behavioral relations

Resumen El concepto de abstracción ha sido difundido en la literatura conceptual y experimental en el análisis de la conducta desde inicios del siglo XX. Su uso en las aproximaciones derivadas de la teoría del condicionamiento, predominantemente ha sido permeado por categorías de orden operacional, lo cual ha permitido que se considere de forma equivalente o análoga a los conceptos de categorización y formación de conceptos, y que se formulen taxonomías de niveles de abstracción con base en criterios morfológicos. En el presente escrito, se describen las características de dichos usos en la tradición del análisis de la conducta, se identifican algunas insuficiencias conceptuales en torno a su definición con base en categorías operacionales y morfológicas, y se propone como alternativa una definición del comportamiento abstracto y una taxonomía de niveles de complejidad de este comportamiento desde una perspectiva interconductual.

Abstract The use of the concept of abstraction has been disseminated within the conditioning theory, predominantly permeated by operational categories, which has allowed it to be considered equivalent to the concepts of categorization and concept formation. Consequently, the taxonomies of levels of abstraction are formulated based on morphological criteria. In the present paper, the characteristics of these uses are described, some shortcomings are identified around their definition based on operational and morphological categories, and an alternative definition of abstract behavior and a taxonomy of complexity levels from a perspective interbehavioral is proposed.

The cognitive processing characteristics of Chinese adjective-noun construction in college students / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the cognitive processing characteristics of Chinese adjective-noun constructions.@*Methods@#Self-paced reading paradigm was adopted in the experiment, with sixty right-handed native speakers of Chinese (aged from 17 to 20 years old) as the participants/subjects. The sixty pairs of experimental materials were categorized into four conditions: high frequency plus concrete, high frequency plus abstract, low frequency plus concrete, and low frequency plus abstract construction.@*Results@#The construction with high frequency was significantly higher than the one with low frequency in terms of collocation judgement accuracy(high frequency plus concrete: (95.7±0.12)%, low frequency plus concrete: (49.2±0.45)%; high frequency plus abstract: (91.7±0.18)%, low frequency plus abstract: (44.0±0.42)%; Ffrequency=312.33, P<0.05), regardless of whether the head involved was abstract or concrete. Moreover, the judgement accuracy was higher when the construction was high frequency and its head was concrete than when the construction was low frequency and its head was abstract (P<0.05). The repeated ANOVA results showed that there were no striking differences in the participant's reaction time (RT) of the adjective(P>0.05), but the constructions with high frequency were processed more quickly and accurately than those with low frequency (high frequency plus concrete: (968.34±229.60) ms , low frequency plus concrete: (1 610.88 ±778.73)ms; high frequency plus abstract: (1 074.64±453.87)ms , low frequency plus abstract: (1 585.36±873.12)ms; Ffrequency=48.258, P<0.05) and the concreteness effect of head nouns was not significant in the meanwhile (Fabstract=1.814, P>0.05). The ANOVA on the RT of collocation correctness judgement revealed that the whole constructions with high frequency were responded more quickly than those with low frequency (high frequency plus concrete: (330.76±68.08) ms , low frequency plus concrete: (465.69 ±2 014.09)ms; high frequency plus abstract: (357.90±91.11)ms , low frequency plus abstract: (468.26±244.93)ms; Ffrequency=35.29, P<0.05). However, the concreteness effect of head noun was still not found on the processing of adjective-noun construction (Fabstract=0.424, P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#On the processing of the Chinese adjective-noun constructions out of context, the frequency effect of the entire construction is significant but the concreteness effect of head noun doesn't work in the current experiment.

Sobre Hannah Arendt: ética e racionalidade na sociedade contemporânea / Sur Hannah Arendt: éthique et rationalité dans la société contemporaine / Sobre Hannah Arendt: ética y racionalidad en la sociedad contemporánea / About Hannah Arendt: ethics and rationality in contemporary society

Resumo: Este ensaio visa refletir sobre como superar obstáculos que se antepõem à capacidade de pensar de forma racional, a capacidade intelectual que envolve a abstração reflexiva e sua elaboração em correspondente argumentação. Parte da constatação de que, se observa, de um lado, um crescimento na complexidade lógica do pensamento coloquial verbalizado, de outro, percebe-se uma ausência de competência nas operações intelectuais de análise dos processos racionais a ele subjacentes. Ou seja, a racionalidade contemporânea, alimentada pelos processos e produtos de conhecimento gerados através do pensamento abstrato e dedutivo do campo técnico-científico, comunicar-se-ia com a sociedade de maneira naturalizada, sob forma de representação social e, portanto, eivada de aportes ideológicos, de irracionalidades e/ou racionalizações acríticas. Visa-se refletir, então, sobre como subsidiar a superação de obstáculos à universalização do pleno exercício da razão e/ou da hermenêutica da racionalidade, instrumentalizando contrapontos aos impedimentos gerados pela ignorância ou pelas negatividades ou pelos núcleos dogmáticos do pensamento.

Résumé: Cet essai vise à réfléchir sur comment surmonter des obstacles qui s'opposent à la capacité de penser de façon rationnelle: la capacité intellectuelle qui implique l'abstraction réflexive et son élaboration en une correspondante argumentation. On part de la constatation que, si l'on observe, d'une part, la croissance dans la complexité logique de la pensée colloquiale verbalisée, d'autre part on s'aperçoit l'absence de compétence dans les opérations intellectuelles d'analyse des ses processus rationnels subjacents. À savoir, la rationalité contemporaine, alimentée par les processus et produits de connaissance engendrés à travers la pensée abstraite et déductive du domaine technico-scientifique, communiquerait avec la société de manière naturalisée, sous forme de représentation sociale et, donc, contaminée par des apports idéologiques, des irrationalités et/ou rationalisations acritiques. L'essai vise alors à réfléchir sur comment subventionner les obstacles à l'universalisation du plein exercice de la raison et/ou de l'herméneutique de la rationalité, et instrumentalise des contrepoints aux empêchements produits par l'ignorance, par les négativités ou par les noyaux dogmatiques de la pensée.

Resumen: Este ensayo busca reflexionar sobre cómo superar obstáculos que se anteponen a la capacidad de pensar de forma racional, es decir, la capacidad intelectual que implica la abstracción reflexiva y su elaboración en correspondiente argumentación. Se parte de la constatación de que caso se observe, por un lado, un crecimiento en la complejidad lógica del pensamiento coloquial verbalizado, por otro, se percibe una ausencia de la competencia en las operaciones de análisis de los procesos racionales subyacentes. La racionalidad contemporánea, alimentada por los procesos y productos de conocimiento generados a través del pensamiento abstracto y deductivo del campo técnico-científico, se comunicaría con la sociedad de forma naturalizada, bajo la forma de representación social y, por lo tanto, sesgada de aportes ideológicos, irracionalidades y/o racionalizaciones acríticas. Por lo tanto, este texto busca reflexionar sobre cómo subsidiar la superación de obstáculos a la universalización del pleno ejercicio de la razón y/o de la hermenéutica de la racionalidad, instrumentalizando contrapuntos a los estorbos generados por la ignorancia, los negativismos o por los núcleos dogmáticos del pensamiento.

Abstract: This work aims to reflect on how to overcome obstacles that confront the ability to think rationally: the intellectual capacity involving the reflexive abstraction and its elaboration in the corresponding argument. It begins with the statement that if it is observed, on the one hand, an increase in the verbalized colloquial thought logical complexity, on the other hand it is noticed a lack of competence in the intellectual analytic operations of the rational processes underlying it. In other words, nurtured by the knowledge processes and products the abstract and deductive thinking generated from the scientific-technical field, the contemporary rationality would communicate with society in a neutralized way under the form of social representation which is, therefore, tinged with ideological contributions, uncritical irrationalities and/or rationalizations. Thus, this work intends to reflect on how to subsidize overcoming obstacles to the entire exercise of universal reason and/or of hermeneutic rationality, equipping counterpoints to impediments created by ignorance or by negativity or else by dogmatic thinking cores.

Aulas investigativas e a construção de conceitos de matemática: um estudo a partir da teoria de Piaget / Investigative classes and construction of concepts of mathematics: a study of Piaget's theory / Des cours investigatifs et la construction des concepts de mathématiques: une étude de la théorie de Piaget / Clases investigativas y la construcción de conceptos de matemáticas: un estudio a partir de la teoría de Piaget

O estudo é uma pesquisa qualitativa e colaborativa que tem o objetivo de compreender o processo de construção dos conceitos de Matemática dos estudantes por meio de atividades de investigação, pois pesquisas apontam que essas atividades mobilizam os estudantes a aprender de acordo com sua idade e amadurecimento. A fundamentação teórica foi a teoria de Piaget no que tange aos conceitos de equilibração e abstração reflexionante. O método constituiu-se da observação das aulas e atividades investigativas e das resoluções destas, realizadas em conjunto por seis estudantes do 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola municipal de Porto Alegre, em 2013. Os dados foram organizados em categorias relativas à interpretação, à resolução e à argumentação, articulando os elementos do cenário investigativo com o Método Clínico de Piaget. Destaca-se como resultado da pesquisa a compreensão da forma como os estudantes constroem o conceito de múltiplos e divisores de um número natural nessas aulas...

The study is a qualitative and collaborative research that aims to understand the construction process of concepts of mathematics students through research activities, as the research indicates that these activities mobilize students to learn according to their age and maturity. The theoretical framework was Piaget's theory in relation to concepts of equilibration and reflective abstraction. The method consisted of observation of classes and investigative activities and its resolutions collectively done by six students from the 6^th grade of a public school in Porto Alegre, in 2013. The data were organized into categories relating to interpretation and argument resolution, articulating the elements of investigative scenario with Piaget's Clinical Method. It stands out as a result of research, the understanding of how students construct the concept of multiple divisors of a natural number in these classes...

Cette étude est une recherche collaborative et qualitative, qui vise à comprendre le processus de construction des concepts d'étudiants en mathématiques à travers les activités d'investigation, car les recherches indiquent que ces activités encouragent les étudiants à apprendre en fonction de leur âge et maturité. Le cadre théorique a été la théorie de Piaget concernant les concepts d'équilibre et d'abstraction réfléchissante. On a utilisé la méthode d'observation des cours et d'activités d'enquête et résolutions realisées par six élèves ensemble, étudiants d'une école primaire publique à Porto Alegre, en 2013. Les données ont été organisés en catégories liées à l'interprétation, la résolution et l'argumentation, en articulant les éléments du scénario d'investigation avec la Méthode Clinique de Piaget. Comme résultat de la recherche, on met en évidence la compréhension de la façon dont les élèves construisent le concept de multiples et diviseurs d'un nombre naturel dans ces cours...

Este estudio es una investigación cualitativa y colaborativa, que tiene como objetivo comprender el proceso de construcción de los conceptos de matemáticas de los estudiantes mediante actividades de investigación, pues pesquisas indican que esas actividades movilizan los estudiantes a aprender de acuerdo a su edad y madurez. La fundamentación teórica fue la teoría de Piaget sobre los conceptos de equilibrio y la abstracción reflexionante. El método utilizado fue la observación de clases, actividades de investigación y resoluciones de seis estudiantes agrupados del 6º año de la educación primaria de una escuela municipal de Porto Alegre en 2013. Los datos fueron organizados en categorías relativas a interpretación, resolución y argumentación, articulando los elementos del escenario investigativo con el Método Clínico de Piaget. El resultado de la pesquisa fue la comprensión de cómo los estudiantes construyen el concepto de múltiplos y divisores de un número natural en las clases...

Initial Exploration of Theory and Method of Function Abstraction of Holographic Traditional Chinese Medicine / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

By way of the introduction of the complete holography and holographic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), this paper extended and overviewed the function abstraction theory and principle methods of holographic TCM with holographic embryo genetic advantage theory of biological holographic, as well as attribute characteristics correlation theory of unitary holographic, and described the trend of perfecting and innovating the theory and practice of pharmacy.

Propiedades léxicas del entorno lingüístico generadas en clases de Ciencias Sociales en la escuela primaria: Un estudio del vocabulario al que se hallan expuestos los niños / Properties lexical of the linguistic environment generated in Social Science classes in primary school: A study of the vocabulary to which children are exposed

El trabajo que se informa tuvo por objeto estudiar las propiedades léxicas del entorno lingüístico (cantidad, diversidad, abstracción y grado de familiaridad del vocabulario) que se generan en las situaciones de enseñanza de Ciencias Sociales en la escuela primaria. Por medio de un procedimiento cuantitativo se analizó comparativamente la cantidad, la diversidad y la abstracción del vocabulario que configuraba el discurso de las maestras durante las situaciones de enseñanza en primer, tercer y quinto grado de escuelas primarias urbanas y rurales. Asimismo, se elaboró una escala para medir el grado de familiaridad que las palabras empleadas en las clases tenían para los niños. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que las diferencias más importantes en las propiedades léxicas del entorno lingüístico a que se hallan expuestos los niños a lo largo de la escuela primaria no se encontraron entre primer y tercer grado, sino entre estos grados y quinto grado. Estos resultados no mostraron que los contextos de tercer grado conlleven más oportunidades de aprendizaje de vocabulario que los entornos de primer grado. Esto podría atribuirse a que en los intercambios en las clases de Ciencias Sociales en tercer grado no se observó una descontextualización progresiva de los conocimientos con respecto a primer grado. Los intercambios se centraron, en cambio, en conceptos muy cercanos al entorno de los niños y en vocabulario familiar. Por su parte, no se observaron diferencias entre las escuelas rurales y las escuelas urbanas.

This study is based on the concern for the differences observed between students in relation to the breadth and diversity of vocabulary that they have. These differences undoubtedly affect the comprehension and production of texts and also the opportunity of learning from them. From the psycholinguistics, sociopragmatic (Tomasello, 2003, 2008) and experiential perspective (Nelson, 2007), which is the frame of this research, it is assumed that vocabulary acquisition occurs in those conversational exchanges in which social support and situational context, nonverbal and linguistic, allows the child to infer the meaning of unknown words. Research focused on pre-school children showed that the type of language used by adults, in particular the use of unknown, abstract and semantically complex vocabulary, affects the development of children's vocabulary (Beals, 1997; Beals & Tabors, 1995; Weizman & Snow, 2001). Moreover, recent studies focused on the school environment have emphasized the important role that vocabulary acquires not only in the first steps of literacy, but also throughout the whole process that leads to the command of comprehension and production of written and verbal texts (Joshi, 2005; Perfetti, 2007; Protopapas, Sideridis, Mouzaki & Simos, 2007; Sénéchal, Ouellette & Rodney, 2006). However, these researches have not explored the opportunities that children have to learn vocabulary during Science classes in elementary school. In this sense, this study aimed at analyzing the lexical properties of the linguistic environment -quantity, diversity, the degree of familiarity and the abstraction of vocabulary- which is generated in teaching situations of Social Science in elementary school. The corpus under analysis is made up of 11,318 interactional turns -children: 6,306; teachers: 5,012- produced in 12 spontaneous teaching situations which took place in Social Science classes. The situations were registered in 12 courses -4 courses of 1st grade, 4 courses of 3rd grade and 4 courses of 5th grade from elementary schools; 2 of them from rural areas and 2 from urban areas located in the Province of Córdoba (Argentina). Through a quantitative procedure, the amount, diversity and the abstraction of vocabulary that shaped the discourse of teachers during the teaching situations in 1st, 3rd and 5th grade from schools in urban and rural areas were analyzed comparatively. Besides, a scale was elaborated to measure the degree of familiarity of words used by teachers during classes. The results of this study showed that the major differences in the lexical properties of the linguistic environment to which children are exposed to all throughout the elementary school, were not found between 1st and 3rd grade, but between these two grades and 5th grade. These results did not show that the contexts of 3rd grade entail more opportunities to learn vocabulary than the environments of 1st grade. This could be attributed to the fact that exchanges in Social Science classes in 3rd grade did not show a progressive decontextualization of knowledge regarding 1st grade. Instead, the exchanges focused on concepts closely related to the children's environment and familiar vocabulary. Moreover no differences between rural and urban schools were observed. The results of this study have important pedagogical implications insofar as they highlight the need to increase opportunities for learning the vocabulary further than preschool age, since the breadth of the child's vocabulary is a predictor of the acquisition of the writing system (Goswami, 2003; Perfetti, 1992, 2007), as well as the comprehension and production of texts (Joshi, 2005; Perfetti, 2007; Protopapas, Sideridis, Mouzaki, & Simos, 2007; Sénéchal, Ouellette, & Rodney, 2006). In this sense, the primary school should be a favorable environment in which all students have during his career in the school increasingly more opportunities to listen to and, therefore, learn different, abstract and unfamiliar words.

Coincidência de conexão do tom emocional com abstração e o resultado psicoterapêutico / Coincidence of connecting emotional tone with abstraction and the psychotherapeutic outcome

O estudo objetivou testar a afirmação de que "pacientes que não têm êxito em conectar suas emoções com cognição durante suas terapias provavelmente não melhorarão". Dois processos de psicoterapias psicodinâmicas breves, um bem-sucedido e outro malsucedido, foram analisados com o Modelo dos Ciclos Terapêuticos. O Modelo dos Ciclos Terapêuticos é um método de análise de texto por computador que permite identificar padrões de emoção-abstração na narrativa de interlocutores. Quatro padrões são identificados: Relaxamento, Experiência, Reflexão e Conexão. Momentos clinicamente significantes são mais associados à Conexão. Levantou-se a hipótese de que o caso bem-sucedido apresentaria maior proporção de Conexão. Quanto à Reflexão, ao Relaxamento e à Experiência, não eram esperadas diferenças. Encontrou-se maior proporção de Conexão e de Relaxamento no caso bem- sucedido, e diferenças não significantes em Reflexão e Experiência. Considerações sobre a magnitude das mudanças, valência das emoções e abstrações e sequência de ocorrência dos padrões sugerem novas análises.

The current study aimed to test the statement that "patients who do not succeed in connecting their emotions with cognition during therapy are unlikely to improve". Two processes of brief psychodynamic psychotherapies, one successful the other not, were analyzed in accordance with the Therapeutic Cycles Model. The Therapeutic Cycles Model is a computer-assisted text analysis method that permits the identification of emotion-abstraction patterns in narratives by interlocutors. Four patterns are identified: Relaxing, Experiencing, Reflecting and Connecting. Clinically significant moments are mostly associated with Connecting. It was hypothesized that a successful process would differ from an unsuccessful one, having a higher proportion of Connecting. As far as Reflecting, Experiencing and Relaxing are concerned, no differences were expected. Results pointed to a higher proportion of Connecting and Relaxing in the successful process and no difference in respect of Experiencing and Reflecting. Considerations about the magnitude of change, emotion and abstraction valence and the sequence of patterns, suggest further analysis.

¿Cómo lograr un pensamiento crítico, abierto y reflexivo en los profesionales en formación? "observo, luego, tengo criterio" / How to achieve critical, open and thoughtful thinking in training professionals? "I observe, then, I have criteria"

Se me ha propuesto desarrollar el presente tema y he aceptado con gusto y recelo, porque ya desde hace varios años he venido observando que mucho más de la mitad de los estudiantes que asisten a mis cursos no logran tener, inclusive por más que parezcan esforzarse, unos procesos mentales adecuados a estudios de nivel superior en el campo profesional; no dudo que por ejemplo a nivel técnico serían muy adecuados con esa voluntad férrea que a veces parecen tener, pero que no les alcanza para niveles de abstracción más allá del parafraseo y una aparente brillantez en la capacidad de guardar información, la cual luego no procesan ni digieren por lo tanto, se indigestan y sintomatizan en crisis dignas de estudiantes de preescolar; el presente texto tiene para mí la función de "exorcismo" de lo meditado, lo cual es muy pertinente, ya que a la vez que ordeno las ideas al hacerlas públicas, por fin me comprometen.

I have proposed to develop this topic and I have accepted with pleasure and suspicion, because for several years now I have been observing that much more than half of the students who attend my courses fail to have, even as much as they seem to strive, mental processes appropriate to higher level studies in the professional field; I do not doubt that for example at the technical level they would be very suitable with that iron will that they sometimes seem to have, but that does not reach them for levels of abstraction beyond the paraphrase and an apparent brilliance in the ability to store information, which they then do not process nor do they digest, therefore, become indigestible and symptomatic in crises worthy of preschool students; This text has for me the function of "exorcism" of the meditated, which is very pertinent, since at the same time that I order the ideas when making them public, they finally commit me.