Anesthesia training: Are we doing enough in three years? Cross-sectional study

Introduction: The mínimum number of procedures required to be performed during anesthesia training has not been officially defined in Colombia. Although a number is no guarantee of acquired competencies, it does indicate the level of opportunity offered by the different programs. This study describes the practical training afforded to residents in a graduate anesthesia program in Colombia, and compares its results with international standards. Objective: Describe exposure to procedures performed by residents enrolled in a three-year anesthesia specialization program in Colombia between 2015 and 2020, and compare with the standards proposed by ASCOFAME and ACGME. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study which included residents who did their specialization in a Colombian anesthesia program between 2015 and 2020. Complexity, anesthesia techniques, invasive monitoring and airway approach were described. Finally a descriptive comparison was made with the published references of the Colombian Association of Medical Schools (ASCOFAME) and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Results: The results for 10 residents were included. Each resident had a median of 978 cases (IQR 942-1120), corresponding to 25 surgical specialties, the most frequent being general surgery (18%), orthopedics (16%), pediatric surgery (19%), and obstetrics (10.8%). According to the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) classification, the majority of patients were ASA II (39.63%) and ASA III (28.4%). Adequate exposure was achieved in 11 of the 15 categories proposed by ACGME and in 6 of the 15 proposed by ASCOFAME. Conclusions: A detailed description of the practice component acquired by the residents during their three years of training was obtained. This baseline provides insight into the national landscape and allows to describe the relationship with international standards.

Introducción: En Colombia no se encuentra oficialmente definido el número mínimo de procedimientos que se deben realizar durante el entrenamiento en anestesiología. Aunque el número no garantiza la adquisición de competencias de la especialidad, sí es un indicador de la oportunidad ofertada por parte de los programas. Este estudio describe el entrenamiento práctico que tienen los médicos residentes en un programa de posgrado de anestesiología en Colombia y compara sus resultados con estándares internacionales. Objetivo: Describir la exposición a procedimientos realizados por los médicos residentes de un programa de especialización en anestesiología de tres años en Colombia, entre 2015 y 2020, y compararlo con los estándares propuestos por ASCOFAME y el ACGME. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal; se incluyeron los residentes que cursaron su programa de especialidad en un programa colombiano de anestesiología entre 2015 y 2020. Se describieron la complejidad, técnicas anestésicas, monitoría invasiva y abordaje de la vía aérea. Finalmente, se compararon los resultados de manera descriptiva con lo referenciado por la Asociación Colombiana de Facultades de Medicina y el Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Resultados: Se incluyeron los resultados de 10 médicos residentes. El número de casos por residente tuvo una mediana de 978 casos (RIQ942-1120), correspondientes a 25 especialidades quirúrgicas; cirugía general (18 %), ortopedia (16 %), cirugía pediátrica (19 %) y obstetricia (10,8 %) fueron las más frecuentes. Según la clasificación de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiología (ASA), la mayoría de los pacientes tenían ASA 2 (39,63 %), ASA 3 (28,4 %). Se alcanzó una exposición adecuada en 11 de las 15 categorías propuestas por el ACGME y en 6 de las 15 propuestas por la Asociación Colombiana de Facultades de Medicina. Conclusiones: Se obtuvo una descripción detallada del aspecto práctico de los residentes de anestesiología durante sus tres años de formación. Esta línea de base permite ampliar el panorama a escala nacional y describir la relación con estándares internacionales.

Factores limitantes de la formación académica de posgrado en enfermeros

Introducción: La formación académica de posgrado es un proceso continuo de incorporación de conocimientos, que se puede ver afectado por factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos. Objetivo: Determinar los factores limitantes de la formación académica de posgrado en enfermeros. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en el Hospital Pediátrico de Camagüey durante el primer semestre de 2022. El universo estuvo constituido por 275 enfermeros, y la muestra quedó conformada por 272 que se cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Se estudiaron las variables: grupo etario, factores limitantes de la superación profesional relacionados con los ambientes físico, psicológico, social, familiar y económico. Para el procesamiento de los datos se empleó el paquete estadístico para las ciencias sociales y se expresaron en valores absolutos y porcentajes. Resultados: En el estudio predominó el grupo etario de 20-29 años (29,0 %); condiciones de trabajo inadecuado (33,8 %); presencia de estrés (61,8 %) lo que se sumó la no disponibilidad de desarrollo o promoción (55,5 %) al igual que el bajo nivel retributivo como el principal factor limitante relacionado en la esfera económica (97,4 %). Conclusiones: Los factores que limitaron la formación académica de posgrado en enfermeros incluyen los relacionados con el ambiente físico, psicológico, social, laboral y económico, entre los que se encuentran las condiciones de trabajo inadecuadas, el estrés y el bajo nivel retributivo.

Introduction: Postgraduate academic training is a continuous process of incorporating knowledge, which can have effects due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Objective: To determine the limiting factors of nurse postgraduate academic training. Methods: A descriptive observational study was carried out at Camagüey Pediatric Hospital during the 2022 first semester. The universe consisted of 275 nurses and the sample was made up of 272, once the selection criteria were applied. The variables were studied age group, limiting factors of professional improvement related to the physical, psychological, social and family, and economic environments. The Social Science Statistical Package was used to process the data and they were expressed in absolute values and percentages. Results: The age group of 20-29 years predominated in the study (29.0%), with inadequate working conditions (33.8%), presence of stress (61.8%), which added to the lack of availability of development or promotion (55.5%), as well as the low level of remuneration as the main limiting factor related to the economic sphere (97.4%). Conclusions: The factors that limited nurse postgraduate academic training include those related to the physical, psychological, social, work and economic environment, among which are inadequate working conditions, stress and low remuneration.

Lazer nos cursos de educação física do sertão da Paraíba: uma breve análise / Leisure in physical education courses in the sertão of Paraíba: a brief analysis

A crescente inserção dos profissionais de Educação Física no lazer reafirma as inúmeras possibilidades no mercado de trabalho, e a necessidade de uma formação que atenda a essas aspirações. Diante disso, a proposta investigada visa compreender como o lazer é tratado nos currículos dos cursos de Educação Física no sertão da Paraíba. Realizada a partir de buscas no e-Mec e plataformas digitais das instituições encontradas, a pesquisa se caracteriza como qualitativa e documental, sendo estabelecido as nomenclaturas "lazer" e "recreação" para a busca de conteúdos e disciplinas que contemplam a temática. No término do processo, foram encontradas treze instituições dispostas em nove cidades do sertão paraibano que certificam o caráter introdutório do lazer nos currículos de formação inicial, na oferta de poucas disciplinas e baixa carga horária.

The increasing insertion of Physical Education professionals in leisure reaffirms the numerous possibilities in the labor market, and the need for an education that meets these aspirations. Therefore, the investigated proposal aims to understand how leisure is dealt with in the curricula of Physical Education courses in the sertão of Paraíba. Conducted from searches in e-Mec and digital platforms of the institutions found, the research is characterized as qualitative and documentary, being established the nomenclatures "leisure" and "recreation" for the search for content and subjects that contemplate the theme. At the end of the process, thirteen institutions in nine cities in the sertão of Paraiba were found that certify the introductory nature of leisure in the initial training curricula, offering few subjects and low workload.

How the training of ultrasonographers influences the certainty of prenatal detection of congenital malformations of interest to the pediatric surgeon / Cómo el entrenamiento del ultrasonografista influye en la certeza de la detección prenatal de malformaciones congénitas de interés para el cirujano pediatra

Abstract Background: The training needed for doing obstetric ultrasounds is rarely reported. The aim of this study was to determine whether the training of the ultrasonographer influences the prenatal diagnostic certainty of some congenital malformations. Methods: We conducted a retrospective evaluation of antepartum sonographic findings of newborn infants found ultimately to have a congenital anomaly in a tertiary level pediatric reference center. Data were collected on admission for consecutive patients at a tertiary-level pediatric reference center. The mother´s pregnancy and birth demographic variables and those of the prenatal ultrasound (PUS) were analyzed and correlated with the final diagnosis. Results: Sixty-seven neonates were included. All cases underwent PUS with a mean of 4.6. Prenatal diagnosis was established in 24 cases (35.8%). Thirteen surgical anomalies were detected, particularly anorectal malformation and gastroschisis. The accuracy of PUS was associated with the training of the physician performing the PUS, whereby PUS with the greatest accuracy were performed by gynecologists and maternal-fetal specialists against radiologists and general practitioners (p = 0.005). Patients without an accurate prenatal diagnosis had a greater risk of presenting comorbidities (relative risk [RR]: 1.65, p = < 0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.299-2.106). Conclusions: In our setting, prenatal diagnosis of these malformations is directly determined by the training of the person performing the ultrasound.

Resumen Introducción: Con poca frecuencia se ha reportado el entrenamiento necesario para realizar ultrasonido (US) obstétrico. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si el entrenamiento del ultrasonografista influye en la certeza del diagnóstico prenatal de algunas malformaciones congénitas. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una evaluación retrospectiva de los hallazgos ultrasonográficos prenatales de neonatos que tuvieron malformaciones congénitas en un hospital de referencia pediátrico de tercer nivel. Se realizó al ingreso de neonatos consecutivos en un hospital de referencia de tercer nivel. Se recolectaron y analizaron datos del embarazo y alumbramiento, así como los de los ultrasonidos prenatales (USP) correlacionando con el diagnóstico final. Resultados: Se incluyeron 67 neonatos. Todos tuvieron USP con media de 4.6. Se realizó diagnóstico prenatal en 24 casos (35.8%). Se detectaron 13 malformaciones congénitas, predominando malformación anorectal gastrosquisis. La certeza del USP se asoció con el entrenamiento del individuo que realizó el US y la mayor certeza se encontró cuando lo realizaron ginecólogos y especialistas materno-fetales contra radiólogos y médicos generales (p = 0.005). Los pacientes sin diagnóstico prenatal certero tuvieron mayor riesgo de presentar comorbilidades (riesgo relativo [RR]: 1.65, p = < 0.001, 95% intervalo de confianza [CI]: 1.299-2.106). Conclusiones: En nuestro medio, el diagnóstico prenatal de estas malformaciones está determinado directamente por el entrenamiento de la persona que realiza el ultrasonido.

Perspectivas de estudantes da área de saúde sobre participação em programa intergeracional: potencialidades e desafios / Health students' perspectives on participation in an intergenerational program: potentialities and challenges

Resumo: Introdução: As habilidades de comunicação (HC) são competências indispensáveis para qualquer profissional da área de saúde, pois permitem maior adesão, compreensão e satisfação geral do paciente. O constante envelhecimento da população brasileira resulta cada vez mais na presença do público idoso no sistema de saúde. Esse cenário tem levado as escolas médicas a pensar em uma reformulação dos seus componentes curriculares no âmbito das HC, visto que esse assunto ainda apresenta lacunas. Nesse contexto, os programas intergeracionais possuem um valioso papel no desenvolvimento das HC por permitirem a interação entre diferentes gerações. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as perspectivas de estudantes da área de saúde sobre a participação em um programa intergeracional no município de Paulo Afonso, na Bahia, intitulado "[Tec-Idoso]: utilização de tecnologia como ferramenta de inclusão digital e de apoio psicossocial ao idoso", vinculado à Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (Univasf). Método: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo e exploratório, realizado a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas, utilizando o método de análise de conteúdo. Resultado: As seguintes categorias temáticas foram definidas: contato intergeracional, percepção e estigma com pessoas idosas, HC, impacto no desempenho acadêmico e impacto nas práticas profissionais futuras. Conclusão: Os resultados da presente pesquisa incluem melhora do desempenho acadêmico e da interação social por meio do desenvolvimento das HC, mudança de perspectivas perante o envelhecimento e preparação para o enfrentamento com mais confiança de situações da vida pessoal e profissional.

Abstract: Introduction: Communication skills (CS) are indispensable competencies for any healthcare professional as such skills lead to greater patient compliance, understanding, and overall satisfaction. The constant aging of the Brazilian population increasingly results in the presence of the older people in the healthcare system. This has led medical schools to think about a reformulation of their curricular components within the scope of CS, since this subject still presents gaps. In this context, intergenerational programs play a valuable role in the development of CS by allowing interaction between different generations. Objective: To investigate the perspectives of health students about their participation in an intergenerational program in the city of Paulo Afonso/BA entitled "[Tec-Idoso]: utilização de tecnologia como ferramenta de inclusão digital e de apoio psicossocial ao idoso" [Tec-Idoso: use of technology as a tool for digital including and psychosocial support for the elderly], linked to the Federal University of Vale of São Francisco (UNIVASF). Method: This is an exploratory qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews, using the data analysis method. Results: The following thematic categories were defined: intergenerational contact, perception and stigma about old age, CS, impact on academic performance and impact on future professional practices. Conclusion: Given the above, the results obtained from this research include improved academic performance and social interaction through the development of CS, change of paradigms facing aging, and preparation for handling personal and professional life situation with more confidence.

Basketball course optimization based on mechanical characteristics / Otimização do curso de basquete com base em características mecânicas / Optimización del curso de baloncesto en función de las características mecánicas

ABSTRACT Introduction Currently, college basketball lacks evaluation criteria, making the teaching of many classes reduced to the study of superficial movements, preventing the optimization of the sport's intrinsic mechanical characteristics. Objective Optimize the methodology of the basketball course by implementing the kinematic analysis of its key movements. Methods Four elite athletes were selected as research subjects. Infrared reflective balls were used as markers on the right elbow joint, right shoulder joint, left hip joint, right knee joint, right ankle joint, and left ankle joint, among other areas. The mechanical characteristics of the possession preparation phase, the ground takeoff phase, the takeoff stage, and the landing phase were compared, classified, and analyzed kinematically by APA software. The data were processed by SPSS software. Experimental data were classified and analyzed using independent variance, considering significant differences for P < 0.05. Results Differences in sports habits, physical conditions, and mechanical characteristics of elite athletes resulted in distinct joint angles, although within a common range. Conclusion When optimizing the basketball course, teachers should fully study the experience of professional athletes and update and optimize the basketball course for students from a more scientific and technical point of view for a better orientation in the sports teaching of the basketball course. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução Atualmente, o basquete universitário carece de critérios de avaliação, tornando o ensino de muitas classes reduzido ao estudo de movimentos superficiais, impedindo a otimização das características mecânicas intrínsecas do esporte. Objetivo Otimizar a metodologia do curso de basquete pela implementação da análise cinemática dos seus principais movimentos. Métodos Quatro atletas de elite foram selecionados como sujeitos de pesquisa. Bolas reflexivas infravermelhas foram utilizadas como marcadores na articulação do cotovelo direito, articulação do ombro direito, articulação do quadril esquerdo, articulação do joelho direito, articulação do tornozelo direito, articulação do tornozelo esquerdo entre outras áreas. As características mecânicas da fase de preparação da posse de bola, a fase de decolagem do solo, a etapa de decolagem e a fase de pouso foram comparadas, classificadas e analisadas cinematicamente pelo software APA. Os dados foram processados pelo software SPSS. Dados experimentais foram classificados e analisados por meio de variância independente, considerando diferença significativa para P < 0,05. Resultados As diferenças de hábitos esportivos, condições físicas e características mecânicas dos atletas de elite resultaram em distintos ângulos articulares, ainda que dentro de uma faixa em comum. Conclusão Ao otimizar o curso de basquete, os professores devem estudar plenamente a experiência dos atletas profissionais, atualizar e otimizar o curso de basquete aos alunos do ponto de vista mais científico e técnico, para uma melhor orientação no ensino esportivo do curso de basquete. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos desfechos do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción En la actualidad, el baloncesto universitario carece de criterios de evaluación, lo que hace que la enseñanza de muchas clases se reduzca al estudio de movimientos superficiales, impidiendo la optimización de las características mecánicas intrínsecas del deporte. Objetivo Optimizar la metodología del curso de baloncesto mediante la aplicación del análisis cinemático de sus principales movimientos. Métodos Se seleccionaron cuatro atletas de élite como sujetos de la investigación. Se utilizaron bolas reflectantes infrarrojas como marcadores en la articulación del codo derecho, la articulación del hombro derecho, la articulación de la cadera izquierda, la articulación de la rodilla derecha, la articulación del tobillo derecho y la articulación del tobillo izquierdo, entre otras zonas. Las características mecánicas de la fase de preparación de la posesión, de la fase de despegue en tierra, de la fase de despegue y de la fase de aterrizaje fueron comparadas, clasificadas y analizadas cinemáticamente por el software APA. Los datos se procesaron con el software SPSS. Los datos experimentales fueron clasificados y analizados por varianza independiente, considerando la diferencia significativa para P < 0,05. Resultados Las diferencias en los hábitos deportivos, las condiciones físicas y las características mecánicas de los atletas de élite dieron lugar a distintos ángulos articulares, aunque dentro de un rango común. Conclusión A la hora de optimizar el curso de baloncesto, los profesores deben estudiar a fondo la experiencia de los deportistas profesionales, actualizar y optimizar el curso de baloncesto para los alumnos desde el punto de vista más científico y técnico, para una mejor orientación en la enseñanza deportiva del curso de baloncesto. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapêuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

A literatura como elemento de humanização na formação acadêmica: um contraponto ao produtivismo / Literature as an element of humanization in academic education: a counterpoint to productivism / La literatura como elemento de humanización en la formación académica: un contrapunto al productivismo

A formação acadêmica tem sido permeada por exigências cada vez mais voltadas para as demandas do capital, o que vem consolidando o produtivismo por parte de docentes e discentes causando automação do processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Baseados na Ontologia Marxiano-Lukacsiana, e, de modo particular na Psicologia Histórico-Cultural, com o intuito de contribuir para a reflexão sobre o academicismo nas instituições de ensino superior, este estudo objetiva discutir o papel da literatura na formação acadêmica. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza teórico-bibliográfica, utilizando a Revisão Narrativa de Literatura (RNL) como caminho metodológico específico; assim, foram acessados artigos, livros, dissertações e teses vinculados aos temas "produtivismo", "formação acadêmica" e "literatura". Nesse sentido, entende-se que a literatura, como forma de linguagem e arte, pode ser um elemento de promoção de fortalecimento da consciência, integração entre cognição-afeto, bem como de emancipação frente às implicações do capital no ensino superior e em seus processos de ensino-aprendizagem. Obviamente, há clareza dos limites impostos pela materialidade, no entanto, acredita-se que, pela via da literatura, docentes e discentes possam compartilhar experiências acadêmicas uns com os outros e repensar sua formação como futuros profissionais que atuarão na sociedade.(AU)

Academic training has been permeated by demands increasingly focused on the demands of the capital, which has consolidated productivism on the part of teachers and students, causing automation of the teaching and learning process. Based on Marxian-Lukacsian Ontology, and, in particular, on Cultural-Historical Psychology, with the purpose of contributing to the reflection about academicism in higher education institutions, this study aims to discuss the role of literature in academic education. This is a theoretical-bibliographical study, using the Narrative Literature Review (NLR) as a specific methodological path; thus, articles, books, dissertations and thesis linked to the themes "productivism", "academic education" and "literature" were accessed. In this sense, it is understood that literature, as a form of language and art, can be an element to promote the strengthening of consciousness, integration between cognition and affect, as well as emancipation from the implications of capital in higher education and its teaching-learning processes. Obviously, there is clarity about the limits imposed by materiality, however, it is believed that, through literature, teachers and students can share academic experiences with each other and rethink their training as future professionals who will act in society.(AU)

La formación académica ha sido permeada por exigencias cada vez más centradas en las demandas del capital, lo que ha consolidado el productivismo por parte de profesores y alumnos provocando la automatización del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje. A partir de la ontología marxiana-lucsiana y, en particular, de la psicología histórico-cultural, con el fin de contribuir a la reflexión sobre el academicismo en las instituciones de enseñanza superior, este estudio pretende discutir el papel de la literatura en la formación académica. Se trata de un estudio teórico-bibliográfico, utilizando la Revisión Narrativa de la Literatura (RNL) como vía metodológica específica; así, se accedió a artículos, libros, disertaciones y tesis vinculadas a los temas "productivismo", "formación académica" y "literatura". En este sentido, se entiende que la literatura, como forma de lenguaje y arte, puede ser un elemento que promueva el fortalecimiento de la conciencia, la integración entre cognición y afecto, así como la emancipación de las implicaciones del capital en la educación superior y sus procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Obviamente, hay claridad sobre los límites que impone la materialidad, sin embargo, se cree que, a través de la literatura, profesores y alumnos pueden compartir experiencias académicas entre sí y repensar su formación como futuros profesionales que actuarán en la sociedad.(AU)

Impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on dermatology residents: A nationwide French study

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has changed the practice of all health-care professionals. Determining the impact could prevent repercussions in future crisis. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dermatology residents’ professional practice, working conditions, academic training and mental health. Methods: An online questionnaire was sent to all French dermatology residents. We compared the activity of residents working in areas heavily impacted by COVID-19 to others. Logistic multivariate regressions were done, using as outcome variables the negative impact of the COVID crisis on residents’ possibility to practice dermatology during the crisis, supervision, academic training and working more than 50 h/week. The last part of the questionnaire was the burnout questionnaire of Maslach. Results: A total of 246 residents filled the questionnaire. Residents working in highly impacted COVID areas (odds ratio, OR 0.34 confidence interval, CI [0.18, 0.61], P ? 0.001), first-year postgraduate (PGY-1) residents (OR 0.46 CI [0.23, 0.91], P = 0.023) and those in private practice (OR 0.10 CI [0.01, 0.57], P = 0.032) were significantly less able to maintain dermatology activities. Worse supervision was significantly more frequent with non-PGY-1 residents (OR 3.24 CI [1.65, 6.65], P < 0.001). One hundred and eighty one residents claimed the pandemic to have a negative effect on their dermatology curriculum with no difference according to their regions’ affection by COVID-19. This was mostly attributed to the cancelation of courses and congresses. PGY-1 residents (OR 2.09 CI [1.09, 4.04], P = 0.029) and residents in highly affected areas (OR 1.79 CI [1.01, 3.18], P = 0.049) were more at risk of working above the maximal legal working time. None of the residents was free of burnout symptoms. Conclusion: Dermatology residents have been highly affected by COVID-19. It might be important to have a more integrated healthcare system to fight times of crisis with the least repercussions on residents.

Analysis of training method of taekwondo athletes with reaction ball / Análise do método de treinamento de atletas de taekwondo com bola de reação / Análisis del método de entrenamiento de atletas de tae kwon do con pelota de reacción

ABSTRACT Introduction: Brief introduction: Taekwondo is a sport that integrates explosive power and reaction speed. The reaction speed of the athletes has a direct bearing on the result of the competition. Objective: To improve the reaction time effect of athletes. Methods: Forty-one Taekwondo team athletes were selected as the research subjects. Then, the training methods were introduced, and special technology using an emg tester and a synchronous camera system was implemented to analyze the earliest emg signals and the moment of the hit, the time from signal emergence to the emg reaction for reaction time, and from signal emergence to hit for the total time. Results: The average score of the 41 athletes before the test was 0.282673,with standard deviation of 0.0377349 and standard error of 0.0058932. The average score, standard deviation, and standard error of the 41 athletes after small training were 0.28217, 0.037744 and 0.005895. Conclusions: From the test results of the three training modes, the small training mode had a significant impact on the reaction time of Taekwondo athletes, while the medium and large training modes did not have significant effects. The results show that a small amount of training is best and plays a significant role in improving the reaction of an athlete. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: Introdução breve: O Taekwondo é um esporte que incorpora força explosiva e velocidade de reação. A velocidade de reação dos atletas tem influência direta sobre o resultado da competição. Objetivo: Melhorar o efeito do tempo de reação dos atletas. Métodos: Quarenta e um atletas de equipes de Taekwondo foram selecionados como participantes da pesquisa. A seguir, foram introduzidos os métodos de treinamento e uma tecnologia especial usando um testador EMG e foi implementado um sistema de câmera sincrônica para analisar os primeiros sinais do EMG e o momento da batida, o tempo desde a emergência do sinal até a reação EMG para verificar tempo de reação e da emergência do sinal até a batida para verificar o tempo total. Resultados: O escore médio dos 41 atletas antes do teste foi de 0,282673, com desvio padrão de 0,0377349 e erro padrão de 0,0058932. O escore médio, desvio padrão e erro padrão dos 41 atletas depois de um pequeno treinamento foram 0,28217, 0,037744 e 0,005895, respectivamente. Conclusões: A partir dos resultados dos testes dos três modos de treinamento, o modo de treinamento pequeno teve impacto significativo no tempo de reação dos atletas de Taekwondo, enquanto os modos de treinamento médio e grande não tiveram efeitos significativos. Os resultados mostram que uma pequena quantidade de treinamento é melhor e tem papel significativo na melhora da reação dos atletas. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Breve introducción: El Tae Kwon Do es un deporte que incorpora fuerza explosiva y velocidad de reacción. La velocidad de reacción de los atletas influye directamente en el resultado de la competición. Objetivo: Mejorar el efecto del tiempo de reacción de los atletas. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 41 atletas de equipos de Tae Kwon Do como participantes de la investigación. A continuación, se introdujeron los métodos de entrenamiento y una tecnología especial que utiliza un probador EMG y se implementó un sistema de cámaras sincrónicas para analizar las primeras señales EMG y el momento del golpe, el tiempo desde la aparición de la señal hasta la reacción EMG para verificar el tiempo de reacción y desde la aparición de la señal hasta el golpe para verificar el tiempo total. Resultados: La puntuación media de los 41 atletas antes de la prueba fue de 0,282673, con una desviación estándar de 0,0377349 y un error estándar de 0,0058932. La puntuación media, la desviación estándar y el error estándar de los 41 atletas tras una breve sesión de entrenamiento fueron de 0,28217, 0,037744 y 0,005895, respectivamente. Conclusiones: A partir de los resultados de las pruebas de los tres modos de entrenamiento, el modo de entrenamiento pequeño tuvo un impacto significativo en el tiempo de reacción de los atletas de Tae Kwon Do, mientras que los modos de entrenamiento mediano y grande no tuvieron efectos significativos. Los resultados demuestran que una pequeña cantidad de entrenamiento es mejor y desempeña un papel importante en la mejora del tiempo de reacción de los atletas. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Estilo de liderazgo situacional en el profesional de enfermería y su relación con factores laborales / Style of situational leadership in the nursing professional and its relationship with labor factors in a second level hospital, 2021 / Estilo de liderança situacional no profissional de enfermagem e sua relação com fatores de trabalho. hospital de segundo nível, 2021

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar el estilo de liderazgo situacional del profesional de enfermería y su relación con los factores laborales en un hospital de segundo nivel. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo relacional de corte transversal. La población de estudio fueron 111 enfermeras, para la recolección de datos se utilizó el instrumento de Paul Hersey y Keneth Blanchard (1973), el cual consta de 12 situaciones. El instrumento del estudio se envió por correo electrónico y WhatsApp, y se utilizó el formato en papel para incrementar la tasa de respuesta. La información se procesó a través del programa SPSS V24. Resultados: Se obtuvo una tasa de respuesta del 56%. Los participantes tienen una edad media de 36 años y una DE 11,82. Hay un predominio del sexo femenino del 90,3%, el 36% tiene estudios a nivel de especialización y maestría. En cuanto a los años laborando, más del 40% tiene menos de 5 años. El estilo mayormente adoptado por el personal es el estilo participativo (E3) 42%, seguido del estilo persuasivo (E2) 37%, dirigir (E1) 13%, por último, el estilo delegar (E4) 8%. El estilo de liderazgo situacional no presentó asociación estadísticamente significativa con los años laborando y la preparación académica, ya que se obtuvo valores p> 0.05. Se evidencio una relación estadísticamente significativa entre los años de labor como profesional de enfermería y la preparación académica, con una p<0.05. Conclusión: El estilo de liderazgo predominante es el participativo y no se evidenció relación estadísticamente entre el estilo de liderazgo y los factores laborales.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the situational leadership style of the nursing professional and its relationship with work factors in a second-level hospital. Methodology: This is a descriptive, relational, cross-sectional study. The study population was 111 nurses; for data collection the instrument of Paul Hersey and Keneth Blanchard (1973), which consists of 12 situations, was used. The research instrument was sent by email and WhatsApp, and available in print to increase the response rate. The information was processed through the SPSS V24 program. Results: A response rate of 56% was obtained. The participants have a mean age of 36 years and a SD of 11.82. There is a female predominance of 90.3%, where 36% has studied at the specialization and master's level. Regarding the years working, more than 40% has worked less than 5 years. The style mostly adopted by the staff is the participative style (E3) 42%, followed by the persuasive style (E2) 37%, directing (E1) 13%, and finally, the delegative style (E4) 8%. The situational leadership style did not present a statistically significant association with the years of work and academic preparation, since p values> 0.05 were obtained. A statistically significant relationship was evidenced between the years of work as a nursing professional and academic preparation, with a p <0.05. Conclusion: The predominant leadership style is participative and there was no statistically evidenced relationship between leadership style and work factors.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar o estilo de liderança situacional do profissional de enfermagem e sua relação com fatores de trabalho em um hospital de segundo nível. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo relacional transversal. A população do estudo foi de 111 enfermeiros, para coleta de dados o instrumento de Paul Hersey e Keneth Blanchard (1973), que consiste em 12 situações. O instrumento de estudo foi enviado por email e WhatsApp, e o formato de papel foi utilizado para aumentar a taxa de resposta. As informações foram processadas através do programa SPSS V24. Resultados: Obteve-se uma taxa de resposta de 56%. Os participantes têm idade média de 36 anos de idade e DE de 11,82. Há predominância do sexo feminino de 90,3%, 36% têm estudos no nível de especialização e mestrado. Quanto aos anos de trabalho, mais de 40% têm menos de 5 anos. O estilo adotado principalmente pelos funcionários é o estilo participativo (E3) 42%, seguido pelo estilo persuasivo (E2) 37%, direto (E1) 13%, e por último, o estilo delegado (E4) 8%. O estilo de liderança situacional não apresentou associação estatisticamente significante com os anos de trabalho e preparação acadêmica, uma vez que foram obtidos valores p> 0,05.Foi evidenciada uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre os anos de trabalho como profissional de enfermagem e preparação acadêmica, com p<0,05. Conclusão: O estilo de liderança predominante é participativo e não houve relação estatística entre estilo de liderança e fatores de trabalho.

Experiencias académicas en la consolidación del ser enfermero en los estudiantes de la Carrera de Enfermería de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, Bolivia / Academic experiences in the consolidation of being a nurse in the students of the Nursing Career of the "Mayor San Andres" University, Bolivia

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar experiencias académicas de los estudiantes de la carrera de enfermería de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés. Los participantes son 20 estudiantes que comprenden desde 2do año a 5to año seleccionados por conveniencia por las características del estudio. En los resultados se observó que, del total, un 35% de los estudiantes indican que el motivo para estudiar enfermería fue el ayudar al prójimo, seguido de atender al paciente con algún problema de salud con un 25%. Respecto al ingreso a la carrera indicaron que ingresaron mediante la prueba de suficiencia académica en un 80%. A la mayoría (80%) de los estudiantes le agrada la profesión. En cuanto a la forma de enseñanza de los docentes en su mayoría si conocen (75%), sin embargo, un 10% no la conocen los aspectos teóricos prácticos de laboratorio y simulaciones. En la práctica clínica, un 55% indicaron que fue de mucha utilidad para adquirir habilidades. Para rendir sus evaluaciones estudian lo avanzado en las clases teóricas (40%). En cuanto a la atención a los pacientes algunos estudiantes no se sienten preparados (75%), porque es mucha responsabilidad por ello sienten temor (20%), timidez (10%), ansiedad (10%), pánico (5%). En general podemos decir que un 95% si conoce las funciones de la enfermera. En conclusión, en la Carrera de Enfermería, es necesario implementar un modelo básico académico que guie en el proceso enseñanza ­ aprendizaje para alcanzar el máximo rendimiento académico.

The objective of this study is to determine the academic experiences of nursing students at the Mayor de San Andrés University. The participants are 20 students ranging from 2nd year to 5th year selected for convenience due to the characteristics of the study. In the results, it was observed that, of the total, 35% of the students indicate that the reason for studying nursing was to help others, followed by caring for the patient with a health problem with 25%. Regarding admission to the career, they indicated that they entered through the academic sufficiency test in 80%. The majority (80%) of the students like the profession. As for the way teachers teach, most of them know (75%), however, 10% do not know the practical theoretical aspects of the laboratory and simulations. In clinical practice, 55% indicated that it was very useful for acquiring skills. To render their evaluations, they study the advanced in the theoretical classes (40%). Regarding patient care, some students do not feel prepared (75%), because it is a lot of responsibility, so they feel fear (20%), shyness (10%), anxiety (10%), panic (5%). In general, we can say that 95% if you know the functions of the nurse. In conclusion, in the Nursing Career, it is necessary to implement a basic academic model that guides the teaching-learning process to achieve maximum academic performance.

Informes seguimiento a egresados de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción carrera de Medicina y Cirugía sede Asunción cohorte 2010 al 2017 / Follow-up reports to graduates of the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the National University of Asunción, Medicine and Surgery degree, Asunción cohort 2010 to 2017

Introducción: Considerando la Ley de la Nación Paraguaya 4995/2013 "De Educación Superior", en su artículo 82°, establece que "la Agencia Nacional de Evaluación y Acreditación de la Educación Superior (ANEAES) es el organismo técnico encargado de evaluar y acreditar la calidad académica de los Institutos de Educación Superior". Por Resolución N°08/07 del Consejo Directivo de la ANEAES de fecha 17 de diciembre de 2007 aprueba los criterios de calidad para la carrera de medicina, donde en la dimensión 5, componente "egresados" establece: La carrera debe velar por el cumplimiento de las metas establecidas en cuanto a duración real de la carrera, logro del perfil de egreso e inserción de sus egresados en el mercado laboral. A los efectos se deberá establecer y aplicar mecanismos de consulta a los egresados para determinar su grado de satisfacción y retroalimentar el proceso formativo y los planes de mejora. Objetivos: contribuir a obtener información de la situación laboral y formación académica que permitan evaluar la calidad de la educación superior brindada y proponer mecanismos que contribuyan a la mejora del desempeño profesional de los egresados. Materiales y métodos: Los datos fueron procesados utilizando estadística descriptiva para todas las variables. El Instrumento utilizado es un Cuestionario conformado por 63 preguntas divididas en 5 secciones. Se contactó con los egresados por llamadas telefónicas y mensajería instantánea. Resultados: Durante los años 2010-2017, egresaron 984 profesionales. Total, de Encuestados: 133 egresados, siendo 73 mujeres (55%) y 60 hombres (45%). El 25 % de los egresados que han respondido la encuesta consideran que la formación académica recibida es excelente, el 44% considera que es muy buena, el 23% que es buena, el 6% regular y el 2% considera que es mala. Conclusión: El nivel de inserción laboral es alto al momento del egreso. La Satisfacción con la formación académica recibida es muy buena, con recomendaciones viables para el plan de mejoras en el programa de estudio

Introduction: Considering the Law of the Paraguayan Nation 4995/2013 "On Higher Education", in its article 82°, establishes that "the National Agency for the Evaluation and Accreditation of Higher Education (ANEAES) is the technical body in charge of evaluating and accrediting the academic quality of the Institutes of Higher Education". By Resolution N ° 08/07 of the Board of Directors of the ANEAES dated December 17, 2007, it approves the quality criteria for the medical career, where in dimension 5, the "graduates" component, it establishes: The career must ensure compliance of the goals established in terms of real duration of the career, achievement of the graduation profile and insertion of its graduates in the labor market. For this purpose, consultation mechanisms must be established and applied to graduates to determine their degree of satisfaction and provide feedback on the training process and improvement plans. Objectives: The objective of this follow-up report was to obtain useful information on the employment situation and academic training that allow evaluating the quality and relevance of the higher education provided and proposing mechanisms that contribute to the improvement of the professional performance of graduates. Materials and methods: The data were processed using descriptive statistics for all variables. The Instrument used is a Questionnaire made up of 63 questions divided into 5 sections. Graduates were contacted by phone calls and instant messaging. Results: During the years 2010-2017, 984 professionals graduated. Total of Respondents: 133 graduates, being 73 women (55%) and 60 men (45%). 25% of the graduates who responded to the survey consider that the academic training received is excellent, 44% consider it very good, 23% that it is good, 6% fair and 2% consider that it is bad. Conclusion: The level of labor insertion is high at the time of graduation. Satisfaction with the academic training received is very good, with viable recommendations for the improvement plan in the study program

Ethical support to psychiatry residents: a report of a Brazilian ethics consultation group

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: It is not uncommon for medical residents to deal with critically ill patients who frequently show several ethical and human dilemmas, highlighting the need for a consultation with ethical specialists. The objective of this article is to present a description of a Brazilian Ethics Consultation group designed to attend psychiatry residents. METHODS: This article reports a case of a critically ill patient with Borderline Personality Disorder with multiple intervention failures and several ethical conflicts who was seen by a resident and supported by an ethics consultation group. RESULTS: When medical residents and medical staff face severe and unusual ethical dilemmas, they might feel unprepared and have ones' mental health impaired. Thus, this article reports a successful ethics consultation and discusses its development in other academic institutions. CONCLUSION: Medical educators and staff from academic hospitals should pay attention to the needs of the medical residents. The development and support of ethics consultation groups must be provided to fulfill the need of those residents who face serious ethical and human dilemmas.

Accuracy of training blood volume quantification using a visual estimation tool / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#BACKGROUND: We investigated whether the use of a specially designed visual estimation tool may improve accuracy in quantifying blood volumes related to surface spreading. METHODS: A prospective, paired-control, single-blinded experimental study was performed at a medical university. Anesthesiologists and emergency medical personnel estimated various blood volumes on surfaces with varying absorptivity (carpet, towel, polyvinyl chloride, wooden flooring) in an experimental setting. We assessed the sensitivity of training blood volume quantification using a self-designed visual estimation tool by comparing the accuracy of visual blood volume estimations before and after practical training with the tool. RESULTS: A total of 352 estimations by 44 participants were evaluated. Accurate estimations improved significantly from pre-training to post-training (P<0.05). The sensitivity of blood volume quantification was 33.0% after training with the visual estimation tool. Estimations did not depend on age, profession, gender or years of the estimator’s professional experience. CONCLUSIONS: Training with a visual estimation tool by professional rescuers can improve the estimation accuracy of blood volumes spread on surfaces with varying absorptivity.

La competencia informacional como requisito para la formación académica en el siglo XXI / Information skills as a requirement for academic training in the 21st century

RESUMEN Fundamento: La formación de competencias informacionales es un tema investigado a escala internacional, por lo que surgen iniciativas para su introducción en la formación doctoral, a partir de los avances de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación. Objetivo: Valorar las tendencias acerca de las competencias informacionales en la formación doctoral. Metodología: Se parte de recopilación de información bibliográfica y documental que consiste en detectar, obtener y consultar la bibliografía existente para los propósitos del estudio; así como extraer y recopilar la información relevante y necesaria para realizar el estudio teórico-conceptual relacionado con las competencias informacionales en la formación doctoral. Resultados: Las referencias de autores y grupos a nivel internacional coinciden en el desafío que supone la introducción de cambios tecnológicos para los doctorandos y definen las competencias informacionales necesarias como apoyo a este proceso. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos permitieron determinar el perfil que sigue la generalidad científica internacional que investiga las competencias informacionales y establecer nuevos nexos con las etapas de la investigación educativa y los componentes del programa de formación doctoral.

ABSTRACT Background: The formation of information skills is a subject investigated internationally, so initiatives arise for its introduction in doctoral training, based on the advances of Information and Communication Technologies. Objective: To assess trends for information skills in doctoral training. Methodology: Firstly, the collection of bibliographic and documentary information based on detecting, obtaining and consulting the existing bibliography for the study purposes; as well as extracting and compiling the relevant and necessary information to carry out the theoretical-conceptual study related to information skills in doctoral training. Results: Internationally, the authors' references and groups coincide about the challenge posed by the introduction of technological changes for doctoral students and define the necessary information skills for supporting this process. Conclusions: The results obtained allowed to determine the profile followed by the international scientific generality investigating information skills and to establish new links with the stages of educational research and the components of the doctoral training program.

El posgrado frente a la COVID-19 en Granma / The postgraduate course in front of COVID-19 in Granma / O curso de pós-graduação em frente ao COVID-19 em Granma

RESUMEN El coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Se realizó esta investigación con el objetivo de socializar a la comunidad científica las acciones en la formación posgraduada implementadas y sus resultados en el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19 en Granma. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo. La periodización de acciones descritas y sus resultados tuvieron en cuenta las etapas de capacitación declaradas en el Plan de Prevención para la contingencia de la COVID-19 en Cuba. Los datos se recogieron de informes generados por departamentos de posgrado de los Centros de Educación Médica en Granma, se llevaron a gráficos para mejor interpretación de la información socializada. Se logró capacitar a 589 directivos. En la Atención Primaria y Secundaria de Salud 14 mil 861 y 5 mil 672 profesionales respectivamente. En la segunda etapa se capacitaron 34 mil 708 trabajadores distribuidos entre médicos (28,2%), enfermeras (23,1%), otros profesionales (14,4%), técnicos (11,5%) y obreros (21,2%). Capacitados 279 mil 695 trabajadores pertenecientes a Organizaciones de la Administración Central del Estado. Afiliados a organizaciones de masas y estudiantiles se habilitaron40 mil 572. En la tercera etapa capacitados el 95,1% de trabajadores de bases de ambulancias, el 99,8% de trabajadores de servicios básicos, así como el 98,8% de trabajadores de los Servicios Necrológicos y Comunales. Se tomaron acciones para continuar con la formación académica en la universidad. El estudio concluyó con la socialización de acciones en la formación posgraduada y sus resultados en el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19. Se mostró la preparación científica y pedagógica del claustro para enfrentar contingencias de gran envergadura y, el compromiso humanista y solidario de los residentes.

ABSTRACT Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. This research was carried out with the objective of socializing the scientific community with the actions in postgraduate training implemented and their results in the confrontation with COVID-19 in Granma. A descriptive study was carried out. The periodization of actions described and their results took into account the stages of training declared in the Prevention Plan for the contingency of COVID-19 in Cuba. The data was collected from reports generated by postgraduate departments of the Centers of Medical Education in Granma, and were taken to graphs for a better interpretation of the socialized information. 589 managers were trained. In the Primary and Secondary Health Care 14 thousand 861 and 5 thousand 672 professionals respectively. In the second stage, 34 thousand 708 workers were trained, distributed among doctors (28.2%), nurses (23.1%), other professionals (14.4%), technicians (11.5%) and workers (21.2 %). 279 thousand 695 workers belonging to Organizations of the Central State Administration trained. Affiliated to mass and student organizations, 40,572 were trained. In the third stage, 95.1% of ambulance base workers, 99.8% of basic services workers, and 98.8% of workers were trained. Necrological and Community Services. Actions were taken to continue academic training at the university. The study concluded with the socialization of actions in postgraduate training and its results in the confrontation with COVID-19. The pedagogical and scientific preparation of the cloister to face large contingencies and the humanistic and solidarity commitment of the residents were shown.

RESUMO O coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) é uma doença infecciosa causada pelo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2. Esta pesquisa foi realizada como objetivo de socializar a comunidade científica com as ações de formação de pós-graduação implementadas e seus resultados no confronto com o COVID-19 em Granma. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo. A periodização das ações descritas e seus resultados levaram em consideração as etapas do treinamento declaradas no Plano de Prevenção para a contingência do COVID-19 em Cuba. Os dados foram coletados a partir de relatórios gerados pelos departamentos de pós-graduação dos Centros de Educação Médica em Granma, e foram levados a gráficos para melhor interpretação das informações socializadas. 589 gerentes foram treinados. Na Atenção Primária e Secundária, 14 mil 861 e 5 mil 672 profissionais, respectivamente. Na segunda etapa, foram treinados 34 mil 708 trabalhadores, distribuídos entre médicos (28,2%), enfermeiros (23,1%), outros profissionais (14,4%), técnicos (11,5%) e trabalhadores (21,2 %) 279 mil 695 trabalhadores pertencentes a organizações da Administração Central do Estado. Afiliados a organizações de massa e estudantes, foram capacitados 40 mil 572. Naterceira etapa, 95,1% dos trabalhadores da ambulância, 99,8% dos trabalhadores de serviços básicos e 98,8% dos trabalhadores foram treinados. Serviços Necrológicos e Comunitários. Ações foram tomadas para continuar o treinamento acadêmico na universidade. O estudo concluiu com a socialização das ações na formação de pós-graduação e seus resultados no confronto com o COVID-19. Foidemonstrada a preparação pedagógica e científica do claustro para enfrentar grandes contingências e o compromisso humanístico e solidário dos moradores.

Modelo educativo para la gestión académica en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí" / http://www.revhabanera.sld.cu/index.php/rhab/article/view/3228/2627

Introducción: La organización de la gestión académica de la educación de postgrado en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), se corresponde con los resultados esperados en el desarrollo de la medicina tropical. Objetivo: Proponer un Modelo Educativo para la formación académica de postgrado, adecuado a las exigencias de la educación médica para el desarrollo de las Ciencias Biomédicas y la medicina tropical. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, resultado de la sistematización de los informes de la Junta de Acreditación Nacional de los programas académicos del IPK, así como de los balances del Departamento de Docencia en el período comprendido desde 2008 a 2018. Para ello, se utilizaron: el análisis documental, sistematización y modelación, así como la consulta a expertos mediante el Método Delphy. Resultados: Apoyados en la experiencia de los autores y los resultados de la educación de postgrado en el IPK, se proponen los fundamentos y estructura de un Modelo Educativo para la formación académica de postgrado, ajustado a los requerimientos de la educación médica para el desarrollo de las Ciencias Biomédicas y la medicina tropical. Conclusiones: El Modelo Educativo para la formación académica de postgrado se convierte en una necesidad para los profesores, tutores y estudiantes en el IPK(AU)

Introduction: The organization of academic management in postgraduate education in Pedro Kouri Institute of Tropical Medicine (IPK) corresponds to the expected results in the development of tropical medicine. Objective: To propose an Educational Model for postgraduate academic training that responds to the requirements of medical education for the development of Biomedical Sciences and Tropical Medicine. Material and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted from the results of the systematization of the reports presented by the National Accreditation Board for the different curricula of the IPK and the assessment of the Teaching Department carried out during the period between 2008 and 2018. For this purpose, document analysis, systematization and modeling and experts' consultation were carried out using the Delphi method. Results: The basic principles and structure of an Educational Model for postgraduate academic training are proposed on the basis of the authors´ experience and the results of postgraduate education in the IPK, in correspondence with the requirements of medical education for the development of Biomedical Sciences and Tropical Medicine. Conclusions: The Educational Model for postgraduate academic training is a must for professors, tutors and students of the IPK(AU)

Insuficiencias en la elaboración del marco teórico referencial de tesis doctorales en la investigación biomédica / Insufficiencies in the elaboration of the theoretical framework of doctoral theses in biomedical research

Introducción: La preparación de los profesionales de la salud para la obtención del grado científico no puede considerarse una tarea colateral y accesoria, sino una de las principales actividades para la solución de importantes problemas de salud y el desarrollo científico-tecnológico del sector. Objetivos: Valorar críticamente las principales insuficiencias metodológicas que se presentan en la elaboración del marco teórico referencial de las tesis doctorales en las Ciencias Biomédicas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal donde la unidad de análisis fueron 25 tesis doctorales aprobadas durante el quinquenio 2010-2015.Se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico y métodos de nivel empírico como técnicas de investigación cualitativa como la observación, la entrevista y el análisis de documentos. Una vez obtenida la información se realiza la triangulación metodológica de fuentes para arribar a consideraciones integradoras. Resultados: El análisis de este componente estructural en las tesis evaluadas reveló un grupo de insuficiencias tales como: no observancia de la cronología histórica del objeto/campo, poca consulta de los documentos normativos, pobre sistematización de las teorías existentes y sus aportes, insuficiente interpretación teórica de los autores consultados para fundamentar juicios propios o una teoría, pobre ejercicio de la crítica científica en el análisis de la evidencia e insuficiencias en la escritura de esta sección. Conclusiones: Se evidencia que persisten insuficiencias en la construcción del marco teórico, por tanto, las sugerencias metodológicas realizadas puede servir de propuestas a los docentes que asesoran la formación académica de posgrado y a los propios investigadores en su actividad científica(AU)

Introduction: The preparation of health professionals to obtain the scientific degree cannot be considered a collateral and accessory task, but one of the main activities for the solution of important health problems and the scientific-technological development of the sector. Objectives: Critically assess the main methodological weaknesses that arise in the elaboration of the theoretical framework of doctoral theses in Biomedical Sciences. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted where the unit of analysis were 25 doctoral theses approved during the five-year period 2010-2015.Theoretical level methods and empirical level methods were used as qualitative research techniques such as observation, interview and the analysis of documents. Once the information is obtained, the methodological triangulation of sources is carried out to arrive at integrative considerations. Results: The analysis of this structural component in the theses evaluated revealed a group of insufficiencies such as: non-observance of the historical chronology of the object / field, little consultation of normative documents, poor systematization of existing theories and their contributions, insufficient theoretical interpretation of the authors consulted to base their own judgments or a theory, poor exercise of scientific criticism in the analysis of the evidence and inadequacies in the writing of this section. Conclusions: It is evident that there are still inadequacies in the construction of the theoretical framework, therefore, the methodological suggestions made can serve as proposals to teachers who advise postgraduate academic training and researchers themselves in their scientific activity(AU)

Mexican ENARM: performance comparison of public vs. private medical schools, geographic and socioeconomic regions / ENARM: comparación del desempeño de escuelas de medicina públicas y privadas, regiones geográficas y socioeconómicas

Abstract: Objectives: This study aimed to compare the performance in the National Assessment for Applicants for Medical Residency (ENARM in spanish) of private versus public medical schools, geographic regions and socioeconomic levels by using three different statistical methods (summary measurements, the rate of change and the area under the receiver operator characteristics [AUROC]). These methods have not been previously used for the ENARM; however, some variations of the summary measurements have been reported in some USA assessments of medical school graduates. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study based on historical data (2001-2017). We use summary measures and colour-filled map. The statistical analysis included Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman correlation coefficient (Rs), and linear regression. Results: A total of 113 medical schools were included in our analysis; 60 were public and 53 private. We found difference in the median of total scores for type of schools, MD= 54.07 vs. MD= 57.36,p= 0.011. There were also significant differences among geographic and socioeconomic regions (p<0.05). Conclusions: Differences exist in the total scores and percentage of selected test-takers between type of schools, geographic and socioeconomic regions. Higher scores are prevalent in the Northeast and Norwest regions. Additional research is required to identify factors that contribute to these differences. Unsuspected differences in examination scores can be unveiled using summary measures.

Resumen: Objetivo: Comparar el desempeño en el Examen Nacional de Aspirantes a Residencias Médicas (ENARM) de escuelas de medicina privadas y públicas, regiones geográficas y niveles socioeconómicos mediante el uso de tres métodos estadísticos diferentes (medidas de resumen, tasa de cambio y el área bajo las características del operador receptor [AUROC en inglés]). Estos métodos no han sido utilizados previamente para el ENARM; sin embargo, se han informado algunas variaciones de las mediciones de resumen en algunas evaluaciones de graduados de medicina de Estados Unidos. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal basado en datos históricos (2001-2017). Se usaron medidas de resumen y un mapa lleno de color. El análisis estadístico incluyó Mann Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis y coeficiente de correlación de Spearman (Rs). Resultados: Se incluyeron 113 escuelas de medicina en el análisis; 60 eran públicas y 53 privadas. Se encontraron diferencias en la mediana de las puntuaciones totales para el tipo de escuelas, MD= 54.07 vs. MD= 57.36,p= 0.011. También hubo diferencias significativas entre las regiones geográficas y socioeconómicas (p<0.05). Conclusiones: Existen diferencias en los puntajes totales y el porcentaje de examinados seleccionados entre el tipo de escuelas, regiones geográficas y socioeconómicas. Las puntuaciones más altas prevalecen en las regiones noreste y noroeste. Se requieren investigaciones adicionales para identificar los factores que contribuyen a estas diferencias. Las diferencias insospechadas en los puntajes de los exámenes se pueden revelar usando medidas de resumen.

La ética en la formación en psicología comunitaria en Uruguay: oportunidades, riesgos y desafíos / Ethics in training in community psychology in Uruguay: opportunities, risks and challenges / Ética na formação em psicologia comunitária no Uruguai: oportunidades, riscos e desafios

El artículo presenta los resultados del estudio "Ética en la Formación en Psicología Comunitaria" en Uruguay. Para la Psicología Comunitaria la dimensión ético-política es fundamental, por lo que su presencia en la formación profesional y académica es muy relevante. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo exploratorio, relevando y analizando los syllabus de cursos de Psicología Comunitaria y afines, en el Plan de Estudios 2013 de la Licenciatura de Psicología (Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República). Se abordaron las siguientes dimensiones: trabajo de campo, enfoque ético-político y metodología de enseñanza. Entre los resultados se destaca la presencia de la ética y de lo político en las guías de curso y el énfasis en la reflexión ética durante el desarrollo de prácticas curriculares. En la discusión se exponen las oportunidades, los riesgos y los desafíos involucrados en dichos resultados. Se concluye en la necesidad de atender esta dimensión en la formación, en el marco de las características que presenta la sociedad contemporánea y sus requerimientos para la Psicología Comunitaria.

The paper presents the results of the study "Ethics in the Professional Training in Community Psychology" in Uruguay. For Community Psychology the ethical-political dimension is fundamental and, therefore, its presence in professional and academical training is very relevant. A descriptive exploratory study was conducted, collecting and analyzing data from the syllabus of Community Psychology and related disciplines courses, in the 2013 Curriculum of the Bachelor's Degree in Psychology (Psychology School, Universidad de la República). The following dimensions were addressed: fieldwork, ethical-political approach and teaching methodology. Among the results, the presence of ethics and politics in courses guidelines and an emphasis in ethical reflection during curricular practices stand out. In the discussion, the opportunities, risks and challenges involved in said results are exposed. It is concluded the necessity of attending to this dimension in the professional training, within the framework of the characteristics that contemporary society presents and its requirements for Community Psychology.

O artigo apresenta os resultados do estudo "Ética na Formação em Psicologia Comunitária" no Uruguai. Para a Psicologia Comunitária, a dimensão ético-política é fundamental e, por isso, sua presença na formação profissional e acadêmica é muito relevante. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo exploratório, relevando e analisando os syllabus de disciplinas de Psicologia Comunitária e afins no Currículo 2013 do Bacharelado em Psicologia (Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidad de la República). Foram abordadas as dimensões a seguir: trabalho de campo, enfoque ético-político e metodologia de ensino. Entre os resultados se destaca a presença da ética e a política nas guias de disciplina e a ênfase na reflexão ética durante as práticas curriculares. Na discussão são expostos as oportunidades, os riscos e os desafios envolvidos nos referidos resultados. Conclui-se na necessidade de atender esta dimensão na formação, no contexto das características que apresenta a sociedade contemporânea e seus requerimentos para a Psicologia Comunitária.