ABSTRACT
For the discussion of the source, preparation and quality problems of Indigo Naturalis, the historical tradition and reality were summarized by literature survey and producing area investigation. Besides some quality problems, potential safety hazards were found out in some samples from market tested. Because lime could not be dislodged enough from Indigo Naturalis in the process of purification, the samples of Indigo Naturalis contained too much lime and showed strong alkalinity. It was suggested that the quality standard of Indigo Naturalis should be revised and revised and some detection projects and methods should be added into the standard. In addition, we suggested that the production access of Indigo Naturalis should be further defined.
Subject(s)
Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Reference Standards , Indigofera , Chemistry , Plants, Medicinal , ChemistryABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effects of different processing methods on the appearance, quality components and processing efficiency of Lonicera macranthoides that produced in Guizhou Province, in order to provide basis for the optimization of processing methods. Methods Eleven processing methods were used such as the traditional method group (sun drying, sun drying after steaming, drying in shade, and drying in shade after steaming), constant temperature drying group (50, 60, 70, and 80 ℃) and variable temperature drying group (50→60 ℃, 50→70 ℃, 50→80 ℃). Then the indicators such as color, aroma, moisture, total ash, acid insoluble ash, chlorogenic acid, total saponins, processing time, and drying rate were measured. Results According to all the indicators, the comprehensive correlation degree of the 50 ℃ and the variable temperature drying method was between 0.94 and 0.96, which was much higher than other methods, and the comprehensive correlation degree of 50→60 ℃ degrees was the highest, reaching 0.959 8. Conclusion In conclusion variable temperature drying method is a better processing method for L. macranthoides. This method can be used as an important technical means for large-scale processing.
ABSTRACT
Determinaram-se os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente e verdadeira do cálcio (Ca) de ingredientes para suínos por meio de dois métodos. Foram utilizados 60 suínos machos castrados, alojados em gaiolas de metabolismo e distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 10 (métodos x tratamentos) e seis repetições por tratamento. Os tratamentos consistiram em oito alimentos, uma ração basal (0,072% de Ca total) e uma ração com baixo teor de Ca (0,018%). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente e verdadeira do Ca foram avaliados utilizando-se simultaneamente dois métodos: coleta total de fezes e coleta de fezes com indicador fecal (cinza ácida insolúvel - CAI). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade verdadeira do Ca, obtidos pelo método de coleta total e pelo método de indicador fecal, foram, respectivamente: calcário calcítico 1, 84,80 e 87,33%; calcário calcítico 2, 84,19 e 86,32%; fosfato bicálcico, 79,36 e 84,55%; fosfato monobicálcico, 83,83 e 85,81%; calcário dolomítico, 85,65 e 87,39%; farinha de carne e ossos (40% PB), 70,00 e 68,64%; farinha de carne e ossos (50% PB), 66,92 e 68,03%; farinha de vísceras, 73,40 e 73,95%, lactato de Ca, 95,10 e 97,33%. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre os métodos avaliados coleta total (80,14%) e indicador fecal (82,15%)...
The coefficients of apparent and true digestibility of calcium (Ca) of eight feedstuffs for pigs were determined. A total of 60 barrows were housed in metabolism cages and distributed in a completely randomized design in a factorial 2 X 10 (treatments X methods) and 6 replicates per treatment. Treatments consisted of eight feedstuffs, a basal diet (0.072% Ca) and a diet with low Ca content (0.018%). The coefficients of apparent and true digestibility of Ca were determined using two methods simultaneously: total fecal collection and fecal marker (Acid Insoluble Ash - AIA). The true digestibility coefficients of Ca, obtained by the total fecal collection and the fecal marker methods were respectively: Limestone 1, 84.80 and 87.33%; Limestone 2, 84.19% and 86.32; Dicalcium Phosphate, 79.36 and 84.55%; Monodicalcium Phosphate, 83.83 and 85.81%, Dolomitic Limestone, 87.39% and 85.65; Meat and Bone Meal (40% CP), 70.00 and 68,64%; Meat and Bone Meal (50% CP), 66.92% and 68.03; Poultry by Product Meal, 73.40 and 73.95%, Calcium Lactate, 95.10 and 97.33%. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the total fecal collection (80.14%) and fecal marker (82.15%) with the methods evaluated...
Subject(s)
Animals , Calcium , Digestion , Swine/metabolism , Feces , Minerals/administration & dosage , Animal Feed/analysisABSTRACT
In this experiment, methods of total fecal collection (TFC) and internal markers (acid-insoluble ash - AIA, crude fiber - CF, and acid-detergent fiber - ADF) were compared for determination of the coefficients of apparent digestibility (CAD) for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), nitrogen-free extracts (NFE), and gross energy (GE) of commercial feline dry kibble for ocelots (Leopardus pardalis). Six adult animals, weighing 12.45±1.37 kg, gradually received experimental kibble in their usual diet until the beginning of the experiment and were submitted to an adaptation period ten days prior to the collection period. CAD obtained by TFC, AIA, CF, and ADF were, respectively, 73.7, 76.83, 62.01, and 46.03% for dry matter; 81.9, 84.8, 75.8, and 63.8% for crude protein; 85, 86.7, 78.5, and 69.1% for ether extract; 78.52, 79.55, 69.11, and 53.04% for nitrogen-free extracts; and 80.5, 82.2, 71.4, and 58.4% for gross energy. The AIA method showed to be efficient in determining coefficients of apparent digestibility and may contribute to investigations on the digestibility of diets for wild felines. In comparison to the items of ocelot's usual diet, the kibble used in this paper provided an adequate nutritional supply with reduced daily costs per animal.
Neste experimento foram comparados os métodos de coleta total de fezes (CT) e de indicadores internos (cinza insolúvel em ácido - CIA, fibra bruta - FB e fibra em detergente ácido - FDA) na determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), extrativo não nitrogenado (ENN) e energia bruta (EB) de uma ração comercial de gatos-domésticos para jaguatiricas (Leopardus pardalis). Seis animais adultos com peso de 12,45 ± 1,37kg receberam gradativamente a ração experimental na dieta habitual até o início do experimento e foram submetidos a um período de adaptação de 10 dias anteriores ao período de coleta. Os CDA obtidos pela CT, CIA, FB e FDA foram, respectivamente de 73,70; 76,83; 62,01 e 46,03% para matéria seca, 81,9; 84,8; 75,8 e 63,8% para proteína bruta, 85,0; 86,7; 78,5 e 69,1% para extrato etéreo, 78,52; 79,55; 69,11 e 53,04% para extrativo não nitrogenado e de 80,5; 82,2; 71,4 e 58,4% para energia bruta. O método de CIA mostrou-se eficiente na determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente e pode contribuir com as investigações sobre a digestibilidade em dietas com felídeos selvagens. A ração utilizada permitiu aos animais um adequado aporte nutricional e apresentou menores custos/animal/dia em comparação aos itens que compunham a dieta habitual.
Subject(s)
Animals , Digestive System , Felidae/physiology , Animal Feed/adverse effects , Feces/chemistryABSTRACT
Plants are the rich source of a variety of chemicals with nutritive and therapeutic properties. The pharmacological activities of allopathic drugs are now decreased before the herbal potency. Now most of the pharmaceutical compa-nies are focusing in this area. The Indian pharmaceutical industry is definitely looking forward to a tremendous herbal marketing. The traditionally designed neutraceutical is an Ayurvedic herbal formulation; consist of Brahmi, Tulsi, and other ingredients in powder form. This neutraceutical is proved for its antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Standardization of the traditionally designed neutraceutical is compared with the marketed product. The uses of medicinal plants are increased in developing nations. Nations like India, is a rich source of Ayurvedic plants. Government of India is also promoting the member states to formulate national policies on traditional medicine. Quality assurance is an integral part of traditional medicine. A comprehensive specification must be developed for each herbal drug preparation based on recent scientific data.
ABSTRACT
Plants are the rich source of a variety of chemicals with nutritive and therapeutic properties. The pharmacological activities of allopathic drugs are now decreased before the herbal potency. Now most of the pharmaceutical compa-nies are focusing in this area. The Indian pharmaceutical industry is definitely looking forward to a tremendous herbal marketing. The traditionally designed neutraceutical is an Ayurvedic herbal formulation; consist of Brahmi, Tulsi, and other ingredients in powder form. This neutraceutical is proved for its antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Standardization of the traditionally designed neutraceutical is compared with the marketed product. The uses of medicinal plants are increased in developing nations. Nations like India, is a rich source of Ayurvedic plants. Government of India is also promoting the member states to formulate national policies on traditional medicine. Quality assurance is an integral part of traditional medicine. A comprehensive specification must be developed for each herbal drug preparation based on recent scientific data.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the quality standard of different specifications of Frutus Aurantii Immaturus. Methods The contents of synephrine, volatile oil, total ash, acid- insoluble ash and water in different specifications of Frutus Aurantii Immaturus were determined by HPLC or other methods according the china pharmacopoeia. Results The contents of volatile oil and synephrine in different specifications of Frutus Aurantii Immaturus were obviously different, and in accordance with empirically traditional classification. The contents of the total ash, acid- insoluble ash and water were similar in the different specifications and the total ash content was lower than 7 % which was in accordance with that recorded in China Pharmacopoeia.Conclusion Volatile oil, acid- insoluble ash, water and synephrine with a definite content limit can be chosen as the parameters for the research of quality standard of Frutus Aurantii Immaturus, which will supply evidence for the medicinal trade and research of Frutus Aurantii Immaturus.