Microscopic identification for roots from 4 medicinal plants of Actinidia genus / 药学实践杂志

Objective To perform microscopic identification for the roots of Actinidia macrosperma C.F. Liang, Actinidia valvata Dunn, Actinidia arguta (Sieb. & Zucc) Planch. ex Miq., Actinidia chinensis Planch., and provide the basis for judging medicinal materials exactly. Methods The powder microscopic characteristics of 4 medicinal plants of Actinidia genus were observed by microscopic identification method. Results Taking the morphological characteristics of calcium oxalate clusters, starch granules and ducts as the main differences, a key table was compiled to identify the roots of these four medicinal plants. Conclusion The microscopic identification method could effectively distinguish 4 Chinese herbs of Actinidia genus, and which is worth further studying.

Preventive and therapeutic effects of the Kiwi fruit essence (unsaturated fatty acid of actinidia chinesis planch seed oil) on radiation-induced lung injury rats / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

AIM: To observe the effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) of radiation-induced lung injury rats by Kiwi fruit essence (unsaturated fatty acid of actinidia chinesis planch seed oil). METHODS: According to random number table, 90 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the control group, model group, 60 mg/kg unsaturated fatty acid of actinidia chinesis planch seed oil intervention group, 120 mg/kg unsaturated fatty acid of actinidia chinesis planch seed oil intervention group, 240 mg/kg unsaturated fatty acid of actinidia chinesis planch seed oil intervention group, 18 animals were included in each group. Except for the control group, rats in the remaining groups were constructed by 6MV-X-ray 18Gy full chest radiation, one week before modeling, the rats in the last 3 groups were given (60, 120, 240) mg/kg unsaturated fatty acid of actinidia chinesis planch seed oil. The first two groups were given 0.9% sodium chloride solution by gavage, once a day in each rat. 14 days, 28 days, and 56 days after radiation, the rats were randomly sacrificed and their chests were cut, and ave lung tissue was saved. HE and Masson staining were performed to observe the pathological changes, and the content of SOD, GSH-Px, MPO was determined. The expression of TGF-β1 was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: Compared with the model group, (60, 120, 240) mg/kg unsaturated fatty acid of actinidia chinesis planch seed oil significantly reduced the degree of lung alveolitis and radiation pulmonary fibrosis, reduced the content of hydroxyproline (HYP), MPO, increased the antioxidant enzymes SOD and GSH-Px content, down-regulated the expression of TGF-β1.There were significant differences in the above-mentioned indicators among the intervention groups of (60, 120, 240) mg/kg unsaturated fatty acid of actinidia chinesis planch seed oil group, and it was positively correlated with dosage. CONCLUSION: Unsaturated fatty acid of actinidia chinesis planch seed oil has a preventive effect on radiation-induced lung injury, and its mechanism may be related to the reduction of oxidative stress damage and down-regulation of TGF-β1 expression.

Complete genome sequencing of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Biovar 3, P155, kiwifruit pathogen originating from China / Sequenciamento completo do genoma Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Biovar 3, P155, agente patogênico do kiwi, originário da China

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae is a bacterial pathogen of kiwifruit. Based on the results of the pathogenicity assay, we sequenced the strain Pseudomonas syringae (Psa3) P155 which possesses a series of virulence and resistance genes, CRISPR candidate elements, prophage related sequences, methylation modifications, genomic islands as well as one plasmid. Most importantly, the copper resistance genes copA, copB, copC, copD, and copZ as well as aminoglycoside resistance gene ksgA were identified in strain P155, which would pose a threat to kiwifruit production. The complete sequence we reported here will provide valuable information for a better understanding of the genetic structure and pathogenic characteristics of the genome of P155.

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae agente causal do cancro bacteriano do kiwi. Com base nos resultados do teste de patogenicidade, foi sequenciado um isolado de Pseudomonas syringae (Psa3) P155, que abriga a uma série de genes de virulência e resistência, elementos candidatos CRISPR, sequências relacionadas a profagos, modificações na metilação, ilhas genômicas, e também um plasmídeo. O mais importante foram os genes de resistência ao cobre, copA, copB, copC, copD e copZ, bem como, o gene de resistência aminoglicosídea ksgA identificados na estirpe P155, os quais representariam uma ameaça à produção de kiwi. A sequência completa relatada fornecerá informações valiosas para uma melhor compreensão da estrutura genética e as características patogênicas do genoma de P155.

A new norsesquiterpene glycoside from fruits of Actinidia arguta / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents in the fruits of Actinidia arguta. Methods: The compounds were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel, ODS, and Sephadex LH-20, preparative TLC, and semi-preparative HPLC. The structures were established by the analyses of the spectroscopic data. Results: Fifteen compounds were obtained from the n-BuOH fraction of the 75% ethanol extract of the fruits of A. arguta and identified as (2R,6R,9R)-trihydroxy-megastigmane-4,7E-dien-3-one-9-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (1), (6S,9R)-roseoside (2), quercetin-3-O-b-D-galactopyranside (3), astragalin (4), vanillic acid-4-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (5), 1-O-feruloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), ferulic acid-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), rhodioloside (8), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3- methoxyphenyl) propan-1-one (9), 5-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester (10), 5-O-caffeoyl quinic acid butyl ester (11), 5-O-feruloyl quinic acid methyl ester (12), 5-O-coumaroyl quinic acid methyl ester (13), caffeic acid (14), and protocatechuic acid (15). Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new norsesquiterpene glycoside with the megastigmane scaffold, named actinargutaside A. Compounds 2, 5, and 7-13 are isolated from the Actinidia genus for the first time and compound 6 is firstly isolated from A. arguta.

Identification of Chemical Components in Actinidia chinensis Root by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To identi fy chemical components of Actinidia chinensis root rapidly ，and to provide reference for further material basis and quality control study of the crude medicine. METHODS ：UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technique was used to detect chemical components of A. chinensis root. The separation was performed on Waters XSelect HSS T 3 column with mobile phase consisted of 0.1％ formic acid acetonitrile solution- 0.1％ formic acid water solution （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The column temperature was set at 40 ℃，and sample size was 3 μL. Electrospray ion source was adopted，the data was collected under negative ion mode ；the scanning range was m/z 50-1 500；the drying gas temperature was 350 ℃，the atomizing air pressure was 45 psi，the capillary voltage was 3 500 V，and sheath gas temperature was 350 ℃. According to the information of excimer ion and secondary fragment ion ，the chemical components were identified by combining with the relevant literature ，the retention time of the reference substance and the law of mass spectrometry cracking. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：Totally 58 chemical components was identified ，which included 16 pentacyclic triterpenes （such as hydroxyasiatic acid ，asiatic acid ，maslinic acid，corosolic acid ，oleanic acid ，ursolic acid ，etc.），12 flavonoids（such as rutin ，quercitrin，cynaroside，astragalin，etc.），17 organic acids （such as cryptochlorogenic acid ，chlorogenic acid ，isochlorogenic acid A ，isochlorogenicacid C ，etc.）. There were 9 components（such as procydanidin B 1，B2 and luteolin ，etc.）identified for the first time in A. chinensis root. UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/ MS technique can be used for the rapid identification of chemical components in A. chinensis root.

Antioxidant activities in vitro and components analysis of methanol extract of Actinidia arguta by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS / 中草药

Objective: To investigate and analyze antioxidant activities in vitro and the active ingredients of the methanol extract of Actinidia arguta. Methods: In this study, antioxidant activities of extract of A. arguta were carried out by using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays in vitro. Qualitative analysis of major active components was performed by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. Results: Extract of A. arguta had good scavenging effect on DPPH and ABTS free radical in vitro, and the EC50 values of scavenging effect of extract of A. arguta on DPPH and ABTS free radical were (26.275 ± 1.464) and (29.826 ± 1.309) mg/mL, respectively. On the basis of UV and mass spectral analysis, a total of 19 chemical compositions were preliminarily identified. Conclusion: extract of A. arguta has good antioxidant activity in vitro, and polyhydroxyl and unsaturated double bonds are the main active constituents.

Fixed Food Eruption Caused by Actinidia arguta (Hardy Kiwi): A Case Report and Literature Review

Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is a common hypersensitivity reaction characterized by recurrent, well-circumscribed, erythematous patches that arise at the same site as a result of systemic drug exposure. However, fixed food eruption (FFE), a lesion triggered by food ingestion, is a rare allergy that was first defined in 1996. Based on their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, the fruit and leaves of Actinidia arguta, the hardy kiwi, are widely consumed across Korea, Japan, and China. This report describes the first case of FFE caused by hardy kiwi leaves, known as Daraesun in Korean, confirmed by oral provocation tests and skin biopsy.

Chemical constituents from roots of Actinidia rufa and their cytotoxicity / 中国中药杂志

To investigate the chemical compounds from the roots of Actinidia rufa, nine compounds were isolated by various column chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Their structures were elucidated as 2α, 3β, 19α, 23, 24-pentahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), 2α, 3α, 19α, 24-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), 2α, 3α, 24-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (3), 2α, 3α, 24-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (4), 2α, 3α, 23, 24-tetrahydroxyurs -12-en-28-oic acid (5), 2α, 3β, 23, 24-tetrah-ydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (6), 2α, 3β, 23-trihydroxy-12-en-28-oic acid (7), 2α, 3β, 23-trihydroxyurs-12, 20(30)-dien-28-oic acid (8), and 2α, 3α, 23-trihydroxyurs-12, 20(30)-dien-28-oic acid (9). Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated from the Actinidia genus for the first time. Compounds 2, 3, and 4 showed cytotoxic activity against human SKVO3 and TPC-1 cancer cell lines with IC₅₀ values ranging from 10.99 to 16.41 μmol•L⁻¹, compounds 3 and 4 have cytotoxic activity against human HeLa cancer cell line with IC₅₀ values of 15.53 and 13.07 μmol•L⁻¹, respectively.

Draft genome sequences of five Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidifoliorum strains isolated in France

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidifoliorum causes necrotic spots on the leaves of Actinidia deliciosa and Actinidia chinensis. P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum has been detected in New Zealand, Australia, France and Spain. Four lineages were previously identified within the P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum species group. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of five strains of P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum representative of lineages 1, 2 and 4, isolated in France. The whole genomes of strains isolated in New Zealand, representative of P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum lineages 1 and 3, were previously sequenced. The availability of supplementary P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum genome sequences will be useful for developing molecular tools for pathogen detection and for performing comparative genomic analyses to study the relationship between P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum and other kiwifruit pathogens, such as P. syringae pv. actinidiae.

Content Determination of L-epicatechin in Actinidia arguta by HPLC / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the content determination of L-epicatechin in Actinidiae arguta. METHODS:HPLC was performed on the column of Kromasil C18 with mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.2%Acetic acid solution(15:85,V/V)at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min,detection wavelength was 210 nm,column temperature was 25 ℃,and the volume injection was 10 μl. RESULTS:The linear range of L-epicatechin was 10.47-167.52 μg/ml(r=0.999 9);RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were lower than 2%;average recovery was 98.07%-101.71%(RSD=1.39%,n=6). CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple, accurate and reliable,and suitable for the content determination of L-epicatechin in A. arguta.

Analysis of volatile components from Actinidia valvata by HS-GC-MS based on retention index / 药学实践杂志

Objective To establish a method for determining volatile components from Actinidia valvata Dunn .Methods A static headspace‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (HS‐GC‐MS) method was used to analyze volatile components , and the separated peaks were identified by mass spectal library searching combined with retention index comparison .Results 42 volatile components were separated from Actinidia valvata Dunn and 25 of them were identified ,mainly including alcohols ,es‐ters ,aldehydes ,hydrocarbons and so on .Conclusion Combined with retention index calculation ,this method improved accuracy of qualitation of HS‐GC‐MS and provided scientific proof for the exploitation and utilization of Actinidia valvata Dunn .

Content determination of 2α, 3α, 24-trihydroxy-12-alkene-28-ursolic acid in the roots of actinidia eriantha benth as an active component by HPLC / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To isolate and purify 2α, 3α, 24-trihydroxy-12-alkene-28-ursolic acid from the roots of Actinidia eriantha Benth, establish its determination method, and compare the contents in different extracted parts and samples from different sources. METHODS: An HPLC-PDA method was established for the content determination. The contents of 2α, 3α, 24-trihydroxy-12-alkene-28-ursolic acid in the roots of Actinidia eriantha Benth from five different sources and different extracted parts were determined by standard curve method. RESULTS: The content of 2α, 3α, 24-trihydroxy-12-alkene-28-ursolic acid was higher in the samples from Shouning county of Fuzhou city and Yunhe county of Lishui city while lower in those from Yongjia county of Wenzhou city and Lishui city. And in different extracted parts, the content was the highest in dichloromethane part, lower in ethanol part, and the lowest in methanol part. CONCLUSION: The method is stable and accurate with good reproducibility and can be used for the determination of 2α, 3α, 24-trihydroxy-12-alkene-28-ursolic acid in the roots of Actinidia eriantha Benth. The content of 2α, 3α, 24-trihydroxy-12-al-kene-28-ursolic acid is different in Actinidia eriantha Benth samples from different sources, which is the highest in dichloromethane part.

Dynamic changes of flavonoids in Actinidia valvata leaves at different growing stages measured by HPLC-MS/MS / 中国天然药物

Flavonoids are a large group of phenolic secondary metabolites havinga wide range of biochemical and pharmacological effects. Quantitative analysis of flavonoid profiles in the genus Actinidia, which has not been intensively conducted, is useful to a better understanding of the pattern and distribution of flavonoids. In the present work, a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed to profile the flavonoids, which was then used to determine the dynamic change of 17 biologically active flavonoids in the leaves of Actinidia valvata at the main growing stages, including glucuronides and acylated di- and triglycosides of flavonoids. The contents of flavonoid triglycosides were significantly higher than other flavonoids. The highest concentrations of kaemperol glycosides were observed in June, while other flavonoids showed highest concentrations in October. On the other hand, the contents of four isorhamnetin glycosides were increased sharply in September to October. The flavonoid profiles seem to be related to temperature, UV-B, and water deficit. Further studies are required to examine the functions of flavonoids in the Actinidia valvata and the underlying molecular mechanisms of actions.

Determination of asiatic acid in the root of Actinidia valvata by HPLC / 药学实践杂志

Objective To establish a method for the determination of asiatic acid in the root of Actinidia valvata . Methods HPLC-VWD was used in the analysis .The column was Agilent HC-C18 (4 .6 mm × 250 mm ,5μm);the mobile phase was acetonitrile :(30 mmol/L) acetic acid amine solution (35:65);the flow rate was 1 .0 ml/min;the temperature of column was 25 ℃ ;the detection wavelength was set at 210 nm ;the injection volume was 25 μl;the running time was 35 min .Results <br> Asiatic acid was separated with interference in baseline .The linear range was 25 .30-506 .0 μg/ml with linear correlation of 0 .999 6 for asiatic acid .The result of intra-day and inter-day precisions were both within 5% (n=3) ,and the average recovery was 99.4% with RSD 1 .9% (n=6) .Conclusion The method was simple ,rapid ,accurate and convenient for quality control of asiatic acid in the root of Actinidia valvata .

Chemical constituents from the root of Actinidia chinensis(II) / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the chemical components of the root of Actinidia chinensis. METHODS: The compounds were separated and purified by column chromatography and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. RESULTS: Ten compounds were obtained from the aqueous extracts of the root of Actinidia chinensis. The structures were determined as chlorogenic acid(1), crptochlorogenic acid(2), neochlorogenic acid(3), 3-O-coumaroylquinic acid(4), caffeic acid(5), trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid(6), esculin(7), scopolelin(8), scopolin(9), and isofraxoside(10). CONCLUSION: Compounds 1-4, 6, and 8-10 are obtained from genus Actinidia for the first time and compund 5 is isolated from this plant for the first time.

Hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of Daraesoon (Actinidia arguta shoot) in animal models of diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of the treatment of diabetes mellitus is the attainment of glycemic control. Hyperglycemia increases oxidative stress which contributes to the progression of diabetic complications. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of Daraesoon (Actinidia arguta shoot) in animal models of diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS/METHODS: Rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes received an oral administration of a starch solution (1 g/kg) either with or without a 70% ethanol extract of Daraesoon (400 mg/kg) or acarbose (40 mg/kg) after an overnight fast and their postprandial blood glucose levels were measured. Five-week-old C57BL/6J mice were fed either a basal or high-fat/high-sucrose (HFHS) diet with or without Daraesoon extract (0.4%) or acarbose (0.04%) for 12 weeks after 1 week of adaptation to determine the effects of the chronic consumption of Daraesoon on fasting hyperglycemia and antioxidant status. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, rats that received Daraesoon extract (400 mg/kg) or acarbose (40 mg/kg) exhibited a significant reduction in the area under the postprandial glucose response curve after the oral ingestion of starch. Additionally, the long-term consumption of Daraesoon extract or acarbose significantly decreased serum glucose and insulin levels as well as small intestinal maltase activity in HFHS-fed mice. Furthermore, the consumption of Daraesoon extract significantly reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and increased glutathione levels in the livers of HFHS-fed mice compared to HFHS-fed mice that did not ingest Daraesoon. CONCLUSIONS: Daraesoon effectively suppressed postprandial hyperglycemia via the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Chronic consumption of Daraesoon alleviated fasting hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in mice fed a HFHS diet.

Effect of Actinidia chinensis polysaccharide on apoptosis of MFC and their orthotopic transplanted tumor of gastric cancer / 中草药

Objective: To explore the effect of Actinidia chinensis polysaccharide (ACP) on apoptosis of MFC cells and their orthotopic transplanted tumor of gastric cancer and the molecular mechanism. Methods: MTT method was used to detect the inhibitory rate of ACP on MFC cell proliferation and the expression of Mcl-1, Bcl-2, Bak, and Bcl-xl protein was detected by Western blotting; The model of orthotopic transplanted tumor of gastric cancer was established with OB anastomosis adhesive stick method; Cell apoptosis in tumor tissue was detected by TUNEL method; The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax was detected by immunohistochemistry method. Results: MTT results showed that with the increasing of ACP concentration, the inhibition of ACP on MFC cell proliferation became stronger and with the prolongation of time, the inhibition was increasing. Western blotting showed that ACP would downregulate the expression of Mcl-1, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xl protein and upregulate the expression of Bak protein when the MFC cells were treated for 24 h by ACP. The animal experiment showed that compared with the model group, the average positive indexes of ACP in mid- and high-dose ACP and 5-FU positive control groups in the detection of apoptosis by TUNEL were significantly increased (P < 0.01); Meanwhile, in all ACP groups the expression of Bcl-2 could be reduced and the expression of Bax was upregulated significantly (P < 0.01). Conclusion: ACP could induce apoptosis of gastric cancer cells, downregulate the expression of Mcl-1, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xl protein, and upregulate the expression of Bak and Bax protein, prompting that the antitumor mechanism of ACP is related with the apoptosis pathway in which the Bcl-2 family proteins are involved.

Chemical constituents from the roots of Actinidia chinensis / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the chemical constituents from the roots of Actinidia chinensis. METHODS: The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. RESULTS: Eight compounds were obtained from the aqueous extract of the roots of Actinidia chinensis.. The structures were determined as(-)-epi-catechin(1), (+)-catechin(2), fraxetin(3), escaletin(4), protocatechuic aldehyde(5), (-)-epi-catechin-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(6), erythro-1, 2-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1, 3-propanediol(7), and threo-1, 2-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1, 3-propanediol(8). CONCLUSION: Compounds 3 - 8 are isolated from the roots of Actinidia chinensis for the first time.

Desenvolvimento de geleia de kiwi: influência da polpa, pectina e brix na consistência / Development of kiwi jelly: influence of pulp, pectin and brix in the consistency of the resulting product

O kiwi é um fruto sazonal, altamente perecível, rico em ácido ascórbico e um excelente regulador da função intestinal devido à presença de fibras. A proposta da pesquisa foi desenvolver uma ?geleia de kiwi? utilizando frutos inapropriados fisicamente para o comércio in natura. Foram avaliadas três variáveis independentes (polpa de kiwi, pectina e sólidos solúveis totais) e fixados o tempo de cocção em 30 minutos e a massa do produto final em 400 g. As variáveis de resposta foram: força necessária à compressão utilizando texturômetro; tempo necessário para o escorrimento sobre uma superfície de vidro inclinada; espalhabilidade e molhabilidade em fatias de pão; coloração, expressa na escala CIELAB; e após 30 dias, aparência e ocorrência de separação de fases em vidros fechados. Os frutos apresentaram em média comprimento de 68,64±2,77 mm, diâmetro de 45,28±3,41 mm e massa de 89,85±9,17 g. A polpa apresentou pH 3,98±0,18; acidez total titulável, em ácido cítrico, de 0,646±0,206 g.100g-1; sólidos solúveis de 13,53±0,88 ºBrix; e rendimento, com sementes, de 70,0 g.100g-1. A polpa, pectina e sólidos solúveis propiciaram o aumento da força de compressão da geleia, sendo o aumento do teor de pectina o mais significativo no intervalo estudado. A formulação de processamento do produto ?geleia de kiwi? recomendada foi: polpa de kiwi 70 a 80 g.100g-1, pectina 1,5 a 2,0 g.100g-1 e sólidos solúveis do produto final de 50 a 58 ºBrix.

The kiwi is a seasonal and highly perishable fruit, rich in ascorbic acid and a fine regulator of instestinal function due to the presence of fibers. The aim of this study was to develop a ?kiwi jelly? using fruits considered inappropriate for trade as fresh fruit. Three independent variables (pulp kiwi, pectin, soluble solids) were studied. Cooking time and sample weight were kept constant at 30 minutes and 400 g, respectively. Evaluations were made regarding compressive strength using texturometer; time required for sliding an inclined glass surface; wettability and spreadability on slices of bread; instrumental color, expressed on the CIELAB scale. After 30 days, closed bottles were evaluated for appearance and occurrence of phase separation. Fruits presented average length of 68.64±2.77 mm, diameter of 45.28±3.41 mm, and weight of 89.85±9.17 g. The pulp showed pH 3.98±0.18; titratable acidity of 0.646±0.206 g.100g-1, expressed as citric acid; soluble solids of 13.53±0.88 ºBrix; and yield with seeds of 70 g.100g-1. The pulp, pectin and soluble solids increased compression force of the jelly and pectin was the most significant factor in the interval studied. The recommended formulation for the ?kiwi jelly? product was: 70-80 g.100g-1 of kiwi pulp, 1.5-2.0 g.100g-1 of pectin and 50-58 ºBrix of total soluble solids.

Study on triterpenes from roots of Actinidia deliciosa / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents from the roots of Actinidia deliciosa. Methods: With 95% ethanol as the extraction solvent, various chromatography techniques were used to separate and purify the constituents and the structures were identified based on spectroscopic data. Results: Three compounds were isolated from the roots of A. deliciosa and identified as lupa-12, 20(30)-diene-2β, 3β, 28-triol (1), 2α, 3β, 19α, 24-tetrahydroxy-12-en-28-ursolic acid (2), and 2α, 3β, 23, 27-tetrahydroxy-12- en-28-ursolic acid (3). Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new triterpenoid named actinidin A.