ABSTRACT
Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE) is an acute, rapidly progressing, fulminant demyelinating disease. It is a rare disease of the central nervous system with high mortality; survivors commonly present with significant neurological deficit. We report the case of a 16-month-old girl who survived AHLE and presented with the associated neurologic deficit. The patient came into the emergency department with febrile seizure. She showed bilateral pinpoint-sized pupils and hyperactive deep tendon reflexes. Her mental status was initially drowsy and rapidly progressed to stupor. Extensive demyelination and microbleeds were found in the cerebral white matter, thalamus and left cerebellum on Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Her mental status was improved by intravenous administration of immunoglobulin and methylprednisolone. Five months after being discharged, increased white matter connectivity was found on color-coded follow-up MR diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) as compared to previous MRI. We therefore suggest adding the DTI technique when a follow-up MRI is performed in patients with AHLE. It could be useful to visualize the status of axonal injury and to encourage patients and their parents to continue the rehabilitation program.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Infant , Administration, Intravenous , Axons , Central Nervous System , Cerebellum , Demyelinating Diseases , Diffusion Tensor Imaging , Diffusion , Emergency Service, Hospital , Follow-Up Studies , Immunoglobulins , Leukoencephalitis, Acute Hemorrhagic , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Methylprednisolone , Mortality , Neurologic Manifestations , Parents , Pupil , Rare Diseases , Reflex, Stretch , Rehabilitation , Seizures , Seizures, Febrile , Stupor , Survivors , Thalamus , White MatterABSTRACT
Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE) is an acute, rapidly progressing, fulminant demyelinating disease. It is a rare disease of the central nervous system with high mortality; survivors commonly present with significant neurological deficit. We report the case of a 16-month-old girl who survived AHLE and presented with the associated neurologic deficit. The patient came into the emergency department with febrile seizure. She showed bilateral pinpoint-sized pupils and hyperactive deep tendon reflexes. Her mental status was initially drowsy and rapidly progressed to stupor. Extensive demyelination and microbleeds were found in the cerebral white matter, thalamus and left cerebellum on Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Her mental status was improved by intravenous administration of immunoglobulin and methylprednisolone. Five months after being discharged, increased white matter connectivity was found on color-coded follow-up MR diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) as compared to previous MRI. We therefore suggest adding the DTI technique when a follow-up MRI is performed in patients with AHLE. It could be useful to visualize the status of axonal injury and to encourage patients and their parents to continue the rehabilitation program.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Infant , Administration, Intravenous , Axons , Central Nervous System , Cerebellum , Demyelinating Diseases , Diffusion Tensor Imaging , Diffusion , Emergency Service, Hospital , Follow-Up Studies , Immunoglobulins , Leukoencephalitis, Acute Hemorrhagic , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Methylprednisolone , Mortality , Neurologic Manifestations , Parents , Pupil , Rare Diseases , Reflex, Stretch , Rehabilitation , Seizures , Seizures, Febrile , Stupor , Survivors , Thalamus , White MatterABSTRACT
La Leucoencefalitis Hemorrágica Aguda o enfermedad de Hurst es una enfermedad rara, caracterizada clínicamente por inicio súbito, curso clínico severo, usualmente fatal que se presenta posterior a una infección viral o vacunación. Patológicamente se caracteriza por desmielinización perivenular y necrosis hemorrágica difusa del sistema nervioso central. Se considera que representa una forma hiperaguda y severa de la Encefalomielitis Aguda Diseminada, la cual es una entidad inflamatoria con una base fisiopatológica autoinmune postinfecciosa. A continuación, se expone el caso de una paciente adulta, que ingresó al servicio de urgencias con cuadro clínico típico de migraña y antecedente de cefaleas previas de similares características. Quien doce horas posterior a su ingreso desarrolló de forma rápidamente progresiva depresión del estado de conciencia, signos neurológicos focales y signos de hipertensión de fosa posterior, que llevaron a desenlace fatal en tan solo 96 horas del inicio del cuadro clínico con hallazgos patológicos postmortem que confirman leucoencefalitis hemorrágica aguda. Se revisan las características clínicas, los hallazgos radiológicos y patológicos de esta entidad clínico-patológica poco común.
Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis or Hurst disease is a rare disorder characterized by its severe neurological involvement, rapid progression and fatal outcome in a few days. The disease is usually a post infectious condition. Under microscope, it is identified by a perivenular demyelination and a diffuse hemorrhagic necrosis. This entity is thought to represent a hyperacute severe form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, which is an inflammatory autoimmune post infectious disorder. We describe the case of an adult woman, who visits the emergency room with migraine-like symptoms and a previous clinical history of similar headaches. Twelve hours later she developed focal neurologic findings, stupor and signs of endocraneal hypertension, her clinical status continued to worsen and in 96 hours she succumbed. The autopsy confirm acute hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis. Reviewed clinical, radiological and pathological characteristics of this uncommon disease.