Research progress in biological effects of low-dose radiation / 中国辐射卫生

The biological effects of low-dose radiation (LDR) are still a research hotspot in the field of radiobiology. As research deepens on LDR-induced biological effects and the mechanisms, growing evidence shows that LDR produces distinct biological effects from high-dose radiation, which questions the linear non-threshold model. This article reviews LDR-induced bystander effect, hormesis, adaptive response, and hyper-radiosensitivity, as well as the mechanisms, in order to provide a reference for the transformation of basic research on LDR-related biological effects to clinical application.

A Study to Detect Liver Enzyme Dysfunction among Patients on First Line Anti-Tubercular Drugs from RNTCP during the Course of Anti-TB Treatment.

Globally, an estimated 10.0 million people developed Tuberculosis in 2017. Side effects and toxicity of the first line anti-tubercular drugs were hepatotoxicity, skin rash, and joint pain. If hepatotoxicity develops on reintroduction of treatment with the same regimen, then treatment should be started with hepato-safe regimen. Majority of the reports have used an elevated Alanine Transaminase (ALT) or Aspartate Transaminase (AST) of 3 times upper limit of normal range (ULN) with symptoms attributable to liver injury or 5 times ULN of ALT or AST without symptoms to define hepatotoxicity. Due to paucity of studies regarding adaptive response, this study was conducted to find out the proportion of anti-tubercular drug (ATD) induced hepatitis during Anti-TB treatment and frequency of adaptive changes in Liver Enzymes during the course of anti TB treatment.METHODS116 patients who were diagnosed to have Pulmonary (PTB)/ Extrapulmonary (EPTB) tuberculosis at Outpatient & In-Patients of Department of Chest Medicine, Burdwan Medical College & Hospital, for eleven months after fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Treatment was given as per guidelines of Revised National TB Control Program.RESULTSIn 83.3% patients only SGPT level was elevated, while in 71% SGOT was only elevated. Both SGPT and SGOT were elevated in 66.7% of cases. Only 1.8% cases were observed with elevated SGPT and SGOT on six occasions. Only 16.7% had no elevation in SGPT and 28.9% had no elevation in SGOT. Most of the patients had asymptomatic elevation of liver enzymes and didn’t need any treatment interruption. 4.38% patients developed drug induced hepatitis and needed treatment interruption for about two weeks and all were reintroduced with the same regimen successfully.CONCLUSIONSDrug induced liver function abnormality is a common occurrence during the course of anti-TB treatment. Most patients show tolerance to anti-TB drugs and get adjusted after transient rise in liver enzymes. Concomitant use of hepatotoxic agent should be avoided as far as possible.

O papel das respostas imunológicas inata e adaptativa ao SARS-CoV-2: Revisão de literatura / The role of the innate and adaptative immune responses to SARS-CoV-2: Literature review

Introdução: O vírus SARS-CoV-2, causador da COVID-19, tornou- -se a representação de ameaça global ao que diz respeito à saúde pública, à medida que se espalha facilmente. A COVID-19 pode gerar desde um quadro assintomático até sinais e sintomas envolvendo os sistemas respiratório, hepático, neurológico, podendo, inclusive, levar à morte. O sistema imunológico possui papel fundamental no combate às infecções e sua atuação pode definir o quadro clínico, seja assintomático, leve, grave ou fatal. Objetivo: Descrever o papel das respostas imunológicas inata e adaptativa ao SARS-CoV-2. Metodologia: O estudo caracterizou-se por levantamento bibliográfico utilizando-se artigos científicos indexados nas bases de dados online PubMED, Medline, Scielo e Google Acadêmico, no período compreendido entre 2019 e 2020 Para a filtragem das publicações foram utilizados os seguintes descritores em português/inglês: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Sistema imunológico, Resposta inata e Resposta adaptativa. Após filtragem, 42 artigos científicos foram selecionados. Resultados: O SARS-CoV-2 infecta as células do indivíduo ao reconhecer a enzima ECA2 ou a proteína CD147 e suas proteínas virais prejudicam a resposta imune à medida que diminuem a síntese de IFN1, ativam a via NF-kB, aumentam a síntese de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e aumentam a necroptose. Linfócitos T CD4+ possuem papel essencial na ativação de Linfócitos B e sua consequente síntese de anticorpos monoclonais. Linfócitos T CD8+ citotóxicos são capazes de dizimar células infectadas. Entretanto, estes eventos podem levar à resposta inflamatória exacerbada e à tempestade de citocinas, o que pode ser prejudicial nas infecções por SARS- -CoV-2, já que agravam sintomas e promovem alterações sistêmicas. Conclusão: Conhecido que Linfócitos T e B são ativados por peptídeos virais e que esta ativação promove a liberação de mediadores inflamatórios-chave e anticorpos monoclonais, e sabendo-se que a tempestade de citocinas inflamatórias pode agravar o quadro clínico do paciente infectado, faz-se necessário reconhecer a importância do sistema imunológico no combate à infecção da COVID-19.

Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, has become the representation of global threat to public health, as it spreads easily, without efficient resources to control its spread until the present moment. COVID-19 can generate from an asymptomatic condition to signs and symptoms involving the respiratory, hepatic, neurological systems, and can even lead to death. The immune system has a fundamental role in fighting infections and its performance can define the clinical condition, either asymptomatic, mild, severe or fatal. Objective: To describe the role of innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. Methodology: The study was characterized by a bibliographic survey, using scientific articles indexed in the online databases PubMED, Medline, Scielo and Google Scholar, in the period between 2019 and 2020. For filtering publications, the following descriptors were used in Portuguese/ English COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Immune system, Innate response and Adaptative response. After filtering, 42 scientific articles were selected. Results: SARS-CoV-2 infects the individual's cells by recognizing the ECA2 enzyme or the CD147 protein and its viral proteins impair the immune response as they decrease IFN1 synthesis, activate the NF-kB pathway, increase pro cytokine synthesis -inflammatory and increase necroptosis. CD4 + T lymphocytes play an essential role in the activation of B lymphocytes and their consequent synthesis of monoclonal antibodies. Cytotoxic CD8 + T lymphocytes are capable of decimating infected cells. However, these events can lead to an exacerbated inflammatory response and a cytokine storm, which can be harmful in SARS-CoV-2 infections, as they worsen symptoms and promote systemic changes. Conclusion: Known that T and B lymphocytes are activated by viral peptides and that this activation promotes the release of key inflammatory mediators and monoclonal antibodies, and knowing that the storm of inflammatory cytokines can worsen the clinical condition of the infected patient, it is necessary to recognize the importance of the immune system in combating the infection of COVID-19.

Low-dose radiation and Alzheimer's disease: Neuronal effects and a potential modality for therapy? / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Exposure to low-dose radiation (LDR,mostly less than 100 mGy) may reduce the vulnerability of exposed tissues to subsequent high-dose radiation (HDR)-induced damage,a phenomenon known as adaptive responses,which occurs via mechanisms including anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a type of dementia that causes problems with memory,thinking,and behavior.Using the available literature,this review will examine whether there is any effect of LDR on AD.The available evidence shows that although LDR can alter the expression of some genes related to AD such as Apbb1,Lrp1,and Il1α,these alterations do not cause AD-like syndromes in animals,suggesting that LDR may also simultaneously upregulate several protective mechanisms that prevent the eventual development of AD.Furthermore,LDR seems capable of improving the symptoms of AD,as evidenced by the experience of an 81-year-old female AD patient.This patient was diagnosed with AD more than 10 years ago and gradually progressed to advanced AD in 2015,despite routine treatment.The patient then received about 12 computed tomography scans (about 40 mGy each) up until Nov.2017,which significantly improved her quality of life and reduced several AD symptoms.The improvement in this patient's medical condition led to a few recent clinical trials investigating the effects of LDR on AD.To date,there is no efficient therapy available for AD,thus whether exposure to LDR at 100 mGy can provide a preventive or therapeutic effect for AD is an important issue.If LDR is a potential treatment for AD,as suggested by this reported case,this non-invasive approach would also bear the merit that it would be unlikely to cause a significant radiation health risk,as the LDR could be delivered locally to the head without any impact on other organs.

Questionnaire on adaptation to type 1 diabetes among children and its relationship to psychological disorders / Questionário de adaptação ao diabetes mellitus tipo I em pediatria: relação com a psicopatologia / Cuestionario de adaptación a la diabetes-mellitus tipo I en pediatría: relación con la psicopatología

ABSTRACT Objective: to study the psychometric properties of an adaptive disease response questionnaire for use with Spanish children with type 1 diabetes; to analyse this response in this sample and to observe the relationship between adaptive response and levels of anxiety-depression. Method: a total of 100 patients with type 1 diabetes aged between nine and 16 years (M=12.28, SD=1.78) participated in the study, of which 59% were children. Data was collected in public hospitals via interviews using the Adaptive Disease Response Questionnaire and Anxiety and Depression Scale. The data was analysed using Pearson correlations, multiple hierarchical linear regressions, Student's t Test for independent samples, and Cohen's d effect size to determine reliability and validity. Result: the instrument was shown to have adequate psychometric properties. Adaptive response was generally high. Adaptive response is negatively related to emotional distress, being a better predictor of depression than of anxiety. There was no association betwee adaptation and sex and age. Conclusion: promoting a better adaptive response appears to reduce emotional distress, especially in the case of depression, regardless of the age or gender of the patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: estudar as propriedades psicométricas do Questionário de Resposta Adaptativa à Doença em pacientes pediátricos com diabetes mellitus tipo I no contexto espanhol, analisar essa resposta na amostra em questão e observar a relação entre a resposta adaptativa e os níveis de ansiedade-depressão. Método: participaram do estudo um total de 100 pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo I, com idades entre 9 e 16 anos (M = 12,28, DP = 1,78), dos quais 59% eram crianças. Os dados foram coletados em hospitais públicos por meio de entrevista, utilizando-se o Questionário de Resposta Adaptativa à Doença e a Anxiety and Depression Scale (Escala de Ansiedade e Depressão). Para análise dos dados, calculou-se confiabilidade, correlações de Pearson, regressões lineares e testes t em função do sexo e da idade. Resultado: o instrumento possui propriedades psicométricas adequadas. A resposta adaptativa é geralmente elevada. Essa resposta está negativamente relacionada ao sofrimento emocional, sendo um melhor preditor de depressão do que de ansiedade. Não há diferenças na adaptação à doença em função de sexo e idade. Conclusão: a promoção de uma melhor resposta adaptativa parece reduzir o sofrimento emocional, especialmente no caso de depressão, independentemente da idade ou sexo dos pacientes.

RESUMEN Objetivo: estudiar las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Respuesta Adaptativa de la Enfermedad en pacientes pediátricos con diabetes-mellitus tipo I en el contexto español, analizar en esta muestra esta respuesta y observar la relación entre la respuesta adaptativa y los niveles de ansiedad-depresión. Método: un total de 100 pacientes con diabetes-mellitus tipo I participaron, con edades entre los 9 y los 16 (M=12,28, DT=1,78), de los cuales el 59% eran niños. Los datos fueron obtenidos en hospitales públicos mediante una entrevista aplicando el Cuestionario de Respuesta Adaptativa de la Enfermedad y el Anxiety and Depression Scale. Para el análisis de datos, se calculó la fiabilidad, correlaciones de Pearson, regresiones lineales y pruebas t en función de sexo y edad. Resultado: el instrumento presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas. La respuesta adaptativa es elevada en general. Esta respuesta se relaciona manera negativa con el malestar emocional, siendo mejor predictor de la depresión que de la ansiedad. No se observan diferencias en la adaptación a la enfermedad en función del sexo y edad. Conclusión: promover una mejor respuesta adaptativa parece reducir el malestar emocional, especialmente en el caso de la depresión, con independencia de la edad o sexo de los pacientes.

Wouldn't Human Understanding be Necessary to Treat Patients with Pancreaticobiliary Disease More Effectively? / 대한췌담도학회지

Human understanding is one of the three virtues that are expected of physicians in Harrison's principles of internal medicine, and it was emphasized that a Shakespearean breadth is needed to be the true physician. Recently, there has been an increase in the need for human understanding, such as a continuous increase in GB stones, an association between the patient's life events and pancreaticobiliary diseases, an increase in autoimmune disease, and a high recurrence rate after treatment. Therefore, we attempted a holistic and fundamental approach for figuring out the pathogenesis of pancreaticobiliary diseases including human habit loop and adaptive response and suggests the model for the development of pancreaticobiliary disease considering human understanding.

Evidence of the Possible Harm of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Humans: Ongoing Debates and Key Issues

Evidence has emerged that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can produce adverse effects, even at low doses that are assumed safe. However, systemic reviews and meta-analyses focusing on human studies, especially of EDCs with short half-lives, have demonstrated inconsistent results. Epidemiological studies have insuperable methodological limitations, including the unpredictable net effects of mixtures, non-monotonic dose-response relationships, the non-existence of unexposed groups, and the low reliability of exposure assessment. Thus, despite increases in EDC-linked diseases, traditional epidemiological studies based on individual measurements of EDCs in bio-specimens may fail to provide consistent results. The exposome has been suggested as a promising approach to address the uncertainties surrounding human studies, but it is never free from these methodological issues. Although exposure to EDCs during critical developmental periods is a major concern, continuous exposure to EDCs during non-critical periods is also harmful. Indeed, the evolutionary aspects of epigenetic programming triggered by EDCs during development should be considered because it is a key mechanism for developmental plasticity. Presently, living without EDCs is impossible due to their omnipresence. Importantly, there are lifestyles which can increase the excretion of EDCs or mitigate their harmful effects through the activation of mitohormesis or xenohormesis. Effectiveness of lifestyle interventions should be evaluated as practical ways against EDCs in the real world.

El uso de los agrotoxicos y su afectación al sistema inmune: un tema de interés actual / The use of pesticides and affectation on immune system: an issue of current interest

Actualmente se conoce que nos enfrentamos a una variedad de agentes químicos (agrotóxicos) como ser los plaguicidas, pesticidas, herbicidas, porque están presentes en el ambiente, en los alimentos, en el agua, en bajas concentraciones, pero que a la larga inducen efectos nocivos en la salud. Se utilizan estos agentes químicos en los programas públicos de salud, para la erradicación de criaderos de mosquitos transmisores de enfermedades como por ejemplo el vector de la malaria y se utilizan también en la agricultura, principalmente para el control de plagas, que afectan grandemente en la producción de productos alimenticios. La aplicación indiscriminada de estos agrotóxicos, ahora en países como el nuestro, está causando una grave contaminación ambiental, aumentando los potenciales riesgos para la salud, porque estos tóxicos se difunden rápidamente en el medio ambiente por lo que es necesario conocer los estudios realizados a nivel mundial de los potenciales riesgos para la salud humana. La mayoría de los estudios se han realizado en animales de experimentación. La inmunotoxicidad no es solo el resultado del contacto con grandes dosis de un agrotóxicos, sino también de la exposición crónica a bajas dosis, durante largos periodos de tiempo. Las investigaciones sobre la toxicidad de los plaguicidas se han centrado en observar: alteraciones enzimáticas, efectos patológicos, mutagénicos y cancerígenos en poblaciones humanas expuestas y solo recientemente se han estudiado los efectos de los plaguicidas sobre la respuesta inmune. Estos estudios no tienen conclusiones implícitas sobre la inmunotoxicidad, sin embargo, dejan claramente establecido que los efectos lentos o retrasados de los agrotóxicos sobre la salud y principalmente sobre el sistema inmune, a pesar de que son más difíciles de detectar, son los más importantes, porque dan lugar a diferentes tipos de alteraciones como la susceptibilidad a enfermedades, diagnosticadas tardíamente las cuales en muchos casos no tiene un pronóstico favorable.

Currently it is known that we face a variety of chemicals (pesticides) such as pesticides, pesticides, herbicides, because they are present in the environment, in food, in water, in low concentrations, but eventually induce effects harmful to health. These chemicals are used in public health programs for the eradication of breeding sites for mosquitoes transmitting diseases such as malaria vector and are also used in agriculture, mainly for pest control, which greatly affect the food production. The indiscriminate application of these pesticides, now in countries like ours, is causing severe environmental pollution, increasing the potential health risks because these toxic diffuse rapidly in the environment so it is necessary to know the level studies world of potential risks to human health. Most studies have been conducted in experimental animals. Immunotoxicity is not only the result of contact with large doses of pesticides, but chronic exposure to low doses over long periods of time.Researches on the toxicity of pesticides have focused on observing: enzyme abnormalities, pathological effects, mutagenic and carcinogenic in human populations exposed and only recently have studied the effects of pesticides on the immune response.These studies have implied conclusions on immunotoxicity, however, they leave it clear that the slow effects or delayed of pesticides on health and primarily on the immune system, although they are more difficult to detect, are the most important, because they give rise to different types of disturbances such as disease susceptibility, belatedly diagnosed which in many cases have a favorable prognosis.

Radiation-induced adaptive response of nucleoplasmic bridges in human peripheral blood lymphocytes / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To explore whether a low dose of 60Co γ-rays could induce the adaptive response in the formation of nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes,and if so,the range of the priming dose.Methods Human peripheral blood samples from healthy males were collected and irradiated with 0,20,50,75,100,150 and 200 mGy (dose-rate was 25 mGy/min) of 60Co γ-rays.After 6 h,the samples were irradiated with a challenge dose of 2 Gy (dose-rate was 1 Gy/min).The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay was carried out to analyze the NPB and micronuclei (MN) formation in binucleated cells.Results Within the dose range of 0-200 mGy,the yields of NPB and MN increased with irradiation dose of γ-rays and the dose response of NPB followed with a linearquadratic equation of y =(1.5 × 10-4) x2-(5.67 × 10-3)x + 0.598 (R2 =0.893 8).Compared with the samples irradiated with 2 Gy alone,the yields of NPB and MN were significantly reduced when the samples were irradiated with a priming dose of 75-100 mGy before 2 Gy irradiation (U =2.66,2.97,3.96,5.89,P ＜0.05).The biggest decrease ratio of NPB yields approached to 43.2％ at the priming dose of 100 mGy.Conclusions Low doses in the range of 75-100 mGy of 60Co γ-rays could induce the adaptive response of NPB formation in human peripheral blood lymphocytes.

El anciano diabético y la respuesta adaptativa a la enfermedad / The diabetes elderly and its adaptive response to disease

La diabetes mellitus es la quinta enfermedad más frecuente en la senectud y una de las entidades que genera mayores demandas psicológicas y conductuales por parte del paciente, ya que gran parte de su manejo es conducido por este. En el paciente diabético, la calidad de vida está relacionada con el control metabólico, el que a su vez depende de múltiples factores psicosociales y conductuales. En el paciente geriátrico, en particular, a la depresión, la ansiedad y sentimientos de indefensión, se suman temores por su condición de diabético, lo que puede incidir negativamente en su estado psíquico y conducirlo al descontrol metabólico. Es necesario, entonces, el estudio de la respuesta adaptativa a la enfermedad en este segmento poblacional, lo que permitirá identificar tempranamente hábitos y conductas de riesgo que pudieran interferir con el adecuado cumplimiento del tratamiento y el control metabólico. Son varias las áreas que conforman la respuesta adaptativa: la percepción de la severidad de la enfermedad, su repercusión psicológica, las molestias asociadas, las barreras para el cumplimiento del tratamiento y la conducta de salud. Entre los factores capaces de modificar la expresión de dicha respuesta se destacan: la edad avanzada, el deterioro cognitivo, la comorbilidad, el deterioro de la capacidad funcional, la depresión y el apoyo social. El estudio de la respuesta adaptativa a la diabetes constituye un reto para los interesados en el tema y una necesidad impostergable, afín de comprender el papel del comportamiento humano en el proceso salud-enfermedad y perfeccionar las prácticas de salud

The diabetes mellitus is the fifth disease more frequent in old age and one of the entities generating more psychological and behavioral requests by patient, since most of its management is handled by itself. In diabetic patient, quality of life is related to the metabolic control, which in it turn depends of multiple psychosocial and behavioral factors. In elderly patient, in particular at the depression, the anxiety and feelings of defencelessness are added the fairs due its diabetic status, lapsing negatively in its psychic state and provoking a metabolic lack of control. Thus, it is necessary the study of the adaptive response to disease in this population segment, allowing to identify early the risky habits and behaviors that may to interfere with the appropriate treatment fulfillment of and the metabolic control. There are some areas related to the adaptive response: the perception of disease severity, its psychological repercussion, associate nuisances, barriers for treatment fulfillment and the health behavior. Among the factors able to modify the expression of such response are included: old age, cognitive deterioration, comorbid process, functional ability deterioration, depression and social support. The study of the adaptive response to diabetes is a challenge for those interested in this subject matter and a unpostponable to understand the human behavior role in health-disease process and to improve the health practices

La respuesta adaptativa del anciano a la diabetes mellitus, comportamiento en dos áreas de salud / Elderly adaptive response related to diabetes mellitus and behavior in two health areas

INTRODUCCIÓN: en el paciente diabético la calidad de vida está relacionada con el control metabólico, el que a su vez depende de múltiples factores psicosociales y conductuales. El estudio de la respuesta adaptativa a esta enfermedad permitirá identificar conductas de riesgo que interfieren con el cumplimiento adecuado del tratamiento y el control metabólico. OBJETIVO: determinar la existencia de patrones de respuesta adaptativa a la diabetes mellitus en un grupo de ancianos pertenecientes a los policlínicos universitarios Ana Betancourt y Rampa. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo, transversal, seleccionando una muestra de 260 pacientes diabéticos, entre los 60 y 75 años, pertenecientes a las 2 áreas de salud mencionadas. RESULTADOS: predominó el sexo femenino, el nivel primario de escolaridad, así como los jubilados o amas de casa. El tiempo de evolución media de la enfermedad fue inferior a 10 años. Se demostró, en ambas áreas de salud, la existencia de un patrón común de respuesta adaptativa a la diabetes mellitus en más del 90 por ciento de los pacientes, caracterizado por valoración de la enfermedad como padecimiento severo, existencia de barreras para el cumplimiento del tratamiento, tendencia a mejorar la conducta de salud y aceptable funcionamiento de las redes de apoyo social. CONCLUSIONES: la respuesta adaptativa a la diabetes mellitus se comportó como deficiente en la mayoría de los pacientes estudiados, pues exhibió similar comportamiento en los ancianos diabéticos de ambas áreas de salud, dadas las favorables características socioculturales inherentes a las comunidades de las 2 localidades involucradas en la investigación...

INTRODUCTION: in diabetic patient life of quality is related to metabolic control, which in turn, depends of many psychosocial and behavioral factors. Study of adaptive response to this disease will allow us to identify risk behaviors interfering with proper fulfillment of treatment and the metabolic control. AIM: to determine existence of adaptive response patterns to diabetes mellitus in cohort of elderlies from Ana Betancourt and Rampa University polyclinics. METHODS: a cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out to select a cohort of 260 diabetic patients aged between 60 and 75 from the above mentioned areas. RESULTS: there was predominance of female sex, primary level of education, as well as retired persons and housewives. Mean course time of disease was lower than 10 years. In both health areas, it was possible to demonstrate existence of a common pattern of adaptive response to diabetes mellitus in more than 90 percent of patients, characterized by disease assessment as a severe ailment, trend to improve health behavior, an acceptable working of social support network. CONCLUSIONS: adaptive response to diabetes mellitus was poor in most of study patients showing a similar behavior in diabetic elderlies of both health areas due to the favorable social-cultural features inherent to community of the two places involved in this research...

La enseñanza problémica y el juego utilizados en el aprendizaje de algunos aspectos de la sexualidad infantil / The problematic teaching related to game used in learning of some features of infantile sexuality

INTRODUCCIÓN: el estudio de la sexualidad en la niñez es de gran interés y ha sido poco estudiada. OBJETIVO: adquirir la fundamentación de un sistema de clases por enseñanza problémica para el aprendizaje de algunos aspectos de la sexualidad en la infancia. MÉTODOS: se aplicó una estrategia de intervención educativa utilizando el juego y la enseñanza problémica en la asignatura El mundo en que vivimos en 1ro., 2do., 3ro. y 4to. grados, con el propósito de lograr el aprendizaje de los aspectos relacionados con la sexualidad en esta etapa de la vida. RESULTADOS: en la técnica del dibujo las actividades hogareñas estaban muy vinculadas a la educación sexista, y la recreación de padres e hijos no constituía un elemento a destacar entre las actividades programadas por la familia; en las lúdicas hubo una buena participación de los escolares; y en las docentes se destacó la disciplina, la cooperación y el interés por aprender y dar solución a los problemas docentes que se originan de la contradicción. CONCLUSIONES: se evaluó la intervención de útil y funcional, con un impacto favorable a mediano plazo, ya que los escolares aprendieron durante su participación aspectos de la sexualidad en esta etapa, e incorporaron nuevas conceptualizaciones con modificaciones importantes en relación con el tema...

INTRODUCTION: sexuality study during childhood is an interesting matter but has been not much studied. AIM: to acquire the foundation of a lessons system by problematic teaching for learning of some sexuality features during childhood. METHODS: an educational intervention strategy was applied using the games and the problematic teaching in the subject The world where we live during the first, second, third and fourth degrees to achieve the learning of features related to sexuality in this stage of life. RESULTS: in drawing technique home activities were linked to sexist and entertainment between parents and children was not an element to be highlighted among the activities programmed by the family; in games ones there was a good involvement of students, and in the teaching ones stood out the discipline, cooperation and the interest to learn and to solve the teaching problems originated by the contradiction. CONCLUSIONS: intervention was assessed of useful and functional with a medium-term favorable impact since students learned during its involvement in sexuality features at that stage, and added new concepts with significant modifications related to subject...

Adaptive response: some underlying mechanisms and open questions: [review]

Organisms are affected by different DNA damaging agents naturally present in the environment or released as a result of human activity. Many defense mechanisms have evolved in organisms to minimize genotoxic damage. One of them is induced radioresistance or adaptive response. The adaptive response could be considered as a nonspecific phenomenon in which exposure to minimal stress could result in increased resistance to higher levels of the same or to other types of stress some hours later. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the adaptive response may lead to an improvement of cancer treatment, risk assessment and risk management strategies, radiation protection, e.g. of astronauts during long-term space flights. In this mini-review we discuss some open questions and the probable underlying mechanisms involved in adaptive response: the transcription of many genes and the activation of numerous signaling pathways that trigger cell defenses - DNA repair systems, induction of proteins synthesis, enhanced detoxification of free radicals and antioxidant production.

Role of DNA repair capacity in cadmium induced cellular adaptive response / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To investigate cadmium induced adaptive responses (AR) to either toxicant challenge or irradiation and also the role of PI3K family in the AR. Methods Cells were pre-treated with 0.1 or 1 μmol/L cadmium and then challenged by 50, 100 μmol/L cadmium or 1, 2 Gy γ-rays irradiation. Micronucleus induction was measured to evaluate the magnitude of AR. In some experiments, cells were treated with wortmannin during and after pretreatment. Results Cadmium of sub-lethal concentration could induce AR in all the cells toward 50 μmol/L cadmium or 1 Gy irradiation. When challenged by 50 μmol/L CdCl1, EM-C11 cells had an AR less apparent than the other two cell lines. Moreover, treatment of cells with wortmannin eliminated the AR in all three cell lines. Conclusions The magnitudes of AR in adapted cells may be related to multiple factors, such as DNA repair capacity, the priming and challenging dose of cadmium or irradiation. SSB rather than DSB repair is mainly involved in the cadmium induced AR and this cellular response may be mediated through ATM pathway.

Adaptive responses on chromosome aberration and DNA breakage of peripheral lymphocytes from workers exposed to thorium and rare earth mixed dust in Baotou Steel Plant / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To explore if the occupational exposure to low dose thorium could induce adaptive response in peripheral lymphocytes.Methods 40 individuals.who exposed to thorium and rare earth mixed dust(exposure group) or control in Baotou Steel Plant, were selected, and chromosome aberrations were analyzed.Then the peripheral blood samples were irradiated in vitro with 2 Gy60Co γ-rays,and unstable chromosome aberration or DNA stand breakage analysis using single cell gel electrophoresis was performed. Results The dicentrics before 2 Gy exposure in exposure group was higher than that in control(P>0.05). But the dicentries after 2 Gy exposure in exposure group was lower than that in control,but not significantly (P>0.05).The tricentrics in exposure group was significantly lower than that in control(U=3.1622, 0.0ol<P<0.002).The DNA strand breakage in control group was significantly higher than that in exposure group(t=25,P<0.001).Conclusions Occupational exposure to low dose thorium could induce the adaptive response on chromosome aberration and DNA strand breakage in peripheral lymphocytes.

Adaptive Response and Apoptosis Induced by UV Irradiation in Human Keratinocytes and Squamous Cell Carcinomas / 대한해부학회지

The present study was investigated that the effects of suitable ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to the cell viability, apoptosis and expression of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in HaCaT and KUMA3 cell lines that are skin keratinocyte and squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. The cell viability of UV irradiation dose appeared high in HaCaT cell line, and the percentage of apoptotic cells appeared higher in KUMA3 cell line. The cell viability in HaCaT cell line pretreated with 5 J/m(2) UV and subsequently treated with 50 J/m(2) UV was higher than that only treated with 50 J/m(2) UV. On the other hand, the percentage of apoptotic cells in KUMA3 cell line only treated with 50 J/m(2) UV was higher than that pretreated with 5 J/m(2) UV and subsequently treated with 50 J/m(2) UV. Immunocytochemical stain using PARP antibody, the most cells show positive reaction of UV irradiation in HaCaT cell line, but some negative reaction cells observe from treated with 50 J/m(2) UV in KUMA3 cell line. The expression level of PARP by western blot analysis, concomitant with generation of the 85 kDa fragment in HaCaT cell line from treated with 50 J/m(2) UV though the 116 kDa band was still retained. On the other hand, the 85 kDa fragment appeared in KUMA3 cell line from treated with 50 J/m(2) UV but the intact PARP of 116 kDa disappears in more doses. These results present that suitable UV irradiation can be effective to apoptosis in squamous cell carcinoma.

Adaptive Responses Induced by Low Dose Radiation in Dentate Gyrus of Rats

The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanism of alternative responses to low dose irradiation for neuronal cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of rats. To determine the effect of a single exposure to radiation, rats were irradiated with a single dose of 0.1, 1, 10 or 20 Gy. To determine the effect of the cumulative dose, the animals were irradiated daily with 0.01 Gy or 0.1 Gy from 1 to 4 days. The neuronal cell proliferation was evaluated using immunohistochemistry for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), Ki-67 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining. Four consecutive daily irradiations with a 0.01 Gy/fraction increased the number of BrdU-positive and Ki-67-positive cells in a dose dependent manner, but this did not affect the number of TUNEL-positive cells. However, there was not a dose dependent relationship for the 0.1 Gy/fraction irradiation with the number of BrdU, Ki-67 and TUNEL positive cells. Our data support the explanation that the adaptive response, induced by low-dose radiation, in the hippocampus of rats is more likely a reflection of the perturbations of cell cycle progression.

Radiation Adaptive Response Induced by I-131 Therapy in Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer / 대한핵의학회잡지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether radiation adaptive response could be induced by high dose I-131 therapy in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lymphocytes from 21 patients (7 males, 14 females, mean age 55+/-12 years) were collected before and after administration of 5,550 MBq (150 mCi) I-131. They were exposed to a challenge dose of 1 Gy gamma rays using a Cs-137 cell irradiator. The number of ring-form (R) and dicentric (D) chromosomes was counted under the light microscope, and used to calculate the frequency of chromosomal aberration. Ydr, which was defined as the sum of R and D divided by the total number of counted lymphocytes. RESULTS: Ydr in patients before I-131 therapy (0.09+/-0.01) was not different from that of controls (0.08+/-0.01). Ydr was significantly increased to 0.13+/-0.02 (p<0.0001) after I-131 therapy. Increase of Ydr after the challenge irradiation of 1 Gy was significantly lower in patients after I-131 therapy than before I-131 therapy (0.17+/-0.03 vs 0.21+/-0.02, p<0.0001). Cycloheximide (CHM), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, abolished this effect. Ydr after CHM (0.20+/-0.01) was significantly higher than Ydr after I-131 therapy (0.17+/-0.03, p<0.0001), but was not different from Ydr before I-131 therapy (0.21+/-0.02). CONCLUSION: High dose I-131 therapy induces an adaptive response in peripheral lymphocytes of patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer, which is associated with protein synthesis.

Comparison of Radiation Adaptive Responses in Peripheral Lymphocytes of Patients Undergoing Tc-99m MDP and Tc-99m DTPA Scintigraphies / 대한핵의학회잡지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the radiation adaptive response (RAR) in peripheral lymphocytes (PL) of patients induced by Tc.-99m MDP and Tc-99m DTPA scintigraphies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lymphocytes from 45 patients (25 males, 20 females, mean age 44+/-18 years) were collected before and after scintigraphies using 740 MBq Tc-99m MDP (n=22) or Tc-99m L)TPA (n=23). Lympho-cytes from 20 controls (12 males, 8 females, mean age 43+/-7 years) were also callected. They were exposed to challenge dose of 2 Gy gamma-rays using a Cs-137 cell irradiator, Number of ring-form (R) and dicentric (D) chromosomes was counted under the light microscope. From them a representative score, Ydr, was calculated as Ydr=(D+R)/cells. Adaptation index (AI) was defined as difference of Ydr between unconditioned and conditioned lymphocytes. Ydr was also measured after an administration of cyclohexi-mide (CHM), a protein synthesis inhibitor, before challenge dose. RESULTS: RAR was induced in both groups of patients. CHM abolished the adaptive response in both groups. AI of Tc-99m MDP group was significantly higher than that of Tc-99m DTPA group. CONCLUSION: Tc-99m MDP induced RAR was more prominent than those induced by Tc-99m DTPA.

Effect of Small Dose of Radiation on Induction of Apoptosis in Murine Tumors / 대한방사선종양학회지

PURPOSE: To investigate the presence of adaptive response by low dose radiation in murine tumors in relation to radiation induced apoptosis as well as related mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Syngeneic murine tumors, OCa-I and HCa-I, were given 0.05 Gy pretreatment followed by therapeutic dose of 25 Gy radiation. Induction of apoptosis was analyzed for each treatment group. Regulating molecules of apoptosis, p53, Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-X, were also analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS: In 0.05 Gy pretreatment group of OCa-I, 25 Gy-induced apoptosis per 1000 cells was 229, which was estimated at 30% lower level than the expected (p<0.05). In contrast, this reduction in radiation induced apoptosis was not seen in HCa-I. In the expression of apoptosis regulating molecules, p53 increased in both tumors in response to radiation. Bcl-2 and Bax did not show significant change in both tumors however, the expression of Bcl-2 surpassed that of Bax in 0.05 Gy pretreatment group of OCa-I. Bcl-X was not expressed in OCa-I. In HCa-I, Bcl-X showed increased expression even with 0.05 Gy. CONCLUSION: Adaptive response by low dose radiation is shown in one murine tumor, OCa-I, in relation to radiation induced apoptosis. Apoptosis regulating molecules including Bcl-2/Bax and Bcl-X, appear to related. This study shows an evidence that adaptive response is present, but not a generalized phenomenon in vivo.