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Aim: This study aims to evaluate and compare the discomfort levels during debonding using different three methods and adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores compared. Materials and Methods: Sample comprised 50 female patients from single clinic of an average age of 24 years and 5 months. Three methods used were lift-off debonding instrument (LODI), straight cutter, and Howe plier. At the end of debonding in each quadrant, discomfort levels were assessed using visual analog scale (VAS). Remaining adhesive on enamel surface was studied with the help of ARI. Results: Pain scores were significantly higher for SC method. LODI group showed least discomfort. ARI showed significantly different results with three methods used. Conclusion: Patients showed least discomfort when LODI method was used.
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Background: Er-YAG laser showed to be effective in debonding ceramic bracket from the enamel surface. Until lately, no previous study was conducted to assess the outcome of the laser in debonding ceramic brackets from tooth surface comparing it with conventional occlusal pad debonding pliers. Materials and methods: Total 60 ceramic brackets were bonded on the tooth surface which was divided randomly into 2 groups. One was assigned as a control non-lased group and the other was experimental lased groups. Er-YAG laser irradiated the experimental groups at the power of 5 W for 10 seconds with swiping motion and 50% air-water cooling. In the lased experimental group, the laser was applied at energy of 250 mJ, 20 Hz frequency, and pulse duration of 100 μs. Results: Shear bond strengths and adhesive remnant index scores were statistically calculated. A highly significant difference of SBS between the non-lased control group and the lased experimental group was observed (p<0.000). A non-significant difference in ARI scores was observed when the non-lased control group was compared with the lased experimental group. Conclusion: It could be concluded that Er-YAG laser is effective in ceramic bracket debonding. This protocol promotes debonding without bracket fracture or enamel surface cracks or damage.
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Background: Use of zirconia in cosmetic dentistry has expanded which coincided with a new trend of adult orthodontics; therefore it is very important to find an accepted method and material of bonding orthodontic appliances affectively to zirconia surface. Materials and methods: The sample was composed of 30 monolithic zirconia crowns of the lower right first molar. All samples were treated first by sandblasting with aluminum oxide particle 50 μm, then they were divided into 3 equal groups (the 1st group was the control, while 2nd and 3rd were the test groups), containing 10 crowns each, according to the type of adhesive system used; conventional light cure orthodontic bonding system (TransbondTM XT Primer/ TransbondTM XT composite resin) was used in the control group, while 2 different (10-MDP)-containing adhesive systems (Single Bond Universal adhesive/ TransbondTM XT composite resin, TheraCem dual-cured self-adhesive resin cement) were used in the test groups, buccal tube of lower right first molar (Ortho-Cast M-Series, Dentaurum, Germany) was bonded on the buccal surface of each zirconia crown in all the groups using one of the adhesive systems. Results: The Single Bond Universal group had the highest mean value of shear bond strength (16.299 MPa), followed by TheraCem group (15.373 Mpa), while the control group had the least value (5.337 ± 1.274Mpa); however, a highly significant difference in the shear bond strength was found between control and Single Bond Universal, and control and TheraCem groups, while non-significant difference was found between Single Bond Universal and TheraCem groups. Conclusions: The two types of (10-MDP)-containing adhesive systems provide good value of shear bond strength for buccal tubes bonded to zirconia surface, however, Single Bond Universal adhesive/composite resin is the best.
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The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of color-change adhesive with a conventional light-cure adhesive at different debonding times. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two intact extracted human permanent premolar teeth were used in this research. The brackets were bonded with Transbond XT (Group I) and Transbond Plus color change adhesive (Group II). Each of the two adhesive groups were then further divided into three subgroups of 12 specimens each, for a total of six subgroups. The subgroups represented the three different time points to be tested, 15 min, 24 h, and 1 week. Then, the shear bond strength (SBS) of the brackets was tested with a Universal Testing Machine. Adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were calculated for each debonded teeth. Results: Although Transbond XT yielded the lowest SBS values at 1 week, there was no significant difference between samples regarding shear bond at different times and ARI. Conclusion: The application of these adhesives did not affect bond strength. Both adhesives demonstrated acceptable bond strength to withstand orthodontic forces throughout the experiment.
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Objective: To discuss the bond strengths of three kinds of metal bottom plate brackets commonly used in clinic and after sandblasting treatment under the condition of artificial saliva, and to evaluate their bonding properties. Methods: A total of 60 premolar teeth extracted because of orthodontic treatment were collected and divided into domestic Xinya bracket group (Xinya group), imported ultra thin MBT bracket group (MBT group), and Japan TOMY lock bracket group (TOMY group) (n= 20). The teeth were randomly divided into six groups after the three types of brackets fall off. The three types of new and sandblasting brackets were respectively bonded to the teeth randomly with 10 brackets in each group. The shear strength was detected by universal electronic mechanical testing machine, and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) of enamel surface in each group was obsereved, and the morphological features of three different base brackets and three shedding of brackets conducted by sandblasting were obsereved by scanning electron microscope. Results: Under the condition of artificial saliva, for the first bonding and bonding again, the shear strengths of the new brackets in TOMY goup were higher than those in Xinya group and MBT group (P0. 05). For the brackets treated with sandblasting after shedding in three groups, the shear strength in TOMY group was greater than those in Xinya group and MBT group (P0. 05). The shear strengths of brackets that were conducted by sandblasting after falling off in TOMY group and MBT group were increased compared with the original brackets (P0. 05). The scanning electron microscope results showed that three kinds of brackets were crisscroped with the mesh, and they were more dense in TOMY group. After sandblasting, the sand grains were embedded in the grid, and the sand grains were more embedded in the inverted pits in TOMY group and MBT group. After sandblasting again, the sand particle embedding scope was increased, and the grid structure of the network bottom in Xinya group was destroyed, but there were no obvious abnormities in MBT group and TOMY group. Conclusion: The bond strengths of the three types of bottom plate brackets can meet the clinical needs, and the bond strength in TOMY group is superior to those in Xinya group and MBT group. The use of sandblasting to deal with the shedding of TOMY and MBT brackets can improve the bond strengths of the brackets.
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Context: Salivary control and maintenance of a dry operating field is a prime requisite of orthodontic bonding. Moisture insensitive primer (MIP) with a clinical significant bond strength values have a better edge over the conventional hydrophobic bonding systems. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of two hydrophilic primers with respect to conventional hydrophobic primer by comparing their shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive-failure locations after contamination with saliva and saliva substitute. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 extracted human premolars were randomly divided into five group s ; Group A (Transbond MIP/saliva substitute), Group B (Opal Primo/saliva substitute), Group C (Transbond MIP/natural saliva), Group D (Opal Primo/natural saliva), control group - Group E (Transbond XT/dry), adhesive-Transbond XT used for all five groups and bonded using stainless steel brackets. Shear forces were applied to the samples with a universal testing machine. SBSs was measured in megapascals. The mode of bond failure was determined using the adhesive remnant index (ARI). Results: The mean SBS produced by Transbond MIP was higher than Opal Primo, which was statistically significant according to one-way analysis of variance. Both the tested groups showed lesser bond strength values than Transbond XT (the control). ARI scores revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in the site of bond failure between study groups. ARI scores were found to be lower for study groups suggesting adhesive failure, compared to higher ARI scores for the control group suggesting cohesive failure. Conclusion: Transbond XT adhesive with Transbond MIP or Opal Primo have clinically acceptable bond strength in wet fields. Opal Primo is a viable option to use as a hydrophilic primer clinically.
Subject(s)
Adhesives , Composite Resins , Dental Bonding , Dental Enamel , Dental Stress Analysis , In Vitro Techniques , Orthodontic Brackets , Resin Cements , Saliva/chemistry , Shear StrengthABSTRACT
Objectives: To compare the shear bond strength of a nano‑ceramic restorative composite Ceram‑X MonoTM♦, a restorative resin with the traditional orthodontic composite Transbond XTTM† and to evaluate the site of bond failure using Adhesive Remnant Index. Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted human premolars were divided into two groups of 30 each. Stainless steel brackets were bonded using Transbond XTTM† (Group I) and Ceram‑X MonoTM♦ (Group II) according to manufacturer’s protocol. Shear bond strength was measured on Universal testing machine at crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute. Adhesive Remnant Index scores were assigned to debonded brackets of each group. Data was analyzed using unpaired ‘t’ test and Chi square test. Results: The mean shear bond strength of Group I (Transbond XTTM†) was 12.89 MPa ± 2.19 and that of Group II (Ceram‑X MonoTM♦) was 7.29 MPa ± 1.76. Unpaired ‘t’ test revealed statistically significant differences amongst the shear bond strength of the samples measured. Chi‑square test revealed statistically insignificant differences amongst the ARI scores of the samples measured. Conclusions: Ceram‑X MonoTM♦ had a lesser mean shear bond strength when compared to Transbond XTTM† which was statistically significant difference. However, the mean shear bond of Ceram X Mono was within the clinically acceptable range for bonding. Ceram‑X MonoTM† and Transbond XTTM† showed cohesive fracture of adhesive in 72.6% and 66.6% of the specimens, respectively.
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Background: Bonding brackets to fluorosed enamel remains a clinical challenge and bracket failure at the compromised enamel interface is common. Objective: To check the effect of air abrasion on the retention of metallic brackets bonded to fluorosed enamel surface. Materials and Methods: Sixty freshly extracted human premolar teeth having moderate to severe dental fluorosis as per Dean's criteria were collected and divided into three groups of 20 each. The groups were treated as follows: In group I, acid etching was followed by bonding with Transbond XT® ; in group II, sandblasting and acid etching was followed by bonding with Transbond XT® ; and in group III, sandblasting and acid etching was followed by bonding with Enlight LC® . An Instron™ universal testing machine was used for determining the debonding force, and from this the shear bond strength was computed. The sample with highest shear bond strength from each group was selected for the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study. The prepared specimens were examined under a JSM-840A scanning electron microscope (JEOL Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) operated at 20 kV. Photographs were taken at progressively higher magnifications of ×50, ×100, ×500, and ×1000 to view the enamel surface and the adhesive remaining on the enamel surface after debonding. The shear bond strengths of the groups were compared using the one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) and Tukey post hoc test. The distribution of adhesive remnant index (ARI) score was compared using the Chi-square test. Results: The mean shear bond strength in group I was 10.36 MPa, with a standard deviation of 0.225. The corresponding values in group II and group III were 11.41±0.237 MPa and 11.39±0.201 Mpa, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the three groups in the mean shear bond strength values. Conclusion: Sandblasting followed by acid etching provides significantly higher bond strength values compared to acid etching alone, irrespective of the bonding material employed.
Subject(s)
Acid Etching, Dental/methods , Adhesiveness , Air Abrasion, Dental/methods , Aluminum Oxide/chemistry , Dental Alloys/chemistry , Dental Bonding , Dental Enamel/ultrastructure , Dental Etching/methods , Dental Stress Analysis/instrumentation , Fluorosis, Dental/pathology , Humans , Materials Testing , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Orthodontic Brackets , Photography , Resin Cements/chemistry , Shear Strength , Stress, Mechanical , Surface PropertiesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of 4 self etching primers by measuring the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets and examining the failure pattern of bracket-tooth interfaces. METHODS: Seventy-five, defect-free, premolars were randomly assigned into five groups: control group (37% phosphoric acid + Transbond XT primer) and self etching primer treated groups (Transbond Plus self etching primer, Unifil bond, Clearfil SE bond, and Adhese). The shear bond strength was measured with a universal testing machine and the amount of residual adhesive remaining on the brackets after debonding was assessed by the adhesive remnant index (ARI). RESULTS: The results showed that the groups conditioned with self etching primer had significantly lower shear bond strength than the control group (p 0.05). Evaluation of the ARI scores indicated there was less resin remnant on the teeth in the groups conditioned with self etching primers, although not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that all four of the self etching primers have shown acceptable bond strength for clinical use.
Subject(s)
Adhesives , Bicuspid , Orthodontic Brackets , ToothABSTRACT
A self-etching primer that combines the etchant and primer in one chemical compound saves time and should be more cost-effective to the clinician and patient. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of a self-etching primer by measuring shear bond strengths according to various conditions and observing adhesive failure patterns. For this investigation, 120 upper and lower premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes were used and randomly divided into six groups of twenty teeth each. Human premolars were embedded in a metal cylinder with orthodontic resin. Metal brackets and ceramic brackets were bonded with XT primer and self-etching primer by means of XT adhesive. Upon curing, plasma arc light and visible light were used. After bonding, the shear bond strength was tested by Instron universal testing machine, and the amount of residual adhesive that remained on the tooth after debonding was measured by stereoscope and assessed with an adhesive remnant index. The results were as follows: 1. When brackets were bonded, if other conditions remained the same, there was no significant difference in shear bond strength due to the type of primer - either self-etching primer or XT primer. 2. When metal brackets were bonded, there was no significant difference in shear bond strength according to the source of light - plasma arc light or visible light - and type of primer. 3. There was a very significant difference in shear bond strength according to the type of brackets - metal or ceramic brackets. The shear bond strength of ceramic brackets was stronger than metal brackets. 4. When the adhesive failure patterns of metal brackets bonded with self-etching primer were observed by using the adhesive remnant index, the bond failure of the metal bracket occurred more frequently at the bracket-adhesive. The failure of the ceramic bracket, however, occurred more frequently at the enamel-adhesive interface. The adhesive failure patterns of metal brackets bonded with XT primer observed the same patterns. The above results suggest that self-etching primer can be clinically useful for bonding the brackets without fear of a decrease in shear bond strength.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adhesives , Bicuspid , Ceramics , Light , Plasma , ToothABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a self-etching primer on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets and on the failure pattern of bracket-adhesive interfaces in dry or wet condition. Brackets were bonded to extracted human teeth according to one of three experimental protocols. In the Group P, teeth were etched with 37% phosphoric acid. After the Transbond XT Primer was applied onto the etched surfaces, the brackets were bonded with Transbond XT(3M, Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) and light cured for 40 seconds. In the Group SD, a self-etching primer(3M, Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) was placed on the enamel for 3 seconds and gently evaporated with air, as suggested by the manufacturer. The brackets were then bonded with Transbond XT as in the Group P. In the Group SW, artificial saliva was applied to the enamel surface for 10 seconds to allow complete hydration of the surface before application self-etching primer. The brackets were then bonded following the procedures of Group SD. Each group was divided into 2 sub-groups(0.5h, 24h) according to debonding time. Shear bond strengths were measured by Instron universal testing machine. After debonding, the teeth and brackets were examined under scanning electron microscope and assessed with the adhesive remnant index. The result obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The shear bond strengths were high enough to use clinically in all testing groups, but the shear bond strengths of Group SD and SW were significantly lower than Group P(p 0.05). 4. There was a greater frequency of ARI score of 0 and 1 with the Group P. On the other hand, there was a higher frequency of ARI scores of 2 and 3 with Group SD and Group SW(p < 0.05).
Subject(s)
Humans , Adhesives , Dental Enamel , Hand , Orthodontic Brackets , Saliva, Artificial , ToothABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of hydrophilic primer, which claim to retain adequate bond strength on moistened enamel resulting from moisture or saliva contamination, by comparing the shear bond strength and adhesive failure patterns of brackets bonded using hydrophilic primer and conventional hydrophobic primer. Brackets were bonded to human premolars embedded in metal cylinders utilizing light cured adhesive, primed with either a hydrophilic primer(Transbond MIP primer) or a conventional hydrophobic primer(Transbond XT primer). Each sample was exposed to varying degrees of artificial saliva contamination during the priming process. The shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine, and the adhesive failure patterns after debonding were visually examined by stereomicroscope and assessed using the adhesive remnant index(ARI). The results were as follows: 1. In dry conditions, no significant differences in shear bond strength between Transbond MIP and Transbond XT primers were found. 2. Transbond MIP primer exhibited a significantly higher shear bond strength than Transbond XT primer in saliva-contaminated conditions, regardless of the degree of contamination. 3. When contaminated with one coat of saliva, Transbond MIP primer did not exhibit significant differences in shear bond strength compared to the dry condition. When contaminated with two coats of saliva, Transbond MIP primer exhibited a significantly lower shear bond strength compared to the dry condition. 4. The adhesive remnant index of the adhesive failure pattern had a tendency to decrease, as the degree of saliva contamination increased. Bracket-adhesive interface failure was observed in more than half of the saliva contaminated samples utilizing Transbond MIP primer, whereas the bond failure sites of the Transbond XT primer samples occurred almost exclusively at the adhesive-enamel interface in saliva-contaminated conditions. The results of this study suggest that in cases where moisture control is difficult, Transbond MIP primer is an effective alternative to conventional hydrophobic primers.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adhesives , Bicuspid , Dental Enamel , Orthodontic Brackets , Saliva , Saliva, ArtificialABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of plasma arc light which can reduce the curing time dramatically compared by shear bond strengths and failure patterns of the brackets bonded with visible light in direct bracket bonding. Some kinds of brackets were bonded with the Transbond(R) to the human premolars which were embedded in the resin blocks according to the various conditions. After bonding, the shear bond strength was tested by Instron universal testing machine and in addition , the amount of residual adhesive remaining on the tooth after debonding was measured by the stereoscope and assessed with adhesive remnant index(ARI). The results were as follows : 1. When plasma arc light was used for bonding the brackets, the shear bond strength was clinically sufficient in both metal and ceramic brackets, but resin brackets showed significantly lower bond strength but which was clinically useful. 2. When metal brackets were bonded using visible light, there was no significant difference in shear bond strength due to the light-curing time and the bond strength was clinically sufficient. 3. When the adhesive failure patterns of brackets bonded with plasma arc light were observed by using the adhesive remnant index, the bond failure of the metal and resin bracket occurred more frequently at bracket-adhesive interface but the failure of the ceramic bracket occurred more frequently at enamel-adhesive interface. 4. There was no statistically significant difference of the shear bond strength and adhesive failure pattern between metal bracket bonded for 2 seconds by curing with plasma arc light and 10 seconds by curing with visible light. 6. When metal brackets were bonded using plasma arc light, the shear bond strength decreased as the distance from the light source increased. The above results suggest that plasma arc light can be clinically useful for bonding the brackets without fear of the decrease of the shear bond strength.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adhesives , Bicuspid , Ceramics , Light , Plasma , ToothABSTRACT
Objective:To evaluate the effects of different enamel conditioners in combination with an adhesive on the shear bond strength and the adhesive remnant index in vitro.Methods:One hundred and eight permanent healthy premolars from orthodontic patients and fresh saliva from a healthy young volunteer were collected.The teeth were cleaned,dried and etched by phosphoric acid,polyacrylic acid or Transbond plus SEP respectively(36 teeth for each agent).Then the teeth were bonded to brachet by RMGICs with the presence of water,saliva on the tooth surface or without any of them respectively(12 teeth in each group).After bonding,all samples were tested on a testing machine of Instron.Shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index were recorded.Results:Highest mean shear bond strength was observed in the group of teeth etched by Traspond plus SEP and bonded by RMGICs with the presence of saliva.Higher mean shear bond strength was obtained with the presence of saliva or water on the tooth surface than without any of them.Conclusion:Transbond plus SEP conditioning followed by RMGICs bonding may produce high shear bond strength between moistured tooth surface and brachet.
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Objective: To investigate the adhesive characteristics of two kinds of light-curing resin that was used to bond teeth and orthodontics brackets. Methods: A total of 60 premolar teeth were randomly divided into six groups, and brackets were bonded according to the manufacturers' instructions. In group A1, A2 and A3, the teeth were prepared using 100 ml/L polyacrylic acid, and the brackets were bonded using Fuji Ortho LC. In group B1, B2 and B3, the teeth were using self-etching primer, and the brackets were bonded using Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer (TPSEP). After 30 min and 24 h under room temperature and received cold-heat cycle treatment respectively, bond strength was measured using a testing instrument (2000S, Lloyds Instruments, Fareham, England) at a speed of 1 mm/min, and the residual adhesive was quantified using a stereomicroscope. The adhesive interface was observed by scanning electron microscope. Results: The bond shear strength of TPSEP and Ortho Glass LC are more than 5 MPa. The bond shear strength of TPSEP is stronger than that of Ortho Glass LC after 24 h. However,The adhesive remnant index (ARI)of TPSEP is higher than that of Ortho Glass LC. Conclusion: Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer and Ortho Glass LC can satisfy the clinic need of orthodontics.