Factors affecting substance use and self-efficacy status of students in eastern Turkey / Fatores que afetam o uso de substâncias e o estado de autoeficácia dos estudantes no leste da Turquia

Abstract This descriptive cross-sectional research sample was consisted of 613 high school students in Eastern Turkey. Data were collected by using the Questionnaire on Substance Use and its Causes and Self-Efficacy in the Prevention of Substance Abuse Scale (SEAPSAS). Data were analyzed with percentiles, Chi-Square, ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis, correlation and regression. Almost 40% of the students had tried smoking and 21.7% of them smoked sometimes or regularly. The mean age of students' first cigarette use was 13.5. More than 60% of the students had tried alcohol and almost 50% of them drink alcohol sometimes or regularly. The mean score of SEAPSAS was 93.61 ± 18.99. Lower self-efficacy scores were found in males, in students who perceived themselves as unsuccessful at school, in those with negative family and friendship relations, in students who smoked, drank alcohol, who had a drug user in the family and who experienced traumatic events in a lifetime.

Resumo Esta amostra de pesquisa descritiva transversal foi composta por 613 estudantes do ensino médio no leste da Turquia. Os dados foram coletados por meio do Questionário de Uso de Substâncias e suas Causas e Autoeficácia na Escala de Prevenção de Abuso de Substâncias (SEAPSAS). Os dados foram analisados com percentis, Qui-Quadrado, ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis, correlação e regressão. Quase 40% dos estudantes tentaram fumar e 21,7% deles fumaram às vezes ou regularmente. A idade média do primeiro uso de cigarro pelos estudantes foi de 13,5. Mais de 60% dos estudantes experimentaram álcool e quase 50% deles bebem álcool às vezes ou regularmente. O escore médio do SEAPSAS foi de 93,61 ± 18,99. Menores escores de autoeficácia foram encontrados em homens, em estudantes que se consideravam mal-sucedidos na escola, naqueles com relações familiares e de amizade negativas, em estudantes que fumavam, bebiam álcool, usuários de drogas na família e que vivenciavam eventos traumáticos na vida.

Effect of progressive addition lens on peripheral refraction in adolescent myopic eye / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background Peripheral refraction of retina brings about influence on myopia development,and different corrective methods will play different roles on the peripheral refraction.Objective This study was to measure the peripheral refraction with progressive addition lenses (PALs) and single-vision spectacle lenses (SVLs) corrected in adolescent myopic eyes and to investigate the difference between them.Methods This was a selfcontrolled cross-sectional study.Forty corrected myopic eyes with PALs were recruited for the study.Twenty-three male and seventeen female subjects aged 10-15 years (mean 12.54 years±1.45 years) enrolled in this study.The refractive errors of the subjects ranged form-1.50 D to-6.00 D (mean-3.74 D±1.09 D) and the astigmatism was less than-1.50 D with the corrected visual acuity at least 20/25.1％ Tropicamide eye drops was topically administered for the cycloplegia and then Grand Seiko WAM-5500 Auto-refractor was used to measure the peripheral refraction.The measured points were determined follows as:fovea (0°),peripheral temporal (T30°,T20°,T10°) and nasal (N30°,N20°,N10°) visual fields from the right eyes.The mean of the six measuring points for each position was calculated.Peripheral refraction was measured from each subject under the wearing of PALs or SVLs (randomly in succession),and the statistic analyse perimeters included M value,relative peripheral refractive error (RPRE),J45,J180.Written informed consent was obtained from each subject before examination.Results The corrected visual acuity was 4.98 ± 0.65 and 4.97 ± 0.53 under the PALs and SVLs conditions respectively,showing in significant difference between them (t =0.222,P =0.639).Hypermetropic shift in peripheral M value and RPRE value were found with the increase of visual angle field,in contrast,the peripheral J180 showed a myopic shift,and significant difference was found among the six peripheral points with all of the above three perimeters (P＜0.05).Negative J45 values in the temporal visual filed and positive J45 values in the nasal filed showed less shift.Some peripheral angles of the peripheral refractions in M value,RPRE value,J180,J45 showed significantly difference from the fovea refraction(P＜0.05).Compared with SVLs correction,PALs induced relatively myopic shifts in M value and RPRE value in all of the peripheral angle fields,showing significant differences(P＜0.05).Conclusions PALs causes relatively myopic shift at the peripheral retina in adolescent myopic eyes in comparison with SVLs,and the important parameters are M value and RPRE value.The effect of PALs on controlling the onset and progression of myopia may be interpreted by peripheral refraction.