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RESUMEN Objetivos : Determinar la distribución de puntajes, confiabilidad, validez y asociación con variables sociodemográficas de la Escala de Autoinforme sobre el Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad en Adultos-Tamizaje (ASRS-Tamizaje) en la población de Lima y Callao, según dos formas de calificación (binaria y Likert), y establecer la concordancia entre ambas. Material y Métodos : Se realizó un análisis secundario de la base de datos del Estudio Epidemiológico de Salud Mental de Lima Metropolitana y Callao 2012 - Replicación, en una muestra de 4445 personas de 18 o más años de edad (42,6±17,4). Resultados : El promedio de la ASRS-Tamizaje en escala Likert fue 3,74+3,9 (rango 0-21), la consistencia interna mediante coeficiente alfa de Cronbach =0,806 y mediante el coeficiente omega de McDonald =0,869; el análisis factorial mostró que 52,95% de la inercia total era explicado por un solo factor. En escala binaria la media fue 0,89+1,27 (rango 0-6), el alfa de Cronbach =0,599, el omega de McDonald =0,753 y el 52,31% de la inercia fue explicado por dos factores. Con ambas escalas, se halló un coeficiente Kappa =0,734 de concordancia de tamizajes positivos. Las dos formas de la escala se asocian con la edad, en tanto que solo la clasificación binaria lo hace con estado civil y grado de educación. Conclusiones: La ASRS-Tamizaje es un instrumento de consistencia interna aceptable. Su estructura factorial y la prevalencia de tamizajes positivos varían según la forma de medición (Likert o binaria).
SUMMARY Objectives: To determine the distribution of scores, reliability, validity and association with sociodemographic variables of the Self-Report Scale of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in adults - Screening (ASRS- Screening) in the population of Lima and Callao, according to two rating scales (binary and Likert), and to establish the concordance between both of them. Material and Methods : Study based on data from the Epidemiological Mental Health Study of Metropolitan Lima 2012 - Replication, in a sample of 4 445 people, 18 years or older (42.6 ± 17.4). Results : The average of the ASRS-Likert screening was 3.74 + 3.9 (range 0-21), internal consistency using Cronbach alpha coefficient = 0.806, McDonald's omega coefficient = 0,869, and factor analysis showed 52.95% of the total inertia explained by a single factor. In binary scale. mean = 0.89 + 1.27 (range 0-6), Cronbach alpha = 0.599, McDonald's omega=0,753, and 52.31% of the inertia was explained by two factors. With both scales, Kappa coefficient showed 0.734 of concordance of positive screenings. The two forms of qualification are associated with age whereas only binary classification was with marital status and educational level. Conclusions : ASRS-Screening is an instrument of acceptable internal consistency. Its factorial structure and the prevalence of positive screenings vary in accordance with the Likert or binary measurement form.
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OBJECTIVES: This study investigated psychological factors in patients with adult ADHD tendency and the relationship of adult ADHD tendency with depression and anxiety.METHODS: Ninety patients with depression(38 with adult ADHD and 52 with non-adult ADHD) were recruited in this study. All patients were subjected to the following tests : Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV(K-WAIS-IV), Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale(ASRS-v1.1), Lee Ji-Yeon's adult ADHD scale, Beck's Depression Inventory II(BDI-II), Beck's Anxiety Inventory(BAI), and Temperament Character Inventory-Revised Short version(TCI-RS).RESULTS: The adult ADHD group had higher scores for BDI-II and BAI, novelty-seeking, harm-avoidance, and self-transcendence than the non-adult ADHD group. Conversely, the adult ADHD group showed lower scores for self-directedness and cooperativeness than the non-adult ADHD group. Depression scores were positively correlated with ASRS(r=0.524, p=0.000), Lee Ji-Yeon's adult ADHD scale(r=0.598, p=0.000), anxiety scores(r=0.650, p=0.000), novelty-seeking(r=0.411, p=0.000), harm-avoidance(r=0.517, p=0.000), and self-transcendence(r=0.234, p=0.026). However, they were negatively correlated with persistence(r=−0.231, p=0.029), and self-directedness(r=−0.594, p=0.000). Higher Lee Ji-Yeon's adult ADHD scale scores and lower self-directedness scores among TCI, resulted in higher depression scores. In addition, anxiety scores increased in parallel with the the Lee Ji-Yeon's adult ADHD scale and harm-avoidance TCI scores.CONCLUSION: In this study, we found a difference in the severity of depression and anxiety between the adult and non-adult ADHD groups. In addition, it was confirmed that the difference in temperament and character between the two groups was related to adult ADHD tendency and severity of depression and anxiety.
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Adult , Humans , Male , Anxiety , Depression , Intelligence , Psychology , TemperamentABSTRACT
Background: To resolve the mystery of Attention Deficit Hyperkinetic Disorder (ADHD) in adults and toassess its prevalence & association with various risk factors.Methodology: This cross sectional analytical study was carried out with specific inclusion & exclusioncriteria on different selected variables. This study was undertaken in the campus of R D Gardi MedicalCollege, Ujjain over medical & paramedical students. Chi square qualitative statistical analysis was doneto evaluate the association of risk factors with the outcome of disease.Results: The prevalence of ADHD in the study group was found to be 15.9% (56 out of 353 patients).Themost common type of ADHD found in the study population was - Inattentive type (50%) – 28 out of 56,followed by Hyperactive type (18%) – 10 out of 56, Combined type (32%) – 18 out of 56. Among thediagnosed 56 Adult ADHD patients 59% were males and 41% were females. Level of education was foundto be a statistically significant factor in association with occurrence of ADHD in adulthood. Other factorsconsidered in study like age, gender, presence or absence of other co- morbid psychiatric disorders werenot found to be statistically significant in association with ADHD. Also variables of past history like rashdriving, road traffic accidents, frequent quarrels, substance abuse or learning difficulties in school were notfound to be significantly associated with adult ADHD in our study.Conclusions: It was concluded that such studies should be undertaken frequently at different locations indifferent time frames to tackle this devastating problem in early stages.
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the 18-item Korean version of the World Health Organization adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder self-report scale (ASRS) with the six-item ASRS Screener for predicting attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) group. METHODS: The study sample included 51 adult patients with ADHD and 158 normal controls. All participants completed the ASRS and were interviewed individually using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to compare the ASRS (ASRS-18) with the ASRS Screener (ASRS-6) in Korean samples. RESULTS: The ADHD group had higher ASRS and ASRS subscale scores than those of the control group. ROC curve analysis revealed the ASRS was more powerful to predict ADHD group than the ASRS Screener, but the ASRS Screener also had strong concordance with clinician diagnoses. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the 18-question ASRS outperforms the six-question ASRS Screener. However, the weighted Screener is also a valid and useful screening instrument both in epidemiological surveys and in clinical settings.
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Adult , Humans , Diagnosis , Mass Screening , ROC Curve , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study explored the effects of neurofeedback training on Electroencephalogram (EEG), Continuous Performance Task (CPT) and ADHD symptoms in ADHD prone college students. METHODS: Two hundred forty seven college students completed Korean Version of Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS-K) and Korean Version of Beck Depression Inventory (K-BDI). The 16 participants who ranked in the top 25% of CAARS-K score and had 16 less of K-BDI score participated in this study. Among them, 8 participants who are fit for the research schedule were assigned to neurofeedback training group and 8 not fit for the research schedule to the control group. All participants completed Adult Attention Deficiency Questionnaire, CPT and EEG measurement at pretest. The neurofeedback group received 15 neurofeedback training sessions (5 weeks, 3 sessions per week). The control group did not receive any treatment. Four weeks after completion of the program, all participants completed CAARS-K, Adult Attention Deficiency Questionnaire, CPT and EEG measurement for post-test. RESULTS: The neurofeedback group showed more significant improvement in EEG, CPT performance and ADHD symptoms than the control group. The improvements were maintained at follow up. CONCLUSION: Neurofeedback training adjusted abnormal EEG and was effective in improving objective and subjective ADHD symptoms in ADHD prone college students.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology , Electroencephalography , Emotions , Impulsive Behavior , Neurofeedback , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Republic of Korea , Self Concept , Students/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Task Performance and AnalysisABSTRACT
Objectives: To study the association of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with heroin addiction. Study design: A cross-sectional, hospital based study. Place and duration of study: The study was carried out at Lady Reading Hospital and Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan from 4th April 2012 to 13th September 2012. Subjects and Methods: A sample of 137 adult heroin addicts were analyzed that whether they were ADHD and that childhood problem continues to manifest symptoms in adults. For retrospective assessment of childhood ADHD, the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) as well as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) symptom checklist for ADHD was used. The Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) was used to assess the persisting symptoms of ADHD in adults. Inclusion criteria: Patient diagnosed with heroin addiction according to ICD-9 and DSM-IV. Exclusion criteria: Patient has co-morbid with any other mental illnesses. Results: The difference between the mean score of WURS and CAARS of ADHD patients were significantly greater than the normal patients. Heroin addicts showed 41.6% (WURS) and 38.6% (DSM-IV diagnostic criteria) that indicated evidence of retrospective ADHD affliction in childhood. 22.6% were IV users. CAARS was presented in 37.9% heroin addicts who exhibited a substantiation of ADHD persistent in adulthood. The difference between the mean score of WURS and CAARS of ADHD patients were significantly greater (P = 0.003), than the normal patients. Conclusions: These results revealed that addiction is associated with co-morbidity with ADHD, expressed in the form of heroin addiction.
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether depressive symptoms affect the relationship between adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the quality of life (QOL) in Korean soldiers. METHODS: We evaluated past and present symptoms of adult ADHD (the Korean Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Scale and the Wender Utah Rating Scale), depression (the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale) and QOL (the Korean version of the SmithKline Beecham 'Quality of Life' scale) in 131 soldiers during mental health screenings performed by a local mental health center. A structured equation model using AMOS 19.0 was used to evaluate the mediating effect of depression. RESULTS: In our first model (without depressive symptoms), adult ADHD significantly affected QOL (standardized regression weight=-0.51, p<0.01). After depressive symptoms were added to this model, the direct effect of adult ADHD on QOL was not significant (standardized regression weight=0.10, p=0.43). Regarding the indirect effect, adult ADHD significantly affected depression (standardized regression weight=0.78, p<0.01), and depression also affected QOL (standardized regression weight=-0.79, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Through structural equation modeling, the complete mediation model for the influence of depressive symptoms on ADHD and QOL was confirmed. These findings indicated that it might be important to consider comorbidities, such as depression, when adult ADHD is being evaluated.
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Adult , Humans , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Comorbidity , Depression , Epidemiologic Studies , Mass Screening , Mental Health , Military Personnel , Negotiating , Quality of Life , UtahABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: A self-report scale of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, the World Health Organization (WHO) Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) was developed and demonstrated good psychometric properties. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the psychometric properties of the ASRS in Korean samples. METHODS: The ASRS includes 18 questions regarding the frequency of recent DSM-IV Criterion A symptoms of adult ADHD. We examined the factor structure, internal consistency, and convergent validity of the ASRS in Korean samples. RESULTS: The ASRS demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Correlations between the ASRS and other adult ADHD measures were high, providing evidence of convergent validity. A subsequent exploratory factor analysis indicated that a two-factor solution provided the best fit. CONCLUSION: It is expected that this scale would be helpful in clinical settings and research in Korea.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Korea , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study is conducted to investigate the effect of symptoms of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among 224 conscripts during 5 weeks of military basic training. METHODS: Total number of subject is 224 conscripts. We evaluated past and present symptoms of ADHD with Korean-Wender Utah rating scale (K-WURS) and Korean adult attention -deficit/hyperactivity disorder scale (K-AADHDS) and stress and symptoms of PTSD with Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument-K (BEPSI-K), the Korean version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R-K) on 1 week and 5 weeks later of basic military training. Pearson correlation analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to evaluate risk factors of PTSD using SPSS program and Path analysis also was used to find relationship between past and present ADHD and PTSD simultaneously using AMOS program. RESULTS: Present symptoms of ADHD (OR=1.145, CI=1.054-1.245, p=0.001) and Past symptoms of ADHD (OR=1.049, CI=1.005-1.095, p=0.028) were significant risk factor of PTSD symptoms on 1st week of basic military training. The symptoms of PTSD on fist week was also significant risk factor of PTSD after 5weeks of basic military training (OR=1.073, CI=1.020-1.129, p=0.006). Using path analysis, we could found confirm these relations between past and present ADHD symptoms and symptoms of PTSD. CONCLUSION: The result suggests that past and present symptoms of ADHD are the risk factor of symptoms of PTSD on first week. And the symptoms of PTSD on first week are also risk factor of PTSD symptoms on last weeks in Korean conscripts. The symptoms of ADHD might make an important role in vulnerability of the symptoms of PTSD in Korean conscripts.
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Adult , Humans , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Logistic Models , Military Personnel , Risk Factors , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic , Stress Disorders, Traumatic , UtahABSTRACT
Background & objective: This study aimed to find out phenomenology, stability of diagnosis, comorbidities, impairments and treatment status of the adults with ADHD one year follow up as there are no such data. Methods: 20 subjects (all males, mean age 25.1±6.2 yr) with adult ADHD (DSM-IV-TR) were followed up at mean 1.3±0.2 yr after their diagnosis. Phenomenological assessments were done using ASRS v1.1, WMH-CIDI, ADHD-RS and clinical assessment where required. Diagnoses of ADHD and comorbidities were made using DSM-IV-TR. Global functioning was also assessed using GAF. Results: 19 (95%) of the 20 subjects could be followed up. All (100%) of them could again be diagnosed having ADHD according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. However, the symptoms declined in severity over a period of one year. Diagnosis of 2 (10.5%) subjects of ADHD-CT was changed to ADHD-IA. 1 (5.3%) subject each of ADHD-IA and ADHD-NOS types went into partial remission. Substance abuse was increased at the follow up from 26.3 to 47.4 per cent. Rates of the other comorbidities did not change during the follow up. Only 3 (15.8%) subjects adhered to the prescribed treatment at the follow up. Global functioning of the adherent group improved significantly at the follow up (t = 6.000, P = 0.027). Interpretation & conclusion: Adult ADHD has diagnostic stability at the one year follow up. The adult ADHD subjects remained highly comorbid with other psychiatric disorders including increased substance abuse at the follow up. Only 10.5 per cent subjects remained in the regular follow up. The above findings suggest that the patients with adult ADHD should be properly psycho-educated and regularly followed up.
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Adult , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/physiopathology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate the association between the symptoms of boys with attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the attention-deficit hyperactivity symptoms, temperament and character patterns of their parents. METHODS: Forty-five boys with ADHD and who met the DSM-IV criteria were evaluated by using the ADHD rating scale (ADHD-RS), and their parents completed the Korean Adult ADHD scale (K-AADHDS) and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). RESULTS: The parental K-AADHDS scores were not associated with the ADHD-RS total score and the subscale scores of their siblings. The most potent variable related to the ADHD-RS total score was the maternal self-directedness, and the second was the maternal persistence. The maternal self-directedness was the variable that was most correlated with the hyperactivity/impulsivity subscale scores of the ADHD-RS. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the paternal ADHD symptoms may not be related to the ADHD symptoms of boys with ADHD. Higher maternal self-directedness and persistence may decrease overall the ADHD symptoms of these boys, and higher maternal self-directedness itself may predict lower hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms of the boys with ADHD.
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Adult , Humans , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Parents , Siblings , TemperamentABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to assess the psychometric properties and to investigate factor structure of the Korean version of the Young ADHD Questionnaire-Self-Report (K-YAQ-S) and the Young ADHD Questionnaire-Informant-Report (K-YAQ-I). METHODS: 269 normal college students completed the K-YAQ-S and the Lee Ji-Yeon's adult ADHD scale (1996). 213 informants of the subjects completed the K-YAQ-I. RESULTS: The K-YAQ-S and the K-YAQ-I had good internal consistency (Cronbach's =.957, .965). An ADHD symptomatology and emotional problem subscales of the K-YAQ-S showed strong correlation with the Lee Ji-Yeon's adult ADHD scale. The delinquency and social functioning subscales of the K-YAQ-S and all subscales of the K-YAQ-I correlated significantly but were relatively lower. An exploratory factor analysis showed that the K-YAQ-S revealed 4 factors (ADHD symptomatology, emotional problems, delinquency, social functioning) and the K-YAQ-I being composed of 3 factors (ADHD symptomatology/ aggressive behavior, emotional problem/social functioning, illegal act). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the K-YAQ-S and the K-YAQ-I rating scale is a reliable and a valid test. These scales would be useful in diagnostic evaluation and in measuring the treatment effect for ADHD adult.