Analysis of adult mosquito monitoring results from 2017 to 2019 in Tongliao City / 上海预防医学

Objective To understand the species composition, density and seasonal variation of adult mosquitoes in Tongliao City of Inner Mongolia Autonmous Region from 2017 to 2019, and to provide scientific data for risk assessment and prediction of mosquito-borne diseases, mosquito-borne control planning, precise implementation and effect evaluation. Methods The density of adult mosquitoes was monitored in parks, hospitals, residential areas, farmers and cattle sheds in Tongliao by using the light trap method. Results A total of 3 358 adult mosquitoes were captured, including Anopheles sinensis, Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus with Culex quinquefasciatus as the dominant species.The change curve of adult mosquito density with season showed a single peak, and the peak period was from July to September.The density of adult mosquito in cattle shed was the highest (6.71 per night), and that in hospital was the lowest (0.99 per night).The difference between urban and rural areas in seasonal distribution of adult mosquitoes was statistically significant (χ2=4.65, P < 0.05). Conclusion Culex pipiensquinquefasciatus is the dominant mosquito species in the local area, and the villages are the places with high incidence of mosquito infestation.

Comparison of the larvicidal and adult mosquito attractant efficacy between straw mushroom Volvariella volvacea extract and octenol (1-octen-3-ol) on mosquito vectors (Diptera: Culicidae)

Mosquito-borne diseases are a major public health issue, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. In this study, wecompared the efficacy of Volvariella volvacea (Bull. ex Fr.) mushroom, an edible, commercially available mushroomspecies grown in Thailand with octenol (1-octen-3-ol) as a standard substance to kill larvae and attract adult, includingAedes aegypti Linnaeus and Culex sitiens Wiedemann, mosquitoes. Five concentrations of extract, including 120,12, 1.2, 0.12, and 0.012 mg/l were selected to test the effectiveness of killing mosquito larvae. Three concentrationsof extract, including 100, 10, and 1 mg/l were selected to test the effectiveness of adult female mosquito attraction.The result of the comparison of the larvicidal efficacy between V. volvacea extract and octenol in each concentration,showed that there were differences in number of dead larvae in almost all the concentrations in testing with octenol(p < 0.05), while in the adult mosquito attraction bioassay, V. volvacea extract attracted the highest number of adultfemale A. aegypti and C. sitiens at the 10 mg/l concentration followed by 1 and 100 mg/l, as well as the effect ofoctenol. The statistical comparison found that the efficiency of attracting A. aegypti and C. sitiens mosquitoes in allthe concentrations of V. volvacea extract was different from octenol (p < 0.05).

Study on the mechanisms underlying overwintering of Culex pipiens pallens using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To compare the difference of protein expression between the post-overwintering stage and the diapauses preparation stage in Culex pipiens pallens, so as to reveal the mechanisms underlying the overwintering diapause of Cx. pipienspallens. Methods A quantitative proteomic analysis was performed in Cx. pipiens pallens before and after overwintering diapause by using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling. Results A total of 244 differentially expressed proteins were identified in Cx. pipiens pallens before and after overwintering diapause, including 126 up-regulated proteins and 118 down-regulated proteins. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that these differentially expressed proteins were linked to function and energy production and conversion, lipid metabolism, remodeling of cytoskeleton, carbohydrate metabolism, protein transport, molecular chaperones, stress tolerance and metabolic enzymes. Conclusions This is the first study to identify the overwintering diapause-related proteins in Cx. pipiens pallens using proteomics tools, which reveals KEGG pathways and GO terms associated with the overwintering diapauses of Cx. pipiens pallens. Our findings provide additional understandings pertaining to the mechanisms underlying the overwintering diapauses of Cx. pipiens pallens.

Study on the mechanisms underlying overwintering of Culex pipiens pallens using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To compare the difference of protein expression between the post-overwintering stage and the diapauses preparation stage in Culex pipiens pallens, so as to reveal the mechanisms underlying the overwintering diapause of Cx. pipienspallens. Methods A quantitative proteomic analysis was performed in Cx. pipiens pallens before and after overwintering diapause by using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling. Results A total of 244 differentially expressed proteins were identified in Cx. pipiens pallens before and after overwintering diapause, including 126 up-regulated proteins and 118 down-regulated proteins. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that these differentially expressed proteins were linked to function and energy production and conversion, lipid metabolism, remodeling of cytoskeleton, carbohydrate metabolism, protein transport, molecular chaperones, stress tolerance and metabolic enzymes. Conclusions This is the first study to identify the overwintering diapause-related proteins in Cx. pipiens pallens using proteomics tools, which reveals KEGG pathways and GO terms associated with the overwintering diapauses of Cx. pipiens pallens. Our findings provide additional understandings pertaining to the mechanisms underlying the overwintering diapauses of Cx. pipiens pallens.

Efficacy of diurnal BG-Sentinel traps to capture nocturnal adult Armigeres subalbatus mosquitoes and impact of altitudinal variations in forests

Objective: To establish an efficacious and efficient surveillance method of Armigeres (Ar.) subalbatus, a known filarial vector, surviving in forest habitats to estimate realistic population density and assess the impact of altitudinal variations on the efficacy of the trap. Methods: In the study, 12 locations in areas with an altitudinal range from 82 m to 920 m were selected in three reserve forests for night sampling of adult Ar. subalbatus mosquito using standard chemical lure based BG-Sentinel traps and CDC-light traps in pairs. Effects of locations and time were estimated on the efficacy of traps as mosquito density using multifactor analysis of variance for significant differences. Impact of altitudinal variations on the efficacy of traps was assessed using multiple regression with slope comparison. Results: BG-Sentinel trap collected significantly more adult Ar. subalbatus, 4.43 folds in Gorumara NP, 5.19 folds in Neora Valley NP and 12.10 folds in Mahananda WLS than the CDC-light trap irrespective to locations. BG-Sentinel traps were tolerant of altitudinal variations (80 m-170 m) and showed no significant relationship between density and altitudes in contrast to CDC-light traps which showed a significant negative impact on capturing efficacy with increase in altitudes (P<0.001). Conclusions: The study suggests that BG-Sentinel traps can be used effectively and efficiently to collect more Ar. subalbatus mosquitoes during night time in comparison to CDC-light trap under complex climatic conditions of forest and variable altitudes.

Efficacy of diurnal BG-Sentinel traps to capture nocturnal adult Armigeres subalbatus mosquitoes and impact of altitudinal variations in forests

Objective: To establish an efficacious and efficient surveillance method of Armigeres (Ar.) subalbatus, a known filarial vector, surviving in forest habitats to estimate realistic population density and assess the impact of altitudinal variations on the efficacy of the trap. Methods: In the study, 12 locations in areas with an altitudinal range from 82 m to 920 m were selected in three reserve forests for night sampling of adult Ar. subalbatus mosquito using standard chemical lure based BG-Sentinel traps and CDC-light traps in pairs. Effects of locations and time were estimated on the efficacy of traps as mosquito density using multifactor analysis of variance for significant differences. Impact of altitudinal variations on the efficacy of traps was assessed using multiple regression with slope comparison. Results: BG-Sentinel trap collected significantly more adult Ar. subalbatus, 4.43 folds in Gorumara NP, 5.19 folds in Neora Valley NP and 12.10 folds in Mahananda WLS than the CDC-light trap irrespective to locations. BG-Sentinel traps were tolerant of altitudinal variations (80 m-170 m) and showed no significant relationship between density and altitudes in contrast to CDC-light traps which showed a significant negative impact on capturing efficacy with increase in altitudes (P<0.001). Conclusions: The study suggests that BG-Sentinel traps can be used effectively and efficiently to collect more Ar. subalbatus mosquitoes during night time in comparison to CDC-light trap under complex climatic conditions of forest and variable altitudes.

Population structure and seasonal dynamics of mosquitoes in different types of residential areas / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of the type of neighborhoods on the population structure and dynamics of mos-quitoes. Methods The adult population dynamics and larvae breeding of mosquitoes in four different types of neighborhoods were investigated in Yangzhou City. Results The number of trapped mosquitoes was the largest in the urban villages,and more than 800 adult mosquitoes were trapped in each urban village,which was significantly higher than that of ordinary and high qual-ity residences. Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens were dominant species(D>10％)in the four types of residential ar-eas,and Ae. albopictus was the most dominant species(D>57％). The peak occurrence of Ae. albopictus in different areas oc-curred in early June,and it occurred again in the urban village in the middle of September. The occurrence quantity of Cx. pipi-ens pallens was stable in the ordinary residence and high quality residence,while in the urban village and resettlement residen-tial area,the peak occurred in mid-October. The orders of positive rates,densities and the numbers of mosquitoes in the differ-ent types of residential areas were:the urban villages>the resettlement residence>the ordinary residence>the high quality resi-dence. The water vat had the highest positive rate in all kinds of larval habitats,followed by tires and green belt with garbage wa-ter. Conclusions The main mosquito species in the four different types of residential areas are all Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens pallens,but the positive rate,density and the number of mosquitoes in the different types significantly change,especially in the urban villages,the number and the occurrence peak are significant different from those in the other types of residential areas.

Investigation on overwintering mosquitoes in Taibaihu District,Jining City / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the species,density and distribution of the overwintering adult mosquitoes in Taibaihu District,Jining City. Methods The overwintering adult mosquitoes were monitored by visual observation in Taibaihu District, Jining City from December 2015 to March 2016. The mosquitoes were collected and dissected to observe the body fat accumula?tion and ovarian development situation. Results Totally 1 677 mosquitoes were captured and all of them were Culex pipiens pal?lens. The highest positive rate of overwintering mosquitoes was in sweet potato cellars and greenhouses,with the positive rates of mosquitoes of 98.25%(56/57)and 81.36%(48/59)respectively. The accumulation of the fat body in the female mosquitoes plummeted from late February,and disappeared in middle March. Conclusions The adults of Culex pipiens pallens can over?winter in Taibaihu District,Jining City,and locate in sweet potato cellars and greenhouses mainly. The control work of adult mosquitoes should be strengthened in the overwintering period.

Focos de mosquitos Aedes aegypti adultos en las muestras tomadas en un área de salud de Santiago de Cuba / Foci of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in samples taken in an health area from Santiago de Cuba

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de tipo ecológico, en el área de salud del Policlínico "Carlos Juan Finlay", durante el 2012, con vistas a determinar algunas variables de interés relacionadas con la positividad de mosquitos Aedes aegypti adultos, para lo cual se investigaron los 109 focos detectados, con la colecta de 159 ejemplares, de los cuales, 128 fueron hembras y 31, machos -- identificados según la técnica de Detinova --. En el análisis estadístico se agruparon las variables en frecuencias absolutas y relativas, índices y porcentajes; también se aplicó la prueba de la Χ², con una significación de 0,05, para 95 % de confiabilidad. La positividad de mosquitos Aedes Aegypti adultos capturados en dicha área de salud, en ese año, fue más elevada que la media municipal y la provincial, lo cual se relacionó con los focos en las manzanas, el mal tratamiento de los focos larvarios, la presencia de focos larvarios generadores y los riesgos ambientales identificados en la investigación; además de la búsqueda y colecta insuficientes de mosquitos adultos por los operarios A y la cadena de mando.

A descriptive study, of ecological type was carried out in the health area of "Carlos Juan Finlay" Polyclinic during the 2012, with the objective of determining some variables of interest related to the positivity of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, for which the 109 detected foci were investigated, collecting 159 samples, from which 128 were female and 31 males -- identified according to Detinova technique --. In the statistical analysis the variables were grouped in absolute and relative frequencies, rates and percentages; the Χ2 test was also applied, with a significance of 0.05, for 95% of confiability. The positivity of adults Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes captured in this health area in that year was higher than the municipal mean and the provincial mean, which was related to the foci in the blocks, the poor treatment of the larvae foci, the presence of generating larvae foci and the environmental risks identified in the investigation; besides the search and scarce collection of mature mosquitoes by operators A and the control chain.

A Study on the Resting Preference of Mosquito Species in Wells 27-31in Vellore in Tamilnadu, South India.

The resting preferences of mosquito species was investigated in domestic wells. In addition to the routine adult surveys in human dwellings, adult collections were also made in domestic wells using an innovated equipment operating on the principles of spray sheet collections. Above the water surface, wells provide humid and dark microclimate along the inner walls. It has been observed that this microclimate provides very congenial resting place for few mosquito species; specially for the males and for the females between their gonotropic cycles. Larval collections in the wells did not reveal breeding of majority of the mosquito species collected by this technique. Investigations were conducted in 87 wells in 11 localities during 2005. A total of 4969 mosquitos were collected of which 69.1 % (3441) were males and 30.9% (1528) were females. From among the mosquitos collected 96.5% were Cu.quinquifasciatus, 0.26% All stephensi, 3.0% Aedes agypti and 0.24% Armegeres sp. The results of the analysis of the physical and chemical parameter of water samples of the study wells before and after the surveys endorsed the utility of this technique for entomological investigations in outbreak situations, for monitoring the liquidation of outbreak foci and for other research purposes.