ABSTRACT
Resumen El progresivo interés en estudiar los efectos negativos en la fisiología y estructura cerebral producto de las experiencias adversas durante la niñez (EAN) ha propiciado el análisis de registros psicofisiológicos por medio de la electroencefalografía (EEG) en estados de reposo. Por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio permitió realizar una revisión sistemática basada en la metodología PRISMA para identificar las investigaciones adelantadas en los últimos 30 años. Para ello se utilizaron cuatro bases de datos: Scopus, PubMed, EBSCO y Redalyc; y dos listas de términos referentes a los tipos de EAN prevalentes en Colombia y al EEG en reposo. Inicialmente, se encontraron 21 556 artículos que contaron con los términos de búsqueda; se excluyeron 21 545 estudios que no cumplían con los criterios, y, finalmente, se seleccionaron 11 artículos de texto completo. Los resultados sugieren que la actividad de las bandas alfa α frontales derechas predicen mayor respuesta emocional a estímulos negativos, y mayor probabilidad de presentar problemas afectivos; contrario a la actividad electroencefalográfica en estas mismas bandas en regiones frontales izquierdas. Se espera que este estudio promueva investigaciones relacionadas con el análisis de perfiles electroencefalográficos y favorezca el avance de procesos terapéuticos más precisos y eficaces en la intervención del trauma.
Abstract The progressive interest in studying the negative effects on brain physiology and structure produced by Adverse Experiences during Childhood (AE), has led to the analysis of psychophysiological records by means of Electroencephalography (EEG) in resting states. Therefore, the objective of this study allowed a systematic review based on the PRISMA methodology to identify the research carried out in the last 30 years. Four databases were used for this purpose: Scopus, PubMed, EBSCO and Redalyc; and two lists of terms referring to the types of EANs prevalent in Colombia and to the EEG at rest. Initially 21,556 articles were found that had the search terms, 21,545 studies were excluded that did not meet the criteria, and finally 11 full text articles were selected. Results suggest that right frontal alpha band activity α predicts greater emotional response to negative stimuli, and greater likelihood of presenting affective problems; contrary to electroencephalographic activity in these same bands in left frontal regions. It is expected that this study will promote research related to the analysis of electroencephalographic profiles and will favour the advancement of more precise and effective therapeutic processes in trauma intervention.
Subject(s)
Electroencephalography , Adverse Childhood Experiences , Systematic Review , Research , Therapeutics , Volition , Wounds and Injuries , BrainABSTRACT
La ruptura temprana del vínculo materno y el aislamiento social son variables que están involucradas con los comportamientos social y emocional y también con el aumento de la ansiedad, especialmente en situaciones estresantes. Sin embargo, no se dispone de investigaciones que expliquen los cambios morfológicos de la glándula suprarrenal (GSR). Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer experimentalmente, a través del modelo de alteración del vínculo social temprano madre-cría y alteración del vínculo social tardío por aislamiento, el efecto sobre las características morfométricas y estereológicas de la GSR, en ratas de la cepa Sprague Dawley sometidas a estrés crónico intermitente en la vida adulta. Utilizamos 35 ratas hembras recién nacidas, distribuidas en grupos de 7, en condiciones de lactancia y alimentación estandarizadas. Los grupos experimentales fueron expuestos a experiencias adversas temprana (E1), tardía (E2), temprana-tardía (E3) y posteriormente, sometidas a estrés crónico intermitente en la adultez. Se aisló la GSR izquierda de cada animal determinando características morfométricas y parámetros estereológicos. El peso absoluto fue mayor en los grupos control C2 y grupo experimental (E1). El número de células por mm3, el porcentaje de tejido glandular y la densidad de superficie en la zona fascicular de la GSR fue menor en el grupo E3. Las características estereológicas de la GRS en ratas, no sólo pueden ser afectadas por la exposición al estrés en la adultez, sino que también las experiencias adversas temprana y/o tardía juegan un rol importante en los cambios de los parámetros morfológicos cuantitativos observados en esta glándula.
The early break in maternal bonding and social isolation are variables involved with social and emotional behaviors and also with increased anxiety, especially in stressful situations. However, there is no research to explain the morphological changes of the adrenal gland (GSR). Therefore, our objective was to experimentally study through alteration model of social ties and early mother-cub bond alteration belated social isolation, the effect on the morphometric and stereological characteristics of the GSR in rats of the Sprague Dawley subjected to intermittent chronic stress in adulthood. We used 35 newborn female rats, divided into groups of 7 under lactating and standardized feeding conditions. The experimental groups were exposed to adverse experiences early (E1), late (E2), and early/late (E3) and subsequently, subject to intermittent chronic stress in adulthood. Left GSR was isolated from each animal determining morphometric characteristics and stereological parameters. The absolute weight was higher in control group C2 and the experimental group E1. In the group E3 number of cells per mm3, the percentage of glandular tissue and density of the surface in the fascicular area of the GSR was lower. Stereological characteristics of the GRS in rats, not only can be affected by exposure to stress in adulthood, but also early and / or late adverse experiences play an important role in the changes of quantitative morphological parameters observed in this gland.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Stress, Psychological/pathology , Adrenal Glands/anatomy & histology , Social Isolation , Chronic Disease , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and the safety of etoricoxib 90 mg daily administered to Korean patients for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis over a 12-week period. METHODS: Eighty-nine patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis were administered Etoricoxib 90 mg for 12 weeks. Tender Joint Count (total 68 joints), Swollen Joint Count (total 66 joints), Patient Global Assessment of Disease Activity, and Investigator Global Assessment of Disease Activity were assessed as primary endpoints. Patient Global Assessment of Pain, Health Assessment of Questionnaire (HAQ: disability scales), Patient Global Assessment of Response to Therapy, Investigator Global Assessment of Response to Therapy, and Duration of Morning Stiffness were assessed as secondary endpoints. Those endpoints were assessed at week 2, 4, 8, and 12. Safety was evaluated by physical examination, serum chemistry, blood count, urinalysis, and occurrence of adverse events. RESULTS: Etoricoxib 90 mg showed significant effects compared to baseline, thus the result indicated etoricoxib was clinically effective. Etoricoxib 90 mg showed significant improvement in all efficacy endpoints (primary endpoints and secondary endpoints). Treatment effects for etoricoxib 90 mg were approximately a 7.3 (95% CI 5.8 8.9, p<0.0001) joint reduction in the number of tender joints, 4.8 (95% CI 3.6 6.0, p<0.0001) joint reduction in the number of swollen joints, a 15.4 (95% CI 12.1 18.7, p<0.0001) mm improvement in the patient global assessment (100 mm VAS) and 1.3 (95% CI 1.1 1.6, p<0.0001) unit improvement in the investigator global assessment (0 to 4 Likert scale). Treatment effects were observed at the earliest time point of measurement and were maintained over time during the 12-week period. Drug-related clinical adverse events were reported by 22 (24.7%) of 89 safety evaluable subjects. Eight patients discontinued the drug due to clinical adverse events. Frequency of drug-related laboratory abnormalities was low with 2 (2.2%). Nobody discontinued due to laboratory abnormalities. CONCLUSION: (1) Etoricoxib 90 mg once daily was clinically effective for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in Korea patients. (2) Etoricoxib 90 mg once daily administered to patients with rheumatoid arthritis was generally safe and well tolerated.