ABSTRACT
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the worst prognosis and the highest rate of metastasis among other types ofbreast cancer. These characteristics are supported by the dysregulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Rac1 whichare the key players of mesenchymal cell migration on TNBC. Afzelin is a secondary metabolite that is contained ina variety of plants. This study explored the anti-migration effect of afzelin and its interaction with FAK and Rac1 onthe highly invasive TNBC cell line, MDA-MB-231. Cell viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl 2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and cell migration was evaluated using in vitro scratch assay. Rac1 activation wasanalyzed using the colorimetric assay, while vinculin and actin filaments were stained through immunofluorescence. Thequantity of total FAK and phosphorylated FAK tyr397 was detected by Western blotting. Afzelin decreased cell viabilityand inhibited two-dimensional cell migration in a dose-dependent manner. Under confocal laser scanning microscopy,vinculin localization at the cell edge demonstrated a reduction of focal adhesion formation by afzelin. Further explorationshowed that afzelin decreased FAK expression but did not affect FAK phosphorylation at tyr397. In addition, afzelindecreased Rac1-GTPase activation, which is a downstream effector of FAK. Taken together, these results suggest thatafzelin suppresses TNBC cell migration, through inhibition of FAK expression and Rac1-GTPase activation.
ABSTRACT
Objective: Based on the method of UPLC fingerprint, multi-component quantification and chemical pattern recognition, the quality of Cyclocarya paliurus from different producing areas was evaluated to provide basis for further development and utilization. Methods: The UPLC fingerprints of 20 batches of C. paliurus from different habitats in five provinces were established to determine the common peaks. Three chemical components were identified and the content of the samples was determined by comparison with the reference materials. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were carried out by SPSS 22.2 and SIMCA software. Results: A total of 16 chromatographic peaks were selected as the common peaks of the fingerprint, 20 batches of C. paliurus could be divided into six categories by cluster analysis, and the results of principal component analysis and cluster analysis were basically the same; By principal component analysis, the cumulative variance contribution rate of the five principal component factors was 86.765%. The quality of S14 and S15 samples from Enshi, Hubei Province was the best, and S4, S5, S8, and S16 of Xiushui, Jiangxi Province were the second. The content of isoquercetin, quercitrin and afzelin were 0.360%-0.884%, 0.263%-1.097%, and 0.092%-0.403%, respectively, among which the total content of S4, S8, S14, and S15 were the top 4, and that of S18 and S20 was in the last two places. Conclusion: Combined with fingerprint, cluster analysis and principal component analysis, we can evaluate the quality of C. paliurus more comprehensively. Isoquercetin, quercitrin and afzelin can be used as the index components for C. paliurus quality control.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To study the chemical constituents of Penthorum chinense. Methods: The compounds were isolated and repeatedly purified by column chromatography over macroperous resin, polyamide, silica gel, and Sephadex LH-20, preparative TLC, and preparative RP-HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical properties and spectral analyses. Results: Nine flavonoids were isolated and identified as 6'-hydroxy-2'-methoxy-dihydrochalcone-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), kaempferol (2), qercetin (3), quercitrin (4), avicularin (5), afzelin (6), helicin (7), pinocembrin-7-O-[4″,6″-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl]-β-D- glucoside (8), and pinocembrin-7-O-[3″-O-galloyl-4″,6″-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl]-β-D-glucoside (9). Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new dihydrochalcone and named penchinoside. Compounds 5-7 are isolated from genus Penthorum Gronov. ex L.for the first time.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To study the chemical constituents from the aerial parts of Fagopyrum dibotrys. Methods: The compounds were isolated and purified by means of chromatographic techniques and their structures were identified on the basis of spectral features. Results: Fourteen known compounds were isolated in the methanol extract from the aerial parts of F. dibotrys and their structures were identified as benzoic acid (1), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (2), p-hydroxy benzaldehyde (3), 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid (4), succinic acid (5), caffeic acid (6), methyl caffeate acid (7), luteolin (8), tricin (9), quercetin (10), afzelin A (11), 2α,3β,29-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (12), yarumic acid (13), and 3α-hydroxy-urs-12,15-dien (14). Conclusion: Compounds 2-3 and 6-9 are firstly obtained from the aerial parts of F. dibotrys. Compounds 11-14 are isolated from the genus of Fagopyrum Mill. for the first time.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of the aerial parts of Emilia sonchifolia. METHODS: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by chromatographies on silica gel, MCI gel, ODS, and Sephadex LH - 20 columns, as well as RP-HPLC. And their structures were identified on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral data. RESULTS: Eighteen compounds were obtained from the aerial parts of E. sonchifolia and identified as isorhamnetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside(1), afzelin (2), quercetin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside(3), 5, 2', 6'-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone 2'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(4), quercetin-3-O- α-L-rhamnopyranoside(5), diosmin(6), isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside(7), linarin(8), vitexin(9), quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(10), vicenin-2(11), methyl 4-hydroxybenzeneacetate(12), 3, 4-dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid(13), brevifolin(14), chlorogenic acid(15), methyl chlorogenate(16), pedatisectine E(17), and uridine(18), respectively. CONCLUSION: All compounds are isolated from this genus for the first time except compounds 5 and 11.
ABSTRACT
The plants consumed as remedy by the population may have imprecise taxonomical identification. If these plants are used for the production of phytomedicines such misidentification may affect the quality of the product. Hereby, we describe markers for identification of the entire plant or grounded plant material or the crude extract of Solanum cernuum Vell. (Solanaceae). Specimens from four localities were collected, analyzed and compared. Morphological characters were used to identify the plant when it is not grounded or extracted. However, when the plant material is grounded, the set of trichomes may be used as anatomical marker. The region ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 of the nuclear ribosomal DNA was cloned and sequenced. The sequence, with length of about 600 base pairs, being 48.1 percent AT , was deposited in GenBank under the accession number DQ837371. Once this sequence is specific to S. cernuum, it was used as marker for this species. For the crude extract, chromatographic profiles of the leaves extracts were obtained by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two flavonoids were isolated and identified as quercitrin and afzelin. So, this study presents morphological, anatomical, macro and micromolecular markers to identify S. cernuum.
Plantas consumidas como remédio nem sempre são identificadas taxonomicamente de maneira correta. Se estas plantas forem utilizadas para obtenção de uma droga vegetal ou um fitoterápico, tal erro pode afetar a qualidade do produto final. Neste trabalho são descritos marcadores para a identificação de Solanum cernuum Vell. (Solanaceae), esteja a planta íntegra, triturada ou como extrato bruto. Indivíduos de quatro localidades de Minas Gerais foram coletados, analisados e comparados. Os caracteres morfológicos foram utilizados para a planta íntegra. Para a planta triturada, o conjunto dos tricomas foi utilizado como marcador anatômico. Um marcador macromolecular também foi determinado. Para tal a região ITS1, 5.8S e ITS2 do DNAr foi clonada e seqüenciada. A seqüência, com cerca de 600 pares de bases dos quais 48,1 por cento são AT, foi depositada no GenBank sob o número de acesso DQ837371. Por ser uma seqüência específica para S. cernuum, ela pode ser usada como marcador desta espécie. Para o extrato bruto foram determinados perfis cromatográficos de extratos das folhas por cromatografia em camada delgada e por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Dois flavonóides foram isolados e identificados como quercitrina e afzelina. Assim, neste trabalho foram determinados marcadores morfológicos, anatômicos, macro e micromoleculares para identificar S. cernuum.