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Age at menopause influences the severity of post-menopausal symptoms to determine the symptoms and clinicodemographic links in post menopauseal women in a representative population from eastern Uttar Pradesh. All postmenopausal women presenting with symptoms in the Gynaecological Emergency Department for a period of one year were enrolled. Age and clinicodemographic details, symptoms severity, and reasons for delay in seeking treatment were noted. The data was analysed using Chi-square test. Overall 990/17,927 (5.52%) women visiting the gynaecological OPD presented with post-menopausal complaints. Among menopausal women, the mean age ranged from 40 to 60 years old with a mean age of 46.6012.48 years. Majority were para 3-4 (52.5%), age at menarche were >13 years (58.3%), uneducated (58.8 %) , lower/upper lower SES (57.5%), married (77.3%) and had BMI<18.5kg/m2 (62.1%). Tobacco/smoking addiction was reported in 55 (5.6%) women. A total of 145 (14.6%) were working women. Severity of symptoms was mild, moderate and severe in 57.2%, 28.3% and 14.5% cases. Majority had onset of symptoms for 4- 5 years (56.4%) after menopause. Joint pains and Backache/body ache were the most common presenting complaints (81.8%). A significant association of age at presentation was seen with parity, age at menarche, BMI category and occupational status. Severity of symptoms showed a significant association with age at presentation, parity, age at menarche, BMI category, occupational status and tobacco/smoking use. Most common reasons for delayed treatment were financial problems (22.2%), family problems (18.2%) and commonness of problem (12.6%). Only 2.1% women were aware about HRT. Among the relatively less informed members of our study population, low socioeconomic status, underweight, and menopause age were all influenced by clinicodemographic factors.
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Objective To examine the associations between season of birth and factors as age at menarche,age at menopause and reproductive span.Methods A total of 285 186 female from the China Kadoorie Biobank,with complete data on critical variables and had menarche at 9-18 years old,were included.A total of 132 373 female with natural menopause were included for the analysis on age at menopause and reproductive span.Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the associations of birth season and the age at menarche,menopause,and reproductive span.Subgroup analyses were performed on birth cohorts and urban/rural residence.Results Compared with the Spring-born (March,April,and May),participants who were born in Summer (June,July,and August),Autumn (September,October,and November),and Winter (December,January,and February)appeared late on both age at menarche and menopause.Multivariable-adjusted coefficients (95％ CI)appeared as 0.14 (95％CI:0.13-0.16),0.26(95％CI:0.24-0.27),0.10 (95％CI:0.08-0.12) for age at menarche respectively and 0.14 (95％CI:0.08-0.20),0.18 (95％CI:0.12-0.24),0.09 (95％CI:0.03-0.16) for age at menopause respectively.No statistically significant association was found between the season of birth and reproductive span.The association was consistent between urban and rural residents and across the birth cohorts.Conclusions female born in spring showed both earlier age on both menarche and menopause,compared to the ones born in other seasons.Our findings suggested that exposures in early life with some degree of seasonal variation might influence the development of female reproductive system.
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Objective To examine the associations between season of birth and factors as age at menarche,age at menopause and reproductive span.Methods A total of 285 186 female from the China Kadoorie Biobank,with complete data on critical variables and had menarche at 9-18 years old,were included.A total of 132 373 female with natural menopause were included for the analysis on age at menopause and reproductive span.Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the associations of birth season and the age at menarche,menopause,and reproductive span.Subgroup analyses were performed on birth cohorts and urban/rural residence.Results Compared with the Spring-born (March,April,and May),participants who were born in Summer (June,July,and August),Autumn (September,October,and November),and Winter (December,January,and February)appeared late on both age at menarche and menopause.Multivariable-adjusted coefficients (95％ CI)appeared as 0.14 (95％CI:0.13-0.16),0.26(95％CI:0.24-0.27),0.10 (95％CI:0.08-0.12) for age at menarche respectively and 0.14 (95％CI:0.08-0.20),0.18 (95％CI:0.12-0.24),0.09 (95％CI:0.03-0.16) for age at menopause respectively.No statistically significant association was found between the season of birth and reproductive span.The association was consistent between urban and rural residents and across the birth cohorts.Conclusions female born in spring showed both earlier age on both menarche and menopause,compared to the ones born in other seasons.Our findings suggested that exposures in early life with some degree of seasonal variation might influence the development of female reproductive system.
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Background: Menopause marks the transition of a women’s reproductive life. The age at menopause shows variability from region to region and have been found to be affected by various biosocial factors like body size and shape, age at menarche, socioeconomic status, parity, income, educational status and dietary habits. The study aims in identifying the determinants of menopause. Methods: The study was done on 100 menopausal women, 1 to 5 years since cessation of menstruation. Various variables like age at menarche, settlement, religion, occupation, socioeconomic status, history of joint pains, parity, BMI, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and haemoglobin content were taken. Data was analysed using SPSS version 22, to find any association of these variables with age at menopause. Results: The present study revealed a mean age of 45.5 (± 2.3) years with a median age of 46 years at natural menopause.Women who attained early menarche has early onset of menopause and vice versa. The study revealed a significant relationship between mean age at menopause with variables like settlement (rural women having earlier onset compared to urban women, p value of 0.001), socioeconomic status (low class having an earlier onset followed by middle class and high class with a p-value of 0.003), menstrual cycle( women with regular menstrual cycle has an earlier age at menopause as compared to women with irregular menstruation) and parity (women with high parity >2 has earlier onset of menopause as compared to those having parity of ≤2). Conclusion: Age at menopause is important as the timing of menopause is an indicator of ovarian function and aging and critical for a women’s health.
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É esperado um aumento global de mulheres mais velhas que irão conviver com a infecção pelo HIV e que alcançarão a menopausa durante o curso da doença, em função principalmente do aumento da sobrevida após a expansão e acesso à terapia antirretroviral combinada (TARV) e do crescente número de mulheres mais velhas sendo diagnosticadas.Artigo 1. Objetivo: Investigar a idade e as taxas de incidência de menopausa natural e menopausa natural precoce e seus preditores em uma coorte de mulheres HIV-positivo no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Métodos: Foram incluídas mulheres HIV-positivo, com 30 anos ou mais de idade. Menopausa foi definida como última menstruação ocorrida há mais de um ano.Modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox foram utilizados para identificar preditores de idade da menopausa natural e menopausa natural precoce. Resultados: 667 mulheres foram incluídas. A idade mediana no início do estudo foi de 34,9 [intervalo interquartil (IQR): 30,9-40,5] anos, 507 (76%) eram pré-menopausadas e 160 (24%) alcançaram a menopausa no final do acompanhamento. A idade mediana da menopausa natural foi de 48 (IQR: 45-50) anos; 36(27%) tiveram menopausa natural precoce ( 45 anos)...
As a result of the expansion of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)coverage leading to reduction in morbidity and mortality and an increasing number of older individuals being diagnosed with HIV infection, an increased number of HIV-infected women entering menopause is expected. Article 1. Objective: To investigate the age and incidence rates of natural and earlier natural menopause and their predictors in a cohort of HIV-infected women in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods: HIV-infected women with 30 years or older were included. Menopause was defined as having more than one year since the last menstrual period. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to identify predictors of age at natural menopause and early age at natural menopause. Results: 667 women were included, median age at baseline was 34.9 [interquartile interval (IQR): 30.9-40.5 years], 507 (76%) were premenopausal and 160 (24%) reached menopause by the end of follow-up. Median age at natural menopause was 48 (IQR: 4550) years; 36 (27%) of them had early menopause ( 45 years)...
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Humans , Female , HIV , Menopause , Postmenopause , Cohort Studies , Survival AnalysisABSTRACT
The etiology of breast cancer is not yet clear. Several epidemiologic studies have supported the concepts that endogenous female sex hormones, i.e., estrogen and progesterone, may play a central role in the development of breast cancer. Female reproductive factors such as menstruation, pregnancy, and breast feeding are well-known risk factors of breast cancer. There have been many suggestions that all these factors are midiated by female sex hormeones. However, only a few studies have evaluated the relationship between the reproductive factors and endogenous female sex hormones. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between the reproductive factors and endogenous female sex hormones in Korean women. We analyzed the relationship between reproductive factors and female sex hormones in 153 premenopausal women 153 postmenopausal women who participated in a community health promotion program in Haman County, Korea. The questionnaires about reproductive factors were completed by personal interview. Serum level of total estradiol(E2), progesterone(:g), and sex hormone binding globulin(SHBG) were measured by radioimmunoassay. There was no significant correlation between age at menarche and E2 in both premenopausal and postmenopausal groups. In postmenopausal subjects, E2 level increased significantly with the age at menopause increasing(r=0.25, p=0.009), adjusting for the potential confounding effect of both age and body mass index. There was a positive correlation between E2 and the intervals between age at menarche and age at menopause(r=0.25, p=0.009). Moreover, the serum level of SHBG was significantly correlated with total months of breast feeding(r=0.19, p=0.048), as well as with age at first fullterm pregnancy(r=-0.24, p=0.01). However, Pg was correlated with none of reproductive factors in both groups. This study observed that female reproductive factors, e.g., age at menopause, breast feeding, age at first fullterm pregnancy, were correlated with serum female hormones, particularly E2 and SHBG. The results provide an evidence that the relationship between the reproductive factors and breast cancer risk may be mediated, at least in part, through serum female hormones, especially estradiol in Korean women.