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Background: Natural aging process is reflected by gradual changes in the structure of the skin. These changes become very marked in old age. The changes in the epidermis and dermis as age advances is reflected externally as wrinkling, dryness, loss of elasticity , thinning and tendency towards purpurae on minor injury. So the aim of this study is to measure the thickness of the epidermis. Materials and Methods: The study was done in skin specimens by grouping the individuals in 4 age groups namely Group A (3-20yrs), Group B (21-50yrs), Group C (51-65yrs and Group D (>65yrs).The specimens were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin stain and the changes in the thickness of the epidermis was observed. Results: The epidermis was found to be thin in children from 3years of age. The thickness of the epidermis starts increasing in young individuals and is thick till 50 years of age. Then the thickness of the epidermis starts reducing and becomes very thin in older persons. Conclusion: As the average life expectancy is increasing, the aging of skin presents a growing problem for the dermatologists. The computer system for image processing and analysis has made possible, measuring the thickness of the epidermis. Human aging is characterized by a number of disorders like epidermolysis bullosa and phemphigus vulgaris affecting the structure of the skin. So it is necessary to study the normal changes that occur in the skin as age advances which predisposes to various disorders. The study is done among Indian population.
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Objective To investigate changes of family parenting styles after the reforn and opening in China and its influence on mental health.Methods On the base of stratified convenience sampling,a valid sample of 429 were recruited from Wuxi and Hefei city residents:1960s group 103 persons,1970s group 107 persons,1980s group 116 persons,and 1990s group 103 persons.Subjects' childhood parenting styles were surveyed with the family upbringing style questionnaire(FUSQ) and their current mental health status was rated with the psychological symptom inventory-100 (PSI-100).Results (1) Except understanding-blame,and expects-demanding,and mother respect-humiliation and mother warmth-wildness,there were significant age differences on other parenting styles (P＜ 0.05),their scores were gradually increased from 1960s group ((38.29± 6.30)-(44.99± 7.36)) to 1980s group ((40.96±6.05)-(48.53±7.91)),1990s group declined((40.13±7.27)-(46.97±6.61)).(2) Most parenting style dimensions were significantly negatively correlated with symptom total score (r=0.095-0.308) and mental symptom scores (r=0.090-0.330).(3) The family parenting styles had significantly effects on the symptom total score (explained variance of 20.3％) and mental symptom scores (explained variance of 12.4％-21.5％).Conclusion There have been some positive,open and scientific changes on the family parenting styles after the reform and opening in China,childhood family parenting styles have long-term effects on mental health of youth and adult.
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Introduction: The Carotid Canal is an important structure at the base of skull as it conveys the internal carotid artery, along with a sympathetic nerve plexus and a venous plexus. Previous researches done on carotid canal suggest that abnormalities to this canal, such as fractures of carotid canal and carotid sympathetic plexus schwannoma have their effect on the internal carotid artery and the structures passing through it. Cases of absence of carotid canal have also been reported, which causes variations of the internal carotid artery. Attempt has been made in this study to give a detailed view of the ‘external opening of carotid canal’ (EOCC) which is the gateway of the carotid canal at the skull base. This study shall be useful for Surgeons, Radiologists, Anatomists, Forensic Experts, Anthropologists, etc. Aim: This study aims at measuring the various dimensions of the external openings of the carotid canal pair present at the base of skull, and to observe the age changes, sexual dimorphism, and symmetry of the external opening of the carotid canal from the analysis of these measurements. Materials and methods: Total 235 dry skulls that included 181 adolescent to adult skulls of known age and sex (age ranging from 13 years up to old age skulls of 60 years or above) and 54 foetal skulls were studied for this purpose. The longest & shortest diameter of each carotid canal, wasmeasured using a screw adjusted compass and a Vernier Calliper. Their distance from pharyngeal tubercle and from the X axis and Y axis was measured. Observations and Results: In the present study, it was observed that external opening of each carotid canal was unique in its morphology andmorphometry. The dimensions of external opening of carotid canal progressively increased from foetal age to 25 years of age, however after 25 years of age, it did not show any age change within same sex, but it showed age changes when adolescent female skulls of age less than 25 years were compared with adult male skulls of age above 25 years. It was also observed that the external opening of carotid canal showed sexual dimorphism when compared within same age group (that is, between adolescent male and female skulls below 25 years age, and between adult male and female skulls above 25 years age. Further it was also observed that EOCC did not show any asymmetry in foetal age, however it showed asymmetry in female skulls below age 25 years (adolescent).
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Background: Meissner’s corpuscle is the most complex sensory receptors of the skin; providing information about rapidly fluctuating mechanical forces acting on the hairless skin. Aim of current study was to study density and structural changes in human Meissner’s corpuscles at different ages Methods: Samples were obtained from finger tips of fifteen persons and divided into three groups according to age: group A <15years; group B: 16-45 years and group C: 46-72 years. 5 μm thick sections were prepared, impregnated with silver and observed under compound light microscope. Density of Meissner’s corpuscles (Mcs) was studied by calculating Meissner’s Index (MI). Results: In group A, the MI was 0.86-0.90, which increased to 0.96 in group B and dropped in group C to 0.4 (in the seventh decade). The analysis of variance showed significant difference (P = 0.019) in MIs of the three age groups. The size of the Mcs was largest in group B, followed by group C and smallest in group A. The analysis of variance showed that there was highly significant difference (P = 0.003) between the size of Mcs in all the three age groups. It was observed that morphology of Mcs alter with age. In children these consisted of rudimentary coil of nerve fibers around collection of cells. In adults the intra-corpuscular nerve fibers were compressed into a tight spiral and modifications of nerve fibers, like end bulbs, varicosities and networks, were well developed. In old age Mcs were attenuated consisting of tangled mass of nerve fibers. Conclusion: It can be concluded that in adults the Mcs are greater in number, larger in size and complicated in structure, compared to young and old people.
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Permeability involves the passage of fluids, ions, molecules, particulate matter and bacteria into and through a substance or tissue under different and varying conditions. The permeability of the dentin is essential to support the physiology and reaction patterns of the pulp-dentin organ. Nutrients and impulses are transported from the pulp via the odontoblast process and the contents of its tubules maintain the dentin as a vital tissue. However, the main interest of this paper focuses on penetration from the outside towards the pulp rather than from the pulp towards the outside. The present overview centers on the dentinal tubules; how they are formed and how they change as a result of normal and abnormal function, age, and pathological processes and the effect of these processes on the permeability of dentin. Particular attention is focused on the patency of the dentinal tubules.This overview is largely based on the authors own research, clinical insights and active participation in continuing dental education over the last 50 years. It is not a review of the literature related to the permeability of dentin. Rather it presents interpretation of results related to the permeability of dentin based on experience and opinions acquired over a lifetime in dental research.
A permeabilidade envolve a passagem de fluidos, íons, moléculas, material particulado e bactérias para o interior e através de uma substância ou tecido sob diferentes e variáveis condições. A permeabilidade da dentina é essencial para a fisiologia e para os padrões de reação do órgão dentino-pulpar. Nutrientes e impulsos são transportados a partir da polpa por meio dos processos odontoblásticos e o conteúdo dos seus túbulos mantém a vitalidade da dentina. Entretanto, o principal interesse deste artigo concentra-se na penetração do exterior para a polpa e não da polpa para o exterior. O presente artigo centra-se essencialmente nos túbulos dentinários; como eles são formados e como eles mudam em razão da função normal e anormal, idade e processos patológicos, e o efeito destes processos na permeabilidade da dentina. Especial atenção é dada à patência dos túbulos dentinários. Este artigo apresenta uma visão geral do assunto e baseia-se amplamente nas pesquisas e percepções clinicas do próprio autor e em sua ativa participação na educação odontológica continuada ao longo dos últimos 50 anos. Não se trata de uma revisão da literatura relacionada à permeabilidade dentinária, mas sim da interpretação de resultados relacionados à permeabilidade dentinária com base na experiência e opiniões formadas ao longo de toda uma vida dedicada à pesquisa odontológica.