Choque cardiogénico: de la definición al abordaje / Cardiogenic shock: from definition to the approach / Choque cardiogênico: da definição à abordagem

Resumen: El choque cardiogénico es la mayor catástrofe del infarto agudo al miocardio y de las cardiopatías en general. Se define como un estado en el cual el gasto cardiaco es ineficiente para perfundir y oxigenar los tejidos, por lo que se manifiesta con signos de hipoperfusión tisular y congestión capilar. Aunque las últimas guías no exijan el diagnóstico por medio de medidas hemodinámicas, el basarse sólo en lo clínico puede generar errores hasta en 30%. Las causas se dividen en isquémicas y no isquémicas, siendo la primera la más común. Pese a la aparición de nuevos dispositivos mecánicos, aunados al soporte médico, sólo se ha demostrado la mejora de los desenlaces con las terapias endovasculares.

Abstract: Cardiogenic shock (CSh) is the major catastrophe of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and heart disease in general. It is defined as a state in which cardiac output (CO) is inefficient to perfuse and oxygenate tissues, which is why it manifests with signs of tissue hypoperfusion and capillary congestion. Although the latest guidelines do not require diagnosis with hemodynamic measures, relying only on the clinical can generate errors up to 30%. The causes are divided into ischemic (AMI) and non-ischemic, with the former being the most common. Despite the appearance of new mechanical devices, coupled with medical support, it has only shown the improvement of outcomes with endovascular therapies.

Resumo: O choque cardiológico (ChC) é a principal catástrofe do infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) e das cardiopatias em geral. Definida como um estado no qual o débito cardíaco (DC) é ineficiente para perfundir e oxigenar os tejidos, razão pela qual se manifiesta com sinais de hipoperfusão tecidual e congestão capilar. Embora as diretrizes mais recentes não exijam diagnóstico por meio de medidas hemodinâmicas, depender apenas da clínica pode gerar erros de até 30%. As causas são divididas em isquêmicas (IAM) e não isquêmicas, sendo a primeira a mais comum. Apesar do surgimento de novos dispositivos mecânicos aliados ao suporte médico, só demonstrou-se a melhora dos resultados com terapias endovasculares.

Falla cardíaca en pacientes pediátricos. Fisiopatología y tratamiento. Parte II / Heart failure in paediatric patients: pathophysiology and treatment. Part II

Resumen La falla cardiaca en una patología poco reconocida en la edad pediátrica y tiene una alta tasa de mortalidad al no ser diagnosticada en forma temprana. Se hace una revisión del diagnóstico, la estratificación y el manejo actual de la falla cardiaca en niños y se mencionan las nuevas terapias actualmente en investigación.

Abstract Heart failure is a little known condition at paediatric age, and has a high mortality rate on not being diagnosed early. A review is presented on its diagnosis, stratification, and current management of heart failure in children, as well the new therapies currently under investigation.

Perfiles clínicos y hemodinámicos en pacientes con falla cardiaca aguda / Clinical and haemodynamic profiles of patients with acute heart failure

Resumen Objetivo: describir los perfiles clínicos y hemodinámicos de pacientes hospitalizados por falla cardíaca aguda. Métodos: estudio transversal de pacientes de 18 años o más, con diagnóstico de falla cardíaca aguda admitidos a un centro hospitalario de alta complejidad en Cali, Colombia, en un período de 7 meses. Se recolectó información sociodemográfica, clínica, perfiles clínicos y hemodinámicos de la falla cardiaca al ingreso, estancia hospitalaria y mortalidad. Se describieron las variables cuantitativas como promedios o medianas, y las categóricas como valor absoluto y porcentajes. Se realizaron tablas de frecuencia, y se graficaron los porcentajes de pacientes que ingresaron según el perfil clínico y hemodinámico de falla cardiaca aguda. Resultados: se incluyeron 99 pacientes con 143 episodios de falla cardíaca aguda. La mitad eran hombres y la mediana de edad 66 años (rango 21 a 97 años). 60% fueron afrodescendientes y 14,14% mestizos. Los perfiles clínicos más frecuentes fueron falla cardíaca aguda descompensada (72,46%), edema pulmonar agudo (10,14%) y falla cardiaca asociada a síndrome coronario agudo en 6,52%. Los perfiles hemodinámicos fueron ''caliente y seco'' 10,87%, ''caliente y húmedo'' 55,07%, ''frío y húmedo'' 28,26% y ''frío y seco'' en 5,8%. Conclusiones: la falla cardíaca aguda descompensada es el perfil de presentación clínica más común en nuestra población con dos tercios del total de casos. El perfil hemodinámico más frecuente fue el ''caliente y húmedo'' (Stevenson B), resultados que concuerdan con lo observado en estudios locales y registros internacionales.

Abstract Objective: To describe the clinical and haemodynamic profiles of patients admitted to hospital due to acute heart failure. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients aged 18 years or older with a diagnosis of acute heart failure admitted to a high complexity hospital in Cali, Colombia, during a 7-month period. Sociodemographic, clinical and haemodynamic information of the cardiac failure was recorded on admission, as well as hospital stay and mortality. The quantitative variables are described as means or medians, and the categorical variables as absolute value and percentages. Frequency tables were made, and a graph made of the percentages of patients admitted, according to the clinical and haemodynamic profile of the acute heart failure. Results: The study included as total of 99 patients with 143 episodes of acute heart failure. Half of the patients were male, and the median age was 66 years (range 21 to 97 years). The majority (60%) were of African descent and 14.14% were Mestizos. The most common clinical profiles were decompensated heart failure (72.46%), acute pulmonary edema (10.14%), and heart failure associated with acute coronary syndrome in 6.52%. The haemodynamic profiles were ''warm and dry'' in 10.87%, ''warm and wet'' in 55.07%, ''cold and wet'' in 28.26%, and ''cold and dry'' in 5.8%. Conclusions: Decompensated acute heart failure is the most common clinical presentation profile in the population studied, with two-thirds of all cases. The most frequent haemodynamic profile was ''warm and wet'', results that agree with those observed in local studies and in international registers.

Efecto de los inotrópicos sobre la mortalidad en falla cardiaca aguda. Metaanálisis en red de ensayos clínicos / Effect of inotropic drugs on mortality in acute heart failure. Network meta-analysis of clinical trials

Resumen Introducción: en pacientes con falla cardiaca aguda es necesario el uso de inotrópicos para lograr su estabilización. Objetivo: definir cuál de los medicamentos inotrópicos se asocia con menor mortalidad. Metodología: se realizó un metaanálisis en red con la aproximación frecuentista. La búsqueda sistemática incluyó PUBMED, EMBASE, CENTRAL, DARE, Epistemonikos, SieELO, LILACS y Open- Gray. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos con asignación aleatoria en pacientes con falla cardiaca aguda que recibieron dobutamina, levosimendán o milrinone que reportaran datos de mortalidad. Resultados: los 20 estudios incluidos asignaron en forma aleatoria 5.315 pacientes a cinco comparaciones. La mayoría de estudios mostró riesgo de sesgos de selección de la población y en el cegamiento de la intervención. Las diferentes comparaciones con placebo, dobutamina (OR 1,30 IP 95% 0,54-3,09), levosimendán (OR 0,86 IP 95% 0,38-1,93) y milrinone (OR 1,69 IP 95% 0,49-5,85), no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas, al igual que las comparaciones entre ellos, dobutamina vs. levosimendán (OR 0,66 IP 95% 0,30-1,48), dobutamina vs. milrinone (OR 1,30 IP 95% 0,34-4,96) y levosimendán vs. milrinone (OR 1,97 IP 95% 0,53-7,29). El análisis por rangos demostró mayor probabilidad para milrinone seguido de dobutamina. Discusión: no hay diferencias en el uso de inotrópicos como dobutamina, levosimendán o milrinone en términos del desenlace de mortalidad, así que su utilización dependerá de otras consideraciones.

Abstract Introduction: Inotropic drugs are required in order to stabilise patients with acute heart failure. Objective: To determine which of the inotropic drugs are associated with lower mortality. Materials and method: A network meta-analysis was performed using the frequentist approach. The systematic search included PUBMED, EMBASE, CENTRAL, DARE, Epistemonikos, ScieELO, LILACS, and OpenGray data bases. Randomised clinical trials were included that provided data on mortality on patients with acute heart failure who received dobutamine, levosimendan or milrinone. Results: A total of 5,315 patients in the 20 studies include were randomly assigned to five comparisons. The majority of the studies showed bias risks in population selection and in the blinding of the intervention. The different comparisons with placebo, dobutamine (OR 1.30; 95% probability interval (PI); 0.54-3.09), levosimendan (OR 0.86; 95% PI; 0.38-1.93), and milrinone (OR 1.69; 95% PI; 0.49-5.85), did not show any statistically significant differences. The same applied to the comparisons between themselves, dobutamine vs. levosimendan (OR 0.66; 95%PI; 0.30-1.48), dobutamine vs. milrinone (OR 1.30; 95% PI; 0.34-4.96), and levosimendan vs. milrinone (OR 1.97; 95% PI; 0.53-7.29). The analysis by ranges showed a higher probability for milrinone, followed by dobutamine. Discussion: There are no differences in the use of inotropic drugs, such as dobutamine, levosimendan or milrinone in terms of mortality outcomes. Their use, therefore, will depend on other factors.

Levosimendana em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca descompensada: eficácia em uma coorte brasileira. Resultados do estudo BELIEF / Levosimendan in decompensated heart failure patients: efficacy in a Brazilian cohort. Results of the BELIEF study

Fundamento: A levosimendana é um novo agente inodilatador que aumenta a contratilidade cardíaca pela sensibilização ao Ca(2+) e induz vasodilatação por meio da ativação dos canais KATP/BKCa. Objetivo: Estudar a eficácia e segurança da levosimendana em uma coorte brasileira portadora de insuficiência cardíaca descompensada e em pacientes resistentes a agonistas b-adrenérgicos. Métodos: O BELIEF (Brazilian Evaluation of Levosimendan Infusion Efficacy) foi um estudo aberto, prospectivo, multicêntrico e observacional realizado com 182 portadores de ICD de alto risco, todos tratados com levosimendana. O desfecho primário do estudo era alta hospitalar sem terapia inotrópica adicional (pacientes que responderam ao tratamento). Os desfechos secundários eram alterações nos parâmetros clínicos e hemodinâmicos e nos níveis de peptídeo natriurético cerebral (BNP). Resultados: A taxa de mortalidade foi de 14,8 por cento, e 139 dos 182 pacientes responderam ao tratamento. Entre os que não responderam, a taxa de mortalidade foi de 62,8 por cento. A pressão arterial sistólica foi um preditor de resposta ao tratamento. No grupo resistente aos agonistas b-adrenérgicos, 55,8 por cento responderam ao tratamento. Ao todo, 54 pacientes tiveram pelo menos um evento adverso, a maioria dos quais desapareceu espontaneamente ou após redução da dose da levosimendana. Houve uma melhora significativa na qualidade de vida entre 2 e 6 meses do acompanhamento (p < 0,0001). Conclusão: Nossos resultados indicam que a infusão de levosimendana é uma terapia alternativa de curto prazo para tratamento de pacientes com ICD. A gravidade da insuficiência cardíaca pode influenciar a resposta ao tratamento com levosimendana. São necessários estudos prospectivos com uma coorte brasileira que inclua também pacientes com doença de Chagas.

Background: Levosimendan is a new inodilatory agent that enhances cardiac contractility via Ca(2+) sensitization and induces vasodilation through the activation of KATP/BKCa. Objective: To study the efficacy and safety of levosimendan in a decompensated heart failure (DHF) Brazilian cohort, and in b-adrenergic agonist resistant patients. Methods: The Brazilian Evaluation of Levosimendan Infusion Efficacy (BELIEF) study was prospective, multicenter, observational and included 182 high-risk DHF patients, all of which received open-label levosimendan. Primary end point was hospital discharge without additional inotropic therapy (responder). Secondary end points were changes in hemodynamics, clinical parameters, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Results: Mortality rate was 14.8 percent, and 139 of 182 patients were responders. In non responders it was 62.8 percent. Systolic blood pressure was a predictor of response. In b-adrenergic agonist resistant group, 55.8 percent were responders. Overall, 54 patients experienced at least one adverse event; most of them resolved either spontaneously or after levosimendan dose reduction. A significant improvement in quality of life was verified at 2-6 months of follow-up (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Our results suggest levosimendan infusion as an alternative therapy in the short term management of DHF patients. HF severity can influence the response to levosimendan treatment. Prospective studies are warranted in a Brazilian cohort including Chagas heart disease.