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1.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2020. 107 p. tab, graf, ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1284427

ABSTRACT

A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma síndrome de elevada morbimortalidade, correspondendo a um grave problema de saúde pública. Uma das abordagens terapêuticas para IC consiste no uso de antagonistas do receptor de angiotensina II do tipo 1 (AT1R), conhecidos como sartanas. Estudos apontam que uma nova classe de compostos, os agonistas enviesados, é capaz de induzir a sinalização da via da ß-arrestina sem ativação da via da proteína G. Essa seletividade funcional é particularmente interessante, pois a via dependente da proteína G é responsável pelo aumento da pressão arterial, morte celular e fibrose tecidual, levando a hipertrofia cardíaca e progressão da IC. No entanto, a via da ß-arrestina está associada com renovação celular e aumento do inotropismo. Além disso, estudos in vivo sugerem que agonistas enviesados poderiam corresponder a uma terapia superior à dos antagonistas convencionais, que bloqueiam ambas as vias. Apesar do potencial terapêutico, esses compostos possuem estrutura peptídica e, por isso, tem sua administração restrita à via intravenosa. A resolução da estrutura cristalográfica do AT1R permitiu estudos de modelagem molecular mais acurados. Tendo isso em mente, nesse trabalho foram propostos agonistas enviesados de natureza não peptídica para o AT1R por meio de técnicas de modelagem molecular e validação das hipóteses levantadas por ensaios in vitro. Foram realizados estudos de dinâmica molecular com o AT1R (PDB ID: 4YAY) em uma bicamada lipídica e ensaios de ancoramento molecular da angiotensina II (AngII) e do ligante enviesado TRV027. As poses de ancoramento molecular selecionadas foram utilizadas em dinâmicas de complexo, que revelaram diferenças entre os sistemas apo (sem nenhum ligante) e holo (com o ligante no sitio de ligação). Nossos resultados sugerem que o TRV027 induz um padrão exclusivo de ligações de hidrogênio e de estrutura secundária, enquanto que a AngII afeta os resíduos do bolso hidrofóbico do sitio de ligação, principalmente a conformação do Trp2536.48. Com base nas simulações, três farmacóforos foram criados e utilizados de maneira complementar em triagens virtuais na base de dados ZINC15, resultando na seleção de cinco compostos. Um desses compostos apresentou afinidade pelo receptor AT1R e, ainda que estudos complementares de ativação de vias especificas sejam necessários para que o composto possa ser classificado como agonista enviesado, já se constitui em molécula potencialmente promissora. Além disso, esses estudos permitiram a proposição de estruturas inéditas que podem vir a ser hits no processo de desenvolvimento de agonistas enviesados para AT1R. Portanto, como continuidade desse trabalho, essas moléculas serão sintetizadas e investigadas quanto à possível interação com o receptor.


Heart Failure (HF) is a common syndrome with high morbimortality, being considered a serious public health problem. One of the therapeutic approaches for HF consists in the use of the sartan class, which are angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonists. Recent studies have shown that a new class of compounds, known as biased agonists, is able to induce signaling via ß-arrestin without G-protein activation. This functional selectivity is particularly interesting since G-protein dependent signaling is responsible for cell death and cardiac tissue fibrosis, which leads to cardiac muscle hypertophy and HF progression. On the other hand, ß-arrestin signaling is associated with cellular renewal and increased inotropism. In vivo studies suggests that biased agonists could correspond to a superior therapy over conventional angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists, which blocks cell signaling as a whole, however their peptidic structure restricts their use to intravenous administration. Moreover, the AT1R crystal structure determination holds great promise for more accurate molecular modeling studies. With that being said, the aim of this work was to plan and develop new non-peptidic biased agonists for ATR1 employing molecular modeling techniques and in vitro tests for hypothesis validation. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the refined AT1R crystal (PDB ID: 4YAY) embedded in a lipid bilayer and molecular docking studies with angiotensin II (AngII) and TRV027 (biased agonist) were conducted. Selected docking poses from both ligands underwent complex MD simulations revealing differences between apo (ligand free) and holo (ligand in the binding site) systems. Our results suggest that TRV027 induces an exclusive hydrogen bond and secondary structure pattern, while AngII affects the hydrophobic pocket conformation, mainly Trp253. Based on the simulations, three pharmacophore models were created and used in virtual screenings in the ZINC15 database, resulting in the selection of five compounds that were tested in vitro. One of the compounds displayed affinity for AT1R and is a promising molecule. Nonetheless, it needs further pathway activation characterization in order to be a classified as a biased agonist. Furthermore, these results have contributed significantly for the proposition of new structures that could be hits with biased agonist activity for AT1R. Thus, for future works, we point out the necessity for synthesis and characterization of this new compounds


Subject(s)
In Vitro Techniques/methods , Angiotensin II/agonists , Heart Failure/pathology , Ligands , Organization and Administration , Receptors, Angiotensin/analysis , Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/analysis , Methods
2.
Rev. biol. trop ; 56(3): 1503-1520, sep. 2008. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-637879

ABSTRACT

Social behavior of the Wedge-capped Capuchin Monkey Cebus olivaceus (Primates: Cebidae) in three zoological exhibits of Caracas, Venezuela. Captivity represents an extreme situation for primates, especially for those with large home ranges, and its effect on their behavior might be considerable. The Wedge-capped Capuchin Monkey Cebus olivaceus is the most common primate in Venezuelan zoos. To estimate the effect of confinement on C. olivaceus behavior, we analyzed the social behavior of three groups that differed in captivity conditions, in zoological exhibits in Caracas (Caricuao, Parque del Este, El Pinar). Caricuao’s group moved freely over a non-fenced area of 15 ha, Parque del Este’s and El Pinar’s groups lived in relatively small outdoor enclosures. Social behaviors were described using focal-animal sampling, group scans and ad libitum sampling. The frequency, duration and time devoted to each behavior (per focal period per individual) were estimated. Relative dominance between pairs of individuals was established as well as affiliative associations. The repertory of social behaviors was similar between groups and to which has been observed in nature, but the duration and frequency of affiliative and agonistic interactions differed between groups. Affiliative behaviors were less frequent but longer in Caricuao than in the other two groups, while agonistic behaviors were more frequent in El Pinar and Parque del Este. Differences between groups are explained by variation in captivity conditions. We suggest that confinement generates social tension and favors agonism, while affiliative encounters help reduce this tension. On the other hand, differences in agonism between captive and natural groups may result form prolonged association, restrictions to keep optimal spacing or leave the group. All groups had some social structure (e.g., dominance ranks, association and repulsion between individuals) but the social dynamic was partly disrupted. Dominance ranks were not clear throughout the group, the top male was not dominant over the top female, dominant individuals did not interact affiliatively more than other individuals, and females did not affiliate frequently with other females. All of these observations are contrary to which has been observed in nature. As a whole, C. olivaceus tolerates captivity well because its behavioral repertoire is similar to that in natural conditions, and abnormal or undesirable behaviors (e.g., self-mutilation, stereotyped actions), were not observed. Nonetheless, there is an effect of captivity, reflected in a disruption of the social dynamic. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1503-1520. Epub 2008 September 30.


El confinamiento es una situación extrema para los primates con áreas de vivienda extensas, y su efecto sobre la conducta puede ser considerable. Cebus olivaceus es el primate más común en los zoológicos de Venezuela pero su conducta en esta condición no ha sido documentada. Para estimar el efecto del confinamiento sobre el comportamiento social de C. olivaceus, observamos tres grupos en zoológicos de Caracas (Caricuao, Parque del Este, El Pinar), que diferían en las condiciones de cautiverio. El grupo en Caricuao, podía desplazarse libremente en un área no cercada, mientras que en Parque del Este y El Pinar estaban en fosas relativamente pequeñas. Se determinó el repertorio de conductas sociales y la frecuencia, duración y tiempo dedicado por individuo a cada comportamiento. Se realizaron observaciones focales de cada individuo, barridos del grupo y observaciones ad libitum. Se estableció la dominancia relativa y las asociaciones afiliativas entre individuos. El repertorio de conductas sociales fue similar entre grupos y respecto a lo observado en condiciones naturales. Sin embargo, las conductas afiliativas fueron menos frecuentes pero más largas en el grupo de Caricuao, mientras que las conductas agonísticas fueron más frecuentes en Parque del Este y El Pinar. Además, el agonismo fue menos frecuente en los grupos observados que en la naturaleza. Las diferencias entre grupos se explican por la condición del cautiverio. Sugerimos que con el confinamiento incrementa la tensión social y la probabilidad de encuentros agonísticos, en contraposición, la afiliación reduciría esta tensión. Por otra parte, la convivencia prolongada, la imposibilidad de mantener distancias individuales óptimas o de migrar del grupo promoverían la reducción del agonismo, a largo plazo, lo que explicaría las diferencias con los grupos naturales. En los tres grupos hubo cierta estructura social (relaciones de dominancia, afiliaciones y repulsiones entre individuos), pero algunos aspectos de la dinámica social están alterados. Los rangos de dominancia no fueron claros, el macho alfa no dominaba a la hembra de mayor rango, los dominantes no interactuaban afiliativamente más que otros individuos, y las hembras no se afiliaban preferentemente con otras hembras. Estas observaciones son contrarias a lo descrito en la naturaleza. Globalmente C. olivaceus tolera bien el cautiverio porque presenta un repertorio de conductas similar al observado en la naturaleza y no muestra conductas anormales (auto agresión, movimientos estereotipados); sin embargo la dinámica social es afectada.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Animals, Zoo/physiology , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Cebus/physiology , Social Behavior , Venezuela
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