ABSTRACT
Iso-oncotic human serum albumin (HSA) is the primary replacement fluid of choice during therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). Hypersensitivity reactions to HSA are rare, but require proper evaluation and management. In this article, we report two cases of hypersensitivity reactions to 5% HSA during TPE and discuss strategies to address this problem. The first case was a 60-year-old female patient, who was scheduled for TPE for treatment of recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis after ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation. She developed a pruritic rash on her entire body during the first two sessions of TPE using 5% HSA. The third session was conducted using 500 mL normal saline, 1,000 mL 10% pentastarch, and 750 mL 5% HSA, where she eventually developed a pruritic rash when HSA was infused. There were no adverse events during the fourth and fifth session when fresh frozen plasma was used in place of HSA. The second case was a 50-year-old male patient diagnosed with optic neuritis, who was admitted for five sessions of TPE. The patient developed a pruritic rash on his entire body during the first session of TPE using 5% HSA. The patient experienced no adverse events during the following four sessions using fresh frozen plasma. Certain elements contained in HSA, such as albumin aggregates, prekallikrein activator, and caprylate-modified albumin, might be the reason for these hypersensitivity reactions. Careful selection of alternative replacement fluids is important to avoid premature termination of TPE procedures and secure optimal treatment options for patients.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Caprylates , Exanthema , Factor XIIa , Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental , Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives , Hypersensitivity , Kidney Transplantation , Optic Neuritis , Plasma Exchange , Plasma , Serum AlbuminABSTRACT
A enteropatia perdedora de proteínas raramente pode ser observada em pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico. Essa situação clínica deve ser suspeitada quando houver hipoalbuminemia persistente, na presença de uma função hepática preservada, ingesta proteica adequada e ausência de proteinúria significativa. Descrevemos o caso de uma paciente de 48 anos com perda ponderal, derrames cavitários (ascite e derrame pleural) e edema de membros inferiores. O diagnóstico de lúpus foi firmado a partir da presença de linfopenia, proteinúria, FAN e autoanticorpos positivos (anti-Sm, anti-DNA e anti-Ro). Houve persistência de hipoalbuminemia mesmo com corticoterapia na dose de 1 mg/kg de peso, sendo diagnosticada enteropatia perdedora de proteínas por meio da cintilografia com albumina 99mTc. A melhora clínica e laboratorial da paciente veio após a associação da azatioprina com corticosteroide.
Protein-losing enteropathy is rarely seen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. This clinical condition should be suspected in the presence of persistent hypoalbuminemia despite normal liver function, adequate protein intake, and no significant proteinuria. We report the case of a 48-year-old female with weight loss, cavity effusions (ascites and pleural effusion), and lower extremity edema. The diagnosis of lupus was established based on the presence of lymphopenia, proteinuria, ANA, and positive autoantibodies (anti-Sm, anti-DNA, and anti-Ro). Because hypoalbuminemia persisted even with corticosteroid therapy at the dose of 1 mg/kg, protein-losing enteropathy was diagnosed by use of Tc-99m albumin scintigraphy. After adding azathioprine to the treatment, the symptoms subsided and serum albumin levels improved.