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Objective To explore the changes of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and its influencing factors in alcohol consumption, and establish a mathematical model of BAC metabolism. Methods The BAC was measured by using the gas chromatograph and the internal standard curve method, and the data was analyzed by SPSS20.0 and R and the mathematical model was established. Results On average women BAC elimination rate is 9.54mg/100mL/h, the average male BAC elimination rate is 12.19mg/100mL/h, women elimination rate less than men, and BAC elimination rate is related to gender of medium and related to the weight of strong, has nothing to do with age. According to the results of the mixed effects model, the mixed effect model can predict the BAC accurately, the mean absolute error (MAE) is 1.60mg/100mL, and the data is analyzed by the decision tree method, and MAE is 9.99mg/100mL. Conclusion BAC elimination rate was associated with sex and weight after drinking, and the random-effect mixing model could be accurately inferred by time, alcohol consumption, sex and weight.
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Objective To characterize alcohol-related deaths which were not caused by traffic accident in Shanghai and to provide data support for alcohol-related policy and intervention.Methods All alcohol-positive fatal deaths collected in 2007-2016 from Shanghai Public Security Bureau were classified based on blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and distributed by year,gender,age,season,cause of death (COD),manner of death (MOD) and combined drugs.Results There was no significant correlation of alcohol BAC with year or season.Males (88.4％) were more than females (11.6％).Age of 20-39 years (57.1％),mechanical injury (70.1％),homicide (64.6％) and combined illicit use (37.2％) were the largest proportions in respective categories of age,COD,MOD and drug combination.With the BAC rising,mechanical injury and homicide showed decreased proportions,while burn and accidents showed increased proportions.Conclusions Male and the age of 20-39 years are the major populations for alcohol-related deaths in Shanghai.With the rise of BAC,mechanical injury and homicide decrease,while burn and accident increase.Among the combined use of alcohol and drugs,death from acute intoxication should be paid special attention.
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Objective To study the anti-alcoholism effect of Puerariae lobatae radix, Puerariae lobatae flowers, Hovenia dulcis thunb mixture on acute alcohol poisoning in mice.Methods A model of acute alcoholism in mice was established by intragastrical administration of alcohol.The best ratio of each component in the mixture was identified by observing the sobering effect of the mixtures on mice.The best ratio mixture was divided into low dose group and high dose group.The mice tolerance time, drunken time, the ethanol concentration in the blood and the alcohol dehydrogenase activity in liver were measured to study the anti-alcoholism effect of the mixture.Results The Puerariae lobatae radix, Puerariae lobatae flowers, Hovenia dulcis thunb mixture not only increased the tolerance time and decreased the drunken time of mice, but also significantly reduced the ethanol concentration in blood and improved the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in liver.Conclusion This study found that Puerariae lobatae radix, Puerariae lobatae flowers, Hovenia dulcis thunb mixture has anti-alcoholism effect on acute alcoholism in mice.
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OBJECTIVE:To study the preventive effects of arhinhor-11 on acute alcoholism in mice. METHODS:48 mice were randomly divided into model group (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose),arhinhor-11 low-dose,medium-dose and high-dose groups [1.23,2.46,4.92 g(crude drug)/kg],with 12 mice in each group. Each group was given relevant medicine intragastrically, and 30 min later given 56% liquor intragastrically to induce acute alcoholism model. The disappearance time and recovery time of righting reflex were determined. 160 mice were grouped,given medicine and modeled with the same method,with 40 mice in each group. The alcohol concentration and alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH)activity in liver of 10 mice were determined 0.5,1,2,3 h af-ter giving alcohol. Other 10 mice were included in normal control (ig administration of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose). RE-SULTS:Compared with model group,the disappearance time of righting reflex were prolonged while recovery time shortened in arhinhor-11 groups,and alcohol concentration and ADH activity increased 0.5,1,2,3 h after giving alcohol (P0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Arhinhor-11 has preventive effect on acute alcoholism in mice. It has a positive control effects on the alco-hol concentration in blood and ADH activity in liver.
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Objective: To optimize the alcohol concentration for Jinyin Qingre oral liquids extracted by semi-bionic extraction (SBE). Methods:Using proportional division method to set up 5 alcohol concentration 30%,55%,61. 25%,67. 5%,80% for the ex-periment . The dried extract yield and the contents of chlorogenic acid ,geniposide,salviandic acid B and total phenolic acid were set up as indexes which were standardized as the comprehensive evaluation value ( Y) ,using the weighting coefficient had been set. Choosing the appropriate concentration by comparing the value of Y. Results:The order of comprehensive evaluation value was as follows:30%>61. 25% >55% >80% >67. 5%. Conclusion:Combining the clarity of the oral liquids, the best alcohol concentration in SBE for Jinyin Qingre oral liquids is 61. 25%.
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OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to identify alcohol pharmacokinetics and to investigate the correlations between various factors for alcohol metabolism of healthy Korean males. METHODS: The 101 recruited volunteers were randomized into two groups as one group provided 0.35 mg/mL/kg and 0.7 mg/mL/kg, the other. Blood alcohol concentration was measured and analyzed in enzymatic methods eight times from drinking point. RESULTS: Alcohol elimination rate (beta) was found to be -0.0083%/h for low dose group and -0.0157%/h for the high dose group. The results indicate discrepancy in the legal criteria of alcohol elimination rate (-0.008%/h). The measured alcohol pharmacokinetic properties were following : mean time to reach maximum alcohol concentration in blood was 30 minutes, absorption rate was 0.0197%, maximum alcohol concentration in blood was 0.4930%, and Area under the curve was 59.25. Also, alcohol elimination was not affected by age, smoking, total body water, drinking capacity, body mass index, blood cholesterol, body fat, and body fat ratio. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that legal limitation could be adjusted in Korean males. Also the research should be extended including female and senior citizens for statistical significance of the research. These findings have contributed to our knowledge of the alcohol pharmacokinetics in Korean male.
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Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Absorption , Adipose Tissue , Body Mass Index , Body Water , Cholesterol , Drinking , Metabolism , Pharmacokinetics , Smoke , Smoking , VolunteersABSTRACT
The data of the alcohol concentration in alcohol precipitation process of 22 Chinese materia medica (CMM) were investigated and analyzed. The result showed that the real alcohol concentration in the alcohol precipitation process was higher than the expected generally, and the real alcohol concentration in the alcohol precipitation process in the same product was different in different batches. The gap between the real alcohol concentration in the alcohol precipitation process and the expected maybe related to the product and the method to determine how much alcohol to be added and the way of operation. The data above were analyzed, and some suggestions were presented as follows: (1) Meaning of the expected alcohol concentration in the alcohol precipitation process described in the drug quality specification should be explained clearly; (2) The method used to determine how much alcohol should be added and the indicator of on-line control should be studied and determined; (3) During the process validation, the real alcohol concentration in the alcohol precipitation process should be detected according to the procedure in China Pharmacopeia (2010 edition) and make sure whether the real alcohol concentration in the alcohol precipitation process was the same as the expected; (4) The alcohol precipitation process of new CMM should be systematically studied, and the method used to determine how much alcohol should be added must be on record in `Production Process for Oon-site Inspection'.
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The purpose of this study is to provide a fundamental basis for defining measures to prevent suicide by specifically examining the relationship between suicide and alcohol consumption, which is thought to be a key factor in suicide. This study reviewed 426 suicide autopsies diagnosed by the department of forensic medicine, National Forensic Service (2007-2009) and analyzed the preliminary data on variables such as gender, age, and cause of death, with particular focus on the relationship between these variables and blood alcohol concentration. The relationship between each variable and alcohol consumption was as follows. First, alcohol was present in 48.4% of suicides. Second, blood alcohol concentration wrere twice as high in women as in men. Third, the relationship between suicide and alcohol consumption was greater in people in their 30s and 40s. The correlation between suicide and alcohol intake was evident this age group. These results are more specific and practical than the results of previous studies on the correlation between suicide and alcohol intake. The results of this study will help define measures to facilitate suicide prevention as an important reference and may eventually help lower the suicide rate in Korea.
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Female , Humans , Male , Alcohol Drinking , Autopsy , Cause of Death , Drinking , Forensic Medicine , Korea , SuicideABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the status of driving after drinking alcohol among motor vehicle drivers and to provide evidence for the development of specific interventions.Methods A 7-day intercept survey on driving after alcohol drinking,having drinking habit or driving after getting drunk,among motor vchicle drivers,was conducted in 6 counties of Zhejiang province,2010.Results 16 467 motor vehicle drivers were included in the survey.Rates of driving after drinking alcohol [blood alcohol concentration (BAC)＞0 mg/100 ml],having habit of drinking alcohol (20 mg/100 ml≤BAC＜80 mg/100 ml) and driving after being drunk (BAC≥80 mg/100 ml),were 1.82％,1.03％ and 0.27％ respectively.Rates of driving after drinking alcohol,having habit of drink alcohol and driving and drunk-driving among the drivers from urban areas were significantly higher than those of drivers from rural areas,and those rates of male drivers were significantly higher than female drivers as well.60.20％ of drivers after drinking alcohol,were 35 to 49 year-olds,and the three above said rates all increased along with age.The highest above said three rates were observed at 23:00 PM and 1:00 AM.Compared with other motor vehicle drivers,motorcyclists possessed the highest rates of the three items,as 9.27％,5.01％ and 1.57％ respectively.Conclusion Driving after drinking alcohol among motor vehicle drivers still prevailed in Zhejiang,especially between 23:00PM and 1:00 AM.Drivers from the cities,being male or motorcyclists were among the high-risk populations that called for special attention to be paid in the future,including law enforcement and health promotion to fight against the problem.
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This study was conducted to assess the trends of drunk driving offences in Mauritius, and the relationship with motor vehicle accidents. It is well known that driving under the influence of alcohol increases the risk of motor vehicle accidents. Data obtained from police road safety unit (1999–2001) and forensic science laboratory (1992–2000) were analyzed. More than 85% of drunk drivers had BAC above 0.08%. In 2003, the permissible blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit had been lowered from 0.08 to 0.05. This article provides a summary of the evidence regarding the benefits of reducing the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) for driving. Although moderate alcohol intake (20 grams ethanol; two standard drinks or less) may not violate BAC laws, it still carries significant risk of motor-vehicle accidents.
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A 48 years old man was sent to hospital through emergency room immediately after head injuries. He was arrived at hospital being dead and autopsy was done sixty hours later after insult. Multiple skull fractures and brain parenchymal contusions, subarachnoid hemorrhage, stem hemorrhage were noted, and these injuries were considering as a cause of death. Interestingly, blood alcohol concentration (BAC) using cardiac blood was very high (0.738%) in this case. Here in, we report abnormally high BAC in heart blood which is not a cause of death and we review the general aspects about alcohol concentration interpretation.
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Male , HumansABSTRACT
Objective To optimize the alcohol concentration of Guizhi Gancao Decoction extracted by semi-bionic alcoholic extraction (SBAE). Methods Extracts were prepared by the best semi-bionic extraction technology and the best combination method. The contents of Glycyrrhetinic Acid, Cinnamic Acid, total flavones, volatile oil and dry extract in the each extract were determined. Results Comprehensive evaluation Y of 70% alcoholic SBAE extract was significantly higher than that of other alcohol concentration SBAE. Conclusion 70% is the best alcohol concentration of Guizhi Gancao Decoction extracted by SBAE.
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OBJECTIVE:To study the effect of concentrations of alcohol in precipitation method on polysaccharide contents in order to optimize the extractive condition of Xinmaishen oral liquid METHODS:Taking the total polysaccharides in the decoction as target and dertermining the effective components by phenol-vitriol colorimetry,the effects of 4 alcohol concentrations(50%,60%,70%,80%) on polysaccharide contents were studied RESULTS:The results showed that the polysaccharide contents sharply decreased with the increase of alcohol concentration When the alcohol concentration reached 80%,the polysaccharide content lost nearly 70% CONCLUSION:Polysaccharide content should be used as one of exam indices in screening preparation technique of this oral liquid
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This is a study to determine if there is a significant relationship between eye movement and alcohol intake at and below the legal limit of 0.05% blood alcohol concentration [BAC], and to identify the minimal BAC that causes significant change in eye movement. Twenty healthy males were orally given 0.57g/kg alcohol. After the alcohol intake, the BAC was measured at 10 minute intervals along with measurements of saccadic velocity, latency, and gain of pursuit movement of the eye. Linear regression analysis between BAC < or =0.05%and saccadic velocity and latency resulted in correlation coefficients of 0.258 and 0.306 respectively[p<0.005], while gain of pursuit movement had no relation to BAC.The latency at 0.05~0.06%BAC interval increased compared with the values before alcohol intake, with statistical significance [p<0.05 ]. Although there existed variations among subjects, a significant functional change of eye movement developed at 0.05%BAC, the legal limit of alcohol.Eye movement is thought to be a valuable indicator of CNS depression by alcohol and prolonged latency of saccadic eye movement by alcohol may be the explanation for increased risk of traffic accidents after alcohol intake.
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Humans , Male , Accidents, Traffic , Depression , Eye Movements , Linear Models , SaccadesABSTRACT
A study of relationship of blood and breath alcohol Concentration in 120 patients in traffic victims in the Division of Trauma, Department of Surgery, Siriraj Hospital, The blood alcohol level revealed 0 to 330 mg% and breath alcohol 0 to 313 mg%. Mean interval of blood alcohol was 127.9250 mg% and of breath alcohol was 124.4417 mg% The relationship has linear regression equation was Y = 0.9189, X + 8.3478, Y = level of alcohol in blood measured by breathalyzer and X = level of alcohol in blood measured by Head Spread Gas chromo tography. The value of correlation coefficient is equal to 0.987 and is very significant in statistic value at the level of 0.001.
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Alcohol intoxication is often a contributory factor to the accidental head injury and may greatly aggravate the situation due to respiratory depression, cerebral edema and alteration in clotting mechanisms. Blood alcohol level was measured in 1261 patients with head injury attending the emergency room of Chung-Ang university hospital during one year from July, 1988. Blood alcohol concentration over 0.5g/L was defined as positive. The results are as followed : 1) Among 1261 patients of head injury, 89 patients showed positive blood alcohol level(7.05%). The mean blood alcohol concentration was 1.673g/L. 2) The male to female ration was 8.9 : 1 and majority of patients were 3rd and 4th decade. 76.6 percent of blood alcohol positive patients were attended between 8pm and 4am. 3) The common mechanisms of injury in blood alcohol positive group were pedestrian road traffic accidents(27.1%), fall down(24.7%) and home accidents(14.6%). 4) The level of consciousness on admission was significantly worse in the blood alcohol positive group than in the control group(P<0.01). 5) The common associated injuries were mostly in the extremities(22.5%) and chest(6.7%), but there was no significant difference in both group. 6) The prognosis was worse in the blood alcohol postive group than in the control group(P<0.01).