Screening and bioinformatics analysis of key autophagy-related genes in alcoholic hepatitis / 器官移植

Objective To screen key autophagy-related genes in alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and investigate potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for AH. Methods Two AH gene chips in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and autophagy-related data sets obtained from MSigDB and GeneCards databases were used, and the key genes were verified and obtained by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The screened key genes were subject to gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), protein-protein interaction (PPI) and immune infiltration analyses. Messenger RNA (mRNA)- microRNA (miRNA) network was constructed to analyze the expression differences of key autophagy-related genes during different stages of AH, which were further validated by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in the liver tissues of AH patients and mice. Results Eleven autophagy-related genes were screened in AH (EEF1A2, CFTR, SOX4, TREM2, CTHRC1, HSPB8, TUBB3, PRKAA2, RNASE1, MTCL1 and HGF), all of which were up-regulated. In the liver tissues of AH patients and mice, the relative expression levels of SOX4, TREM2, HSPB8 and PRKAA2 in the AH group were higher than those in the control group. Conclusions SOX4, TREM2, HSPB8 and PRKAA2 may be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for AH.

Síndrome de Budd-Chiari secundario asociado a hepatitis alcohólica grave: reporte de caso / Secondary Budd-Chiari syndrome associated with severe alcoholic hepatitis: A case report

Resumen La hepatitis alcohólica es la inflamación aguda del hígado secundaria al consumo de alcohol en cantidades hepatotóxicas, su fisiopatología está influida por diversos factores asociados. El diagnóstico tiene tres escenarios: la hepatitis alcohólica probable, posible y definitiva. La hepatitis alcohólica probable se basa en el cumplimiento de criterios diagnósticos clínicos y laboratoriales; la hepatitis alcohólica posible corresponde a casos de cumplimiento de estos criterios, pero con presencia de factores potencialmente confusores del diagnóstico, y la definitiva se sustenta sobre una base histopatológica. El síndrome de Budd-Chiari es una entidad poco frecuente, heterogénea y potencialmente letal, caracterizada por la presencia de trombos a nivel de las venas suprahepáticas, así como de la vena cava inferior. El diagnóstico definitivo está basado en pruebas de imagen. Por su parte, el síndrome de Budd-Chiari secundario es una entidad aún más infrecuente, poco estudiada, cuyo diagnóstico es difícil debido a su gran similitud al síndrome de Budd-Chiari primario, tanto clínica como en imágenes diagnósticas, por lo que se tiene que acudir a métodos diagnósticos de mayor complejidad e incluso invasivos. A continuación, se presenta un caso inusual de un paciente con consumo crónico de alcohol que presenta síndrome de Budd-Chiari secundario asociado a hepatitis alcohólica grave confirmada mediante biopsia hepática y sometido a múltiples estudios de imagen que descartaron la presencia de trombosis a nivel de las venas suprahepáticas.

Abstract Alcoholic hepatitis is an acute inflammation of the liver secondary to the consumption of alcohol in hepatotoxic amounts; various associated factors influence its pathophysiology. The diagnosis has three scenarios: probable, possible, and definite alcoholic hepatitis. Probable alcoholic hepatitis is based on compliance with clinical and laboratory diagnostic criteria; possible alcoholic hepatitis corresponds to cases that meet these criteria but with potentially confounding factors in the diagnosis, and the definite one is based on histopathology. Budd-Chiari syndrome is a rare, heterogeneous, potentially lethal entity characterized by thrombi in the suprahepatic veins and the inferior vena cava. The final diagnosis relies on imaging tests. Moreover, secondary Budd-Chiari syndrome is an even rarer entity, little studied, whose diagnosis is difficult due to its remarkable similarity to primary Budd-Chiari syndrome, both clinically and in diagnostic images, for which more complex and even invasive diagnostic methods must be used. Then, we describe an unusual case of a male patient with chronic alcohol consumption presenting with secondary Budd-Chiari syndrome associated with severe alcoholic hepatitis confirmed by liver biopsy and subjected to multiple imaging studies that ruled out thrombosis in the suprahepatic veins.

Caracterización clínica y epidemiológica de los pacientes con hepatitis alcohólica en el Hospital Regional de Talca: estudio retrospectivo de 5 años (2017-2022) / Clinical and epidemiological characterisation of patients with alcoholic hepatitis in the Regional Hospital of Talca - 5-year retrospective study (2017-2022)

Alcoholic Hepatitis (HA) represent to one of the pathological entities in the context of liver damage associated with excessive and prolonged alcohol consumption. Despite its high mortality, making the early diagnosis is still a challenge for physicians. The local information of this pathology is limited, so this work consists of conducting a retrospective study on the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients diagnosed with HA at the Regional Hospital of Talca (HRT); in order to make available to the treating doctors, the greatest amount of data contributing to decision-making for the benefit of patients. Methods: The clinical records of all patients discharged from the HRT with a diagnosis of HA during the period between January 2017 and August 2022 were reviewed. Background information such as: chief complaint, main symptoms, comorbidities, laboratory tests, treatment, evolution and survival, etc., was collected for analysis and to obtain the conclusions presented. Results: A total of 16 patients were studied; 93.75 % were male and 6.24 % female; with a mean age of 52. Of the patients, 87.5 % had a history of DHC. All had alcohol abuse for more than 5 years and 93.75% had active alcoholism. The most frequent laboratory findings included hyperbilirubinaemia (93.75 %), GOT/GPT ratio >2 (50 %) and leukocytosis (56.25 %). Of the total patients studied, 68.75% had a survival of more than 1 year after the event, while 12.5% died during hospitalisation.

Síndrome hepatorrenal en asociación con hepatitis alcohólica y síndrome de Zieve / Hepatorenal syndrome in association with alcoholic hepatitis and Zieve's syndrome

RESUMEN La enfermedad hepática alcohólica tiene un amplio espectro de enfermedades, incluida la hepatitis alcohólica, que en sus formas graves puede conducir al síndrome hepatorrenal. La anemia es común en pacientes alcohólicos, pero una anemia hemolítica asociada con hiperlipidemia e ictericia se reconoce como síndrome de Zieve. Un varón de 42 años con consumo excesivo de alcohol fue admitido por ictericia y dolor abdominal. Durante su evolución presentó azoemia progresiva y anemia hemolítica. Se realizó el diagnóstico de síndrome hepatorrenal asociado a hepatitis alcohólica, así como un síndrome de Zieve. Fue tratado con corticoterapia y la combinación de albúmina y noradrenalina, además del retiro de alcohol, con resultados favorables.

ABSTRACT Alcoholic liver disease has a broad spectrum of diseases, including alcoholic hepatitis, which in its severe forms can lead to hepatorenal syndrome. Anemia is common in alcoholic patients, but a hemolytic anemia in association with hyperlipidemia and jaundice is recognized as Zieve's syndrome. A 42 year old man with heavy alcohol consumption was admitted for jaundice and abdominal pain. During his evolution, he presented progressive azotemia and hemolytic anemia. The diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome associated with alcoholic hepatitis was made, as well as a Zieve's syndrome. He was treated with corticosteroid therapy and the combination of albumin and norepinephrine, in addition to alcohol withdrawal, with favorable results.

Mechanism of asiatic acid in alcoholic hepatitis based on network pharmacology / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the mechanism of asiatic acid (AA) on alcoholic hepatitis (AH) based on the network pharmacology and experimental verification in vivo methods. Methods The potential mechanism of AA on AH was explored by data collection, network construction, and enrichment analysis. Meanwhile, the model of alcoholic hepatitis disease was induced by in-tragastric administration of edible alcohol every day in SD rats. The key related indicators were detected, including biochemical markers, inflammatory responses, alcohol metabolism, pathological changes in liver tissues, and the expression of proteins of the NF-kB pathway. Results A total of 24 overlapping targets of AA and AH were screened out, and 20 signaling path ways and 12 GO functional entries were obtained. This study focused on the first pathway, hsa05200; Pathways in cancer. The pathway contained NF-kB signaling pathway. In vivo results showed that AA significantly reduced the serum levels of ALT and AST, increased the levels of alcohol metabolism and decreased the liver content of TNF-a and GSH. Additionally, AA significantly inhibited p-IKKa/(3, p-Ii

Trasplante en la enfermedad hepática por alcohol / Transplantation for alcohol-related liver disease

La enfermedad hepática por alcohol es una de las enfermedades hepáticas más prevalentes en todo el mundo, y una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad. La enfermedad puede progresar desde estadios leves, como el hígado graso alcohólico, hasta condiciones severas que incluyen cirrosis y, en algunos casos, carcinoma hepatocelular. A su vez, la esteatohepatitis alcohólica grave es una presentación aguda de la enfermedad hepática por alcohol asociada con una alta mortalidad. A pesar del tratamiento, entre el 30% y el 50% de los pacientes con hepatitis alcohólica grave finalmente fallecen. En los casos de enfermedad avanzada, el trasplante hepático puede ser la única opción para la supervivencia del paciente. El trasplante por hepatitis alcohólica ha sido un tema controvertido, y algunos países todavía aplican la "regla de los 6 meses", en la que se requiere este tiempo de abstinencia de alcohol antes de la cirugía. Estudios recientes recomiendan el trasplante de hígado en casos de hepatitis alcohólica grave que no responden a las terapias médicas, incluso sin el período de abstinencia requerido, ya que la mayoría de estos pacientes fallecen antes de 6 meses. Se requieren más estudios para apoyar la selección de los pacientes idóneos para trasplante hepático con un periodo de abstinencia menor de 6 meses. La prevención y el tratamiento de la enfermedad hepática alcohólica debe ser integral, con un abordaje multidisciplinario que incluya el manejo de la dependencia al consumo de alcohol, al igual que el manejo farmacológico o quirúrgico, de acuerdo con la necesidad de cada paciente.

Alcoholic liver disease is one of the most prevalent liver diseases worldwide, and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The disease can progress from mild stages, such as alcoholic fatty liver, to severe conditions including cirrhosis, and in some cases hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, severe alcohol steatohepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis can lead to alcoholic hepatitis, which is an acute presentation of alcoholic liver disease associated with high mortality. Despite treatment, between 30% and 50% of patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis eventually die. In the case of advanced disease, liver transplantation may be the only option for patient survival. Transplantation for alcoholic hepatitis has been a controversial topic, and some countries still apply the "6-month rule", in which this time of alcohol abstinence is required prior to surgery. Emerging studies are recommending liver transplantation in severe alcoholic hepatitis not responding to medical therapies even without the required abstinence period, since the majority of these patients would die within 6 months. Further studies are needed to help refine the selection of suitable patients who have been abstinent for less than 6 months. Prevention and treatment of alcoholic liver disease must be comprehensive, with a multidisciplinary approach that includes the management of alcohol dependence, as well as pharmacological or surgical options according to the needs of each patient.

Research progress on liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease / 器官移植

Liver transplantation is a major treatment for patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD)-related end-stage cirrhosis, liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and severe alcoholic hepatitis. In this article, the latest research progress on liver transplantation in ALD patients was summarized from the aspects of surgical indications, survival status, alcohol-drinking management and systemic disease management of the recipients, aiming to provide reference for better clinical management of ALD recipients undergoing liver transplantation.

A Retrospective Study: Increase Trend Of Alcoholic Hepatitis Among Garhwali Population Of Uttarakhand

Introduction:Alcohol is the most commonly abused drug worldwide causing liver injury. There is high prevalence of alcohol use in the society particularly in the developed and developing nations. Alcohol affects all systems ranging from central nervous system, cardio-vascular system and genitourinary system. The World Health Organization estimates that there are 140 million people with alcoholism worldwide. In this study, we have focused on alcoholic hepatitis among the Garhwali population of Uttarakhand.Materials & Methods:The study was carried out upon 680 Garhwali subjects, of which 124 patients were suffering from alcoholic hepatitis at the hepatology clinic, during the period from January 2015 to December 2018 at H.N.B. Govt. Base Hospital of Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Govt. Medical Science & Research Institute, Srinagar, Uttarakhand. Medical laboratory tests and statistical tools were applied.Results:Out of 680 subjects, incidence of alcoholic hepatitis was found 124 (18.2%) cases in this study. There was occurrence of alcoholic hepatitis only among the males and was found highest in the age group between 40-50 years, 69.4% belong to urban class while 30.6% belong to rural class society. It was also found that the incidence of alcoholic hepatitis was highest in the district of Pauri, followed by in the district of Chamoli, Uttarkashi and Tehri in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand.Discussion/Conclusion:Increase incidence of alcoholic hepatitis seen among the male was mainly due to addiction of alcohol and increased socio-economic conditions of this region. Nowadays, consuming alcohol has also became a symbol of status in the society. We also found that the incidence of alcoholic hepatitis was increasing year after year from 8.9% in 2015 to 45.1% in the year 2018, was really a matter of concern. Mortality and morbidity associated with this disease is matter of serious economic loss to the nation and grief for the society.

Advances on researches of clinical pathology and pathogenesis in patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis / 中国中西医结合急救杂志

Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is an acute severe decompensated alcoholic liver disease (ALD), commonly occurring in heavy drinkers. The pathogenesis of AH is still not fully understood, which may be related to the interactions of multiple complex factors such as alcohol metabolism, inflammation and heredity, etc. Under the background of continuous alcoholic exposure, the pathological changes include hepatocyte steatosis, liver inflammation and fibrosis occurring in the body. This paper summarizes the recent research literatures related to the clinicopathological features, pathogenesis and prognosis evaluation of ALD to comprehensively understand the pathogenesis and pathophysiological characteristics of AH in order to provide theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Protective effect of Yindan Pinggan Capsules on liver inflammatory injury and oxidative stress induced by acute alcoholic intake / 中国中药杂志

To investigate the protective effect of Yindan Pinggan Capsules(YDPG)on acute alcoholic liver inflammatory injury and oxidative stress,sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups randomly:normal group,model group,YDPG-L group,YD-PG-M group,YDPG-H group and Haiwang Jinzun(HWJZ)group.Except for the normal rats,while the remaining rats were administered orally with alcohol(50%,5 g·kg~(-1)).One hour after drinking,the rats in normal or model group were administered orally with PS,while the remaining rats were separately given YDPG(0.15,0.3,0.6 g·kg~(-1))or HWJZ(0.3 g·kg~(-1))for 10 days.After the last intragastric administration and fasting for 8 h,the HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes.The serum was used to determine the content of ALT,AST,ALP,TB,TP,LDH.The expressions of IL-1β,TNF-α,IL-10 and IL-4 in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay(ELISA).The content of SOD,MDA,GSH,GSP-Px in liver were determined.The results showed that both YDPGand HWJZ alleviated the liver injury induced by alcohol,decreased the activities of ALT,AST,ALP and LDH,down-regulated the expressions of TNF-αand IL-1β,up-regulated the expressions of IL-4 and IL-10;increased the activities of SOD,GSH,GSH-Px,but decreased the content of MDA.Therefore,the above results indicated that YDPG could protect the liver from alcoholic injury.

Severe acute alcoholic hepatitis and liver transplant: A never-ending mournful story

Severe acute alcoholic liver disease (SAAH) unresponsive to medical therapy shows one-year-mortality rates of up to 90%. Most transplant centers request six months of alcohol abstinence prior to transplantation, the so-called “6-month rule.” This regulation is not based on strong evidence, repeatedly making it a topic of controversial debates. The majority of patients with SAAH will die before fulfilling the 6-month rule. Therefore, liver transplantation (LT) protocols are becoming more flexible towards the rigid abstinence regulation, especially concerning SAAH patients. We conducted a literature review regarding LT in SAAH and its outcomes, including post-transplant mortality and recidivism. We studied available data on PubMed from 2011 and onwards whilst including articles dealing with genetic components, medical therapy and historic snapshots of alcoholism. Emerging studies recommend LT in SAAH not responding to medical therapies even without realizing the required abstinence period, since the majority of these patients would die within 6 months. SAAH without response to medical therapy has one-year-mortality rates of up to 90%. The 6-month rule is not based on strong evidence and is repeatedly a topic of controversial debates. There is genetic linkage to alcoholism and medical therapy is not as effective as estimated, yet. The 6-months-regulation has not shown to evidently decrease the risk of recidivism post-LT, which is a lifesaving treatment in SAAH patients. Insisting on rigid sobriety rules results in excluding patients with a low risk of recidivism from being transplanted. Moreover, the genetic linkage of alcoholism must be recognized.

Role of liver transplantation in severe alcoholic hepatitis

Severe alcoholic hepatitis has very high short term mortality and corticosteroids have been the mainstay of treatment for decades. Patients with Lille score >0.45 are considered non-responders to steroids and have poor outcome. Recently Orthotopic Liver Transplantation (OLT) is being increasingly used as rescue treatment for these patients, without waiting for 6 months of abstinence. Liver transplant is the only rescue treatment which can potentially provide long term benefit for patients who are steroid non-responders. However, with scarcity of organs being a concern, all patients of severe alcoholic hepatitis cannot be chosen for transplantation in an arbitrary way. There is a need for development of predictive tools and objective protocols to select patients who can justify the use of precious liver grafts. With a stringent criteria for selection of patients receiving the graft, liver transplantation in severe alcoholic hepatitis can become a viable rescue therapeutic option conferring significant survival advantage of both short- and long-term basis. The optimal criteria for selection will also prevent misuse of the liver donor pool as well as to prevent mortality in salvageable patients. Further research needs to be done to identify subset of patients which are at low risk of recidivism and also cannot be managed with pharmacotherapy alone. We reviewed the current knowledge on role of OLT in patient with acute severe alcoholic hepatitis in the present review.

Estudio del paciente con hiperferritinemia / Study of the patient with hyperferritinemia

Resumen: la hiperferritinemia, definida por ferritina sérica mayor de 200 µg/L en mujeres y de 300 µg/L en hombres, representa un reto para el clínico. De acuerdo con la etiología, la hiperferritinemia se puede subdividir en tres grupos: el primero correspondiente a la causada por enfermedades frecuentemente asociadas, como el síndrome metabólico, la hepatopatía alcohólica, la hepatopatía no alcohólica y procesos inflamatorios incluidas infecciones, enfermedades inflamatorias crónicas, enfermedades autoinmunes y algunos procesos malignos; el segundo, correspondiente a la causada por enfermedades poco frecuentemente asociadas, como la hemocromatosis hereditaria, algunas enfermedades hematológicas con anemia y la terapia transfusional permanente; y un tercer grupo, correspondiente a la causada por enfermedades raramente asociadas, como el síndrome hereditario de hiperferritinemia y cataratas, la aceruloplasminemia, la atransferrinemia o hipotransferrinemia, la porfiria cutánea tarda, la hemocromatosis neonatal, la sobrecarga de hierro africana y la enfermedad de Gaucher. El aspecto clínico más importante es definir, mediante la clínica y estudios simples y especializados, la causa asociada a la hiperferritinemia e intervenirla como punto de partida para su manejo. Desde el punto de vista del paciente es importante realizar estudios de ferrocinética (ferritina sérica y saturación de transferrina) y medición de sobrecarga de hierro en órganos blanco, mediante resonancia magnética, la cual presenta alta sensibilidad y especificidad. Todo esto significa la aplicación de algoritmos de manejo y seguimiento del paciente con hiperferritinemia. El manejo del síndrome depende de la etiología con la cual está asociada y la ausencia o presencia de sobrecarga de hierro, siendo, exclusivamente en este último caso, la flebotomía la mejor opción. (AU)

µg/L in men, represents a challenge for the clinician. Based on the etiology, hyperferritinemia can be subdivided into three groups: the first corresponds to the caused by diseases frequently associated, including the metabolic syndrome, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic liver disease and inflammatory processes (infections, chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, and some malignant processes); the second corresponds to the initiated by diseases associated in low frequency, which include hereditary hemochromatosis, some hematological diseases characterized by anemia and of permanent transfusional therapies; and a third group corresponding to the induced by diseases rarely associated, among which are the hereditary syndrome of hyperferritinemia and cataracts, the aceruloplasminemia, the atransferrinemia or hypotransferrinemia, the cutaneous porphyria tarda, the neonatal hemochromatosis, the overload of African iron, the Gaucher disease. The most important clinical aspect is to define, through clinical findings and simple and specialized studies, the associated cause of hyperferritinemia and intervene it as starting point of the management. From the patient's point of view it is vital to perform ferrokinetic studies; in particular serum ferritin and transferrin saturation, and iron overload measurement in white organs through magnetic resonance, which presents high sensitivity and specificity. All this means the application of algorithms of handling and monitoring of the patient with hyperferritinemia. The management of the syndrome depends on the associated etiology and the absence or presence of iron overload; being, exclusively in this last case, the phlebotomy the best option. (AU)

Case of Bile Canalicular Antibody in a Korean Patient with Alcoholic Hepatitis

Bile canalicular antibody (BCA) was first reported in 1969. Many studies of BCA were performed in the 1970s and 1980s and revealed that BCA has a highly positive rate in chronic active hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). These studies suggested that BCA can be useful in the diagnosis of these liver diseases. However, BCA is almost negative in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. We report a case of BCA in a 50-yr-old woman with a history of heavy alcohol consumption. The patient's serum levels of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were increased, leading to a diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis. The patient was evaluated for liver disease. Anti-mitochondria antibody, anti-smooth muscle antibody, and anti-liver kidney microsomal antibody tests were conducted, yielding negative results. However, during this testing process, the patient's serum was incidentally found to be positive for BCA at a titer of 1:160. This is the first case report of BCA in Korea.

Enfermedad hepática por alcohol / Alcoholic liver disease

Excessive alcohol consumption is an important cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. We have to bealert to chronic alcohol usage or abuse. Simple tests (AUDIT, CAGE) can be applied quickly on outpatientcare. We highlight advances in understanding the immune and molecular mechanisms; there is disruptionof the intestinal barrier with bacterial translocation, as well as endotoxins which activate the liver’s innateimmunity, causing apoptosis, necrosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Alcoholic hepatitis is most common inpatients between 40 and 60 years of age, preferably male with jaundice, fever, ascites, hepatomegaly. Thediagnosis is confirmed with a history of alcoholic consumption, mild to moderate AST and ALT values,a AST/ALT ratio > 2, hyperbilirrubinemia and prolonged prothrombin time. There are scores to evaluatethe severity and the need of corticoid therapy, such as modified Maddrey discriminating function andMELD score. Lille score assesses the response to treatment in the seventh day. The risks and benefits ofliver biopsy should be evaluated individually. The cornerstone of treatment remains alcohol abstinence.Nutritional management must be carefully monitored. Proteins requirements are standardized based onweight. The use of corticoids with 40 mg of prednisolone each day is the most widely accepted therapy,indicated on patients with MMDF higher than 32 or MELD score higher than 21. If Lille score is higherthan 0.45 at the seven day under corticoid therapy, treatment must be interrupted. The use of pentoxifyllinewould only be effective for prevention of hepatorenal syndrome...

El consumo excesivo de alcohol es una causa importante de morbimortalidad prevenible. Debemos estaratentos en detectar a pacientes con dependencia o abuso crónico de alcohol. Test sencillos (AUDIT, CAGE)pueden aplicarse rápidamente en consulta ambulatoria. Destacamos avances en el conocimiento moleculare inmunológico, existe disrupción de la barrera intestinal con translocación bacteriana y endotoxinas conactivación del sistema inmune innato del hígado, produciendo apoptosis celular, necrosis e inflamación yfibrosis. La hepatitis alcohólica se presenta principalmente en pacientes entre 40 y 60 años, preferentementeen varones con ictericia, fiebre, ascitis, hepatomegalia. El diagnóstico se confirma con antecedentes deingesta alcohólica, GOT y GPT elevadas en forma leve o moderada, relación GOT/GPT mayor de 2, hiperbilirrubinemiay tiempo de protrombina prolongado. Existen scores para evaluar la gravedad y necesidad demanejo con corticoides como función discriminante de Maddrey modificada y MELD. El puntaje de Lilleevalúa respuesta del tratamiento al séptimo día. El riesgo/beneficio de la biopsia hepática se evalúa caso acaso. La piedra angular del tratamiento sigue siendo la abstinencia. Manejo nutricional debe ser riguroso.Requerimientos proteicos están estandarizados por peso. La terapia con corticoides (prednisolona 40 mg/día) es la más ampliamente aceptada, con indicación en pacientes con FDMm mayor a 32 o MELD mayora 21. Si el puntaje de Lille es mayor de 0,45 a los 7 días con corticoides, deben suspenderse. Pentoxifilinasólo tendría efecto en prevenir el desarrollo de síndrome hepatorrenal (SHR). Hay nuevas terapias enevaluación, como el uso de G-CSF...

Hepatitis alcohólica: revisión con énfasis en trasplante hepático y alternativas de tratamiento médico / Alcoholic Hepatitis: A review with emphasis on liver transplantation and alternative medical treatment

La hepatitis alcohólica es un síndrome clínico caracterizado por ictericia, ascitis y eventualmente falla hepática aguda secundarios al consumo de alcohol; la prevalencia de la enfermedad va en aumento como consecuencia del incremento de la exposición a factores de riesgo y la mayoría de los pacientes son asintomáticos hasta que se presenta un importante compromiso de la función hepática, lo que dificulta el diagnóstico temprano y se traduce en alta morbimortalidad. El trasplante hepático se postula como una opción de tratamiento válida para pacientes seleccionados, con grandes perspectivas a futuro, sin embargo su realización aún es controvertida; por otro lado, existen opciones de tratamiento médico como los esteroides, la pentoxifilina y la n-acetilcisteína, cuyo impacto en la morbimortalidad es respaldada por la medicina basada en la evidencia. Con esta revisión se pretende abordar los conceptos actuales del tratamiento médico y quirúrgico de la hepatitis alcohólica.

Alcoholic hepatitis is a clinical syndrome characterized by jaundice, ascites and acute liver failure secondary to alcohol consumption. The prevalence of the disease is increasing as a result of increased exposure to risk factors. Most patients are asymptomatic until significant compromise of liver function presents. This hinders early diagnosis and results in high morbidity and mortality rates. Liver transplantation is a valid treatment option for selected patients, with great prospects for the future, but it is still controversial. On the other hand, there are medical treatment options such as steroids, pentoxifylline and N-acetylcysteine, whose impact on morbidity and mortality is supported by evidence-based medicine. This review addresses current concepts of medical and surgical treatment of alcoholic hepatitis.

Ronda clínica y epidemiológica Club de revistas: journal club / Ronda clínica e epidemiológica / Clinical and epidemiological round: Clube de revistas

En esta nueva edición de Ronda Clínica y Epidemiológica analizamos cinco estudios que consideramos importantes para la actualidad de la práctica clínica. El estudio RENALRIPC en el cual Zarbock y colaboradores sugieren que el acondicionamiento isquémico remoto previo a cirugía cardiovascular reduce el riesgo de presentar lesión renal aguda. El estudio CAP-START en el que Postma y colaboradores muestran que el uso de monoterapia con betalactámicos no es inferior a la combinación de estos con macrólidos o a las fluoroquinolonas para prevenir mortalidad a 90 días en pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. El estudio STOPAH revela que ni la pentoxifilina ni la prednisolona parecen tener efecto significativo en la mortalidad a 28 días de los pacientes con hepatitis alcohólica grave. Andersson y colaboradores presentan un estudio en el cual se evidencia que postergar al menos 3 minutos el pinzamiento del cordón umbilical al nacimiento puede significar un mejor desarrollo cognitivo a los 4 años de edad, en comparación con el pinzamiento temprano. Finalizamos con una nota de prensa del Instituto de Alergias y Enfermedades Infecciosas de Estados Unidos sobre el estudio START, mostrando que el inicio de la terapia antirretroviral en pacientes con infección por VIH cuando el recuento de CD4+ es mayor de 500 células/μL reduce significativamente el riesgo de desenlaces adversos, comparado con aquellos en los que se inicia cuando el recuento de CD4+ es de 350 células/μL o menos.

In this new edition of Ronda Clínica y Epidemiológica, five studies that we consider important in today's clinical practice are analyzed. The RENALRIPC study, in which Zarbock et al., suggest that remote ischemic preconditioning previous to cardiovascular surgery reduces the risk of acute kidney injury. The CAP-START study, in which Postma et al., show that the use of monotherapy with beta-lactams was not inferior to their combination with macrolides or to the use of monotherapy with fluoroquinolones in reducing 90-days mortality in patients with community acquired pneumonia. The STOPAH study, in which neither pentoxifylline nor prednisolone demonstrated a significant effect in preventing 28-day mortality in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. Andersson et al., present a study which shows that delaying the clamping of the umbilical cord may lead to a superior cognitive development at the age of four, compared with those in which the clamping was done earlier. Finally, we include an extraordinary press report of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases regarding the START study, showing that the start of antiretroviral treatment in patients infected with HIV when the CD4+ cell count is higher than 500/μL significantly reduces the risk of adverse outcomes, when compared with those in which therapy is started when CD4+ cell count declined to 350/μL or less.

Nesta nova edição de Ronda Clínica e Epidemiológica analisamos cinco estudos que consideramos importantes para a atualidade da prática clínica. O estudo RENALRIPC no qual Zarbock e colaboradores sugerem que o acondicionamento isquêmico remoto prévio a cirurgia cardiovascular reduz o risco de apresentar lesão renal aguda. O estudo CAP-START no que Postma e colaboradores mostram que o uso de monoterapia com beta-lactâmicos não é inferior à combinação destes com macrólidos ou às fluoroquinolones para prevenir mortalidade a 90 dias em pacientes com pneumonia adquirida na comunidade. O estudo STOPAH revela que nem a pentoxifilina nem a prednisolona parecem ter efeito significativo na mortalidade a 28 dias dos pacientes com hepatite alcoólica grave. Andersson e colaboradores apresentam um estudo no qual se evidência que postergar ao menos 3 minutos o estrangulamento do cordão umbilical ao nascimento pode significar um melhor desenvolvimento cognitivo aos 4 anos de idade, em comparação com o estrangulamento precoce. Finalizamos com uma nota de imprensa do Instituto de Alergias e Doenças Infecciosas de Estados Unidos sobre o estudo START, mostrando que o início da terapia antirretroviral em pacientes com infecção por HIV quando a recontagem de CD4+ é maior de 500 células/μL reduz significativamente o risco de desenlaces adversos, comparado com aqueles nos que se inicia quando a recontagem de CD4+ é de 350 células/μL ou menos.

Usefulness of annew prognostic index for alcoholic hepatitis / Utilidade de um novo índice prognóstico na hepatite alcoólica

Background Alcoholic liver disease is a major cause of end-stage liver disease worldwide and severe forms of alcoholic hepatitis are associated with a high short-term mortality. Objectives To analyze the importance of age-bilirubin-INR-creatinine (ABIC) score as an index of mortality and predictor for complications in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. To evaluate its correlation with those complications, with risk of death, as well as the scores model for end stage liver disease (MELD) and Maddrey’s discriminat function. Methods A total of 46 medical records of patients who had been hospitalized with alcoholic hepatitis were assessed retrospectively with lab tests on admission and after seven days. Score calculations were carried out and analyzed as well. Results The scores showed positive reciprocal correlation and were associated with both hepatic encephalopathy and ascites. ABIC index, which was classified as high risk, presented as a risk factor for these complications and for death. In univariate logistic regression analysis of mortality, the ABIC index at hospital admission odds ratio was 19.27, whereas after 7 days, it was 41.29. The average survival of patients with ABIC of low and intermediate risk was 61.1 days, and for those with high risk, 26.2 days. Conclusions ABIC index is a predictor factor for complications such as ascites and hepatic encephalopathy, as well as for risk of death. Thus, it is a useful tool for clinical practice. .

Contexto A doença hepática alcoólica é uma das maiores causas de doença hepática avançada no mundo, sendo que as formas graves de hepatite alcoólica estão associadas a alta mortalidade a curto prazo. Objetivos Avaliar a importância do índice age-bilirrubin-INR-creatinine (ABIC) como fator prognóstico na hepatite alcoólica e sua correlação com as complicações dessa doença, com o risco de óbito e com os escores Model for End stage Liver Disease (MELD) e Função Discriminante de Maddrey. Métodos Um total de 46 prontuários de pacientes internados por hepatite alcoólica foram avaliados de forma retrospectiva. Foi realizado levantamento de exames laboratoriais do primeiro dia de internação e 7 dias após, além de cálculo dos escores estudados. Resultados Os índices ABIC, Maddrey e MELD apresentaram correlação positiva entre si e associaram-se a encefalopatia hepática e a ascite (P<0,05). O índice ABIC, classificado de alto risco, foi fator de risco para essas complicações e para óbito. Em análise de regressão logística univariada para óbito, a razão de risco do ABIC de entrada no hospital foi de 19,27 (P=0,012) e após 7 dias de 41,29 (P=0,002). A sobrevida acumulada daqueles com ABIC de alto risco foi de 93,3% em 7 dias e de apenas 26,9% em 60 dias. Conclusões O índice prognóstico ABIC é fator de predição para complicações como ascite e encefalopatia hepática, assim como para risco de óbito, sendo ferramenta útil na prática clínica. .

Diagnostic value of GP73 in alcoholic liver disease / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate diagnostic value of GP73 in alcoholic disease .Methods GP73 was measured by ELISA in 44 alcoholic fatty liver ,43 alcoholic hepatitis ,32 alcoholic cirrhosis ,67 non‐alcoholic fatty liver patients and 120 healthy control per‐sons .Meanwhile ALT ,AST ,ALP ,GGT ,Alb ,TBil ,AFP were measured .Results GP73 of alcoholic fatty liver ,alcoholic hepatitis , alcoholic cirrhosis ,non‐alcoholic fatty liver patients and healthy control group were (84 .22 ± 26 .22) ,(157 .98 ± 39 .71) ,(201 .23 ± 61 .14) ,(62 ± 14 .02) ,(47 .08 ± 22 .75)ng/mL respectively .The GP73 differences between patients and healthy control group had statistical significance(P<0 .05) .Before and after therapy of alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis patients had statistical signif‐icance(P<0 .05) .Sensitivity of diagnostic value of GP73 in ALD was 71 .4% and specification was 95 .2% .Conclusion Serum GP73 elevates in types of alcoholic liver disease and show significant diagnostic value .Decrease of GP73 could be applied to assess treatment of alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis .

Managing alcoholic liver disease

Alcoholic liver disease continues to be a significant cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality throughout the world. A number of diagnostic and prognostic models have been developed in the management of this condition, although specific roles for liver biopsy still remain particularly in the setting of alcoholic hepatitis. Despite a large number of recent treatment trials, the ideal pharmacotherapy approach remains undefined. Most essential is the supportive care and focus on abstinence and nutrition. Owing in part to a great deal of attention from governmental funding sources, a number of new treatment approaches are undergoing rigorous evaluation, hopefully providing future treatment options in this very severe condition.