ABSTRACT
We have not a little information about the contribution of Alice Hamilton on the development of the American industrial medicine as well as her life as an eminent industrial toxicologist and a social reformer through the study of some researchers. But her internal conflict between womanhood and professionalism has not been fully studied. The conflict was not first appeared on the Alice's mind, but it had long history since the women entered the medical field that men had monopolized in the mid-nineteenth century. In this paper, authors traced the two strategies of the women doctors through following the lives of the two typical pioneers, Elizabath Blackwell and Mary Putnam Jacobi, respectively, and how two trends, womanhood and professionalism, were harmonized in Alice's work and life through her own endeavor.
ABSTRACT
We have not a little information about the contribution of Alice Hamilton on the development of the American industrial medicine as well as her life as an eminent industrial toxicologist and a social reformer through the study of some researchers. But her internal conflict between womanhood and professionalism has not been fully studied. The conflict was not first appeared on the Alice's mind, but it had long history since the women entered the medical field that men had monopolized in the mid-nineteenth century. In this paper, authors traced the two strategies of the women doctors through following the lives of the two typical pioneers, Elizabath Blackwell and Mary Putnam Jacobi, respectively, and how two trends, womanhood and professionalism, were harmonized in Alice's work and life through her own endeavor.
ABSTRACT
This paper treats the emergence of Rachel Carson's famous book Silent Spring. So as to survey the historical background of Carson's idea, I summarize some recent works in environmental history concerning the Conservation movement, Alice Hamilton's pioneering work on industrial poisons, the development on the chemical pesticide, and Rachel Carson's early works. In addition to the background of Carson's book, this paper also treats its influences on the environmental movement and the environmental policy after its publication. So as to show how Carson's idea gained acceptance, I summarize the processes of environmental controversies among news media, scientists, the federal government, the pesticide industry, and Conservation organizations. The hot debates on Carson's warning evoked environmental movements and controversies during the 1960s and the 1970s. Besides, confronted with the growing political pressure on environmental issues, the federal government created the Environmental Protection Agency to coordinate and enforce regulations safeguarding America's air, water, and land. Consequently, Rachel Carson's work marked the beginning of the environmental movement in America.