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Aim To investigate whether alisol A (AA) could improve the blood brain barrier (BBB) mediated cortex cerebral ischemia-repeifusion injury (CIRI) by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Methods The global cerebral ischemia- reperfusion (GCI/R) model in mice was established, and the AA was intragastric injected subsequently for seven days. The modified neurological severity scores (mNSS), open field test and Y-maze test were applied to detect neurological function. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to detect relevant neu- rosubstance metabolism in cortex of mice. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was employed to observe the ultrastructure of BBB in cortex. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the MMP-9 level in cortex. The binding possibility of A A and MMP-9 was determined by molecular docking. Results Compared with Sham group, mice in GCI/R group have an increased mNSS score but decreased at total distance and center distance to total distance ratio in open field test as well as alternation rate in Y-maze test (P<0.01). While mice in GCI/R + AA group have a decreased mNSS score but increased at total distance and center distance to total distance ratio in open field test as well as alternation rate in Y-maze test (P<0.01) compared with GCI/R group. MRS results found that in cortex of GCI/R group mice, the level of GABA and NAA significantly decreased while the Cho, mI and Tau level increased (P<0.01). Whereas in GCI/R + AA group mice, the GABA and NAA level increased and the Cho, ml and Tau decreased significantly (P<0.01). By TEM we observed that the basilemma of cerebral microvessels collapsed, the lumen narrowed, the endothelial cells were active and plasma membranes ruffled, gaps between cells were enlarged and tight junctions were damaged and the end feet of astrocytes were swollen in GCI/R group mice. While in GCI/R + AA group mice, the lumen was filled, plasma membranes of endothelial cells were smooth, tight junctions were complete and end feet of astrocytes were in normal condition. Western blot and immunohistochemistry both found that the MMP-9 level increased in GCI/R group mice (P < 0.01) and decreased in GCI/R + AA group mice (P < 0.05). Molecular docking proved the binding between aliso A and MMP9 through TYR-50 and ARG-106, and the binding energy was calculated as -6.24 kcal · mol
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Alismatis Rhizoma was first published in the “Shennong’s Classic of Materia Medica”, listed as top grade, and most of the ancient herbals have been collected. Alismatis Rhizoma is mainly distributed in Fujian, Sichuan, and Jiangxi provinces. Alismatis Rhizoma has the effect of diffusing water and dampness, releasing heat, removing turbidity, and reducing lipid. Its modern pharmacological activity is extensive, and its clinical research is deepening gradually. This paper summarizes the research status of Alismatis Rhizoma from the aspects of herbal textual research, chemical composition, and pharmacological action. On this basis, the differences of different radicals of Alismatis Rhizoma are clarified. Based on the concept of quality marker (Q-marker), the Q-markers of Alismatis Rhizoma are predicted from the point of origin, combined with the research of pharmacodynamics, new medicinal uses and processing, in order to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of the effective components of Alismatis Rhizoma and provide scientific basis for formulation of new standards.
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Alisol A 24-acetate, a triterpenoid extracted from Alisma orientale, has shown anti-atherosclerotic actions and many studies have proved that oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) could promote proliferation of aorta smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) which are closely related to atherosclerosis (AS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of alisol A 24-acetate on the proliferation of VSMCs isolated from the thoracic aorta of rats induced by ox-LDL. VSMCs were induced by ox-LDL(50 mg·L⁻¹) to establish the proliferation model and intervened by alisol A 24-acetate (5, 10, 20 mg·L⁻¹) for 12, 24 and 48 h. Then the proliferation of VSMCs was detected by MTT assay; protein expression levels of VSMCs PCNA, cyclinD1, cyclinE, p21, p27 and VSMCs PCNA, p21and p27 mRNA expression levels were detected by Western blot and Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) respectively. The results showed that ox-LDL could induce the proliferation of VSMCs (<0.05), increase the protein expression levels of PCNA, cyclinD1 and cyclinE in the VSMCs (<0.05) and inhibit the protein and mRNA expression levels of p21 and p27 (<0.05). As compared with the model group, alisol A 24-acetate inhibited the proliferation of VSMCs in rats induced by ox-LDL and inhibited the protein expression of VSMCs PCNA, cyclinD1, cyclinE and enhanced the protein and mRNA p21 and p27 expression levels (<0.05). The effect was more obvious with the increase of concentration of alisol A 24-acetate. These data indicate that alisol A 24-acetate can inhibit the proliferation of VSMCs induced by ox-LDL and the mechanism may be associated with inhibiting expression of cyclin protein, including cyclinD1, cyclinE, p21, p27 and so on.
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Objective: To establish a RP-HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous determination of alisol C, alisol F, alisol C 23-acetate, alisol L, alisol F 24-acetate, alisol A, alisol A 24-acetate, alisol G, alisol B, alisol B 23-acetate, and 11-deoxy-alisol B in Alismatis Rhizoma. The content of 11 components from 25 batches of samples collected from different habitats was determined and compared by means of this established method. Methods: The separation was achieved on a Ultimate XB-C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with the mobile phase consisting of water-acetonitrile to be gradient elution. Flow rate was 1 mL/min and column temperature was 30℃. The optimum detection wavelengths were 208 and 245 nm. Results: The linear ranges of alisol C, alisol F, alisol C 23-acetate, alisol L, alisol F 24-acetate, alisol A, alisol A 24-acetate, alisol G, alisol B, alisol B 23-acetate, and 11-deoxy-alisol B were 0.313-17.210 (r = 0.999 9), 0.504-11.880 (r = 0.999 9), 0.284-9.369 (r = 0.999 9), 0.146-2.680 (r = 0.999 9), 0.254-5.596 (r = 0.999 8), 2.500-66.000 (r = 0.999 8), 1.620-35.640 (r = 0.999 9), 1.575-20.475 (r = 0.999 9), 1.525-57.268 (r = 0.999 6), 3.035-118.362 (r = 0.999 9), and 0.816-16.880 μg/mL (r = 0.999 8), respectively. The average recoveries (n = 6) were 98.76%, 100.24%, 97.97%, 100.14%, 99.88%, 96.54%, 97.27%, 98.85%, 99.45%, 98.85%, and 98.13% respectively. Conclusion: The RP-HPLC-DAD method is feasible and accurate, which could provides the scientific evidence for quality control of Alismatis Rhizoma.
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Objective: To investigate the inhibitory effect of six active triterenoids and their compatibility from Alisma orientale on the formation of urinary calcium oxalate calculus in vitro. Methods: A uniform design method was used to design the different compatibilities from six triterenoids. The inhibitory effects of the six triterenoids along with their different compatibility groups were evaluated in vitro using a standard seeded crystallization technique. Results: The six active triterenoids and their compatible preparations could significantly inhibit calcium oxalate crystal formation in vitro (P < 0.05), and the group of alisol A-alisol A 24-acetate-alisol B-alisol B 23-acetate-alisol F-alisol F 24-acetate (2.2∶3.8∶1∶3.5∶2.2∶1) was the most efficient with an inhibitory index of 188.29%. Conclusion: The triterenoids in A. orientale play a key role in the inhibition of calcium oxalate calculus formation and compatibility of alisol A, alisol A 24-acetate, alisol B, alisol B 23-acetate, alisol F, and alisol F 24-acetate can inhibit the calcium oxalate calculus well in vitro especially cooperated with each other, and the best compatibility proportion is 2.2∶3.8∶1∶3.5∶2.2∶1, respectively.
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Alismatis Rhizoma, as a Chinese materia medica with multiple uses, has a long history of application in China. By retrieving the published literature of hypolipidemic effect, this review presents an overview of Alismatis Rhizoma, including chemistry, pharmacological mechanisms, clinical application, and safety evaluation. The protostane triterpenoids, as alisol A and alisol A 24-acetate, had hypolipidemic effects. Early preliminary clinical studies have shown that the Alismatis Rhizoma extraction may be a good hypolipidemic drug. Modern pharmacologic study found that it had anti-atherosclerotic effects. The reported safety evaluation results showed that the extraction was with low liver and kidney toxicity and might be suitable for long term use. We think it is worth to be developed a new drug.
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Objective: To study the chemical constituents in Alisma orientalis extracts with hypoglycemic effect. Methods: To study the in vivo hypoglycemic effects of A. orientalis extracts, high fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance male C57BL/6J mice were treated with water and ethanol extracts of A. orientalis in diet, and glucose tolerance test was carried out following the intervention. Silica gel, ODS, and preparative HPLC were used to isolate the compounds. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR and MS spectral data. Results: Sixteen compounds were identified as sitosterol (1), palmitic acid (2), heptadecanoic acid (3), eicosanoic acid (4), 11-deoxy-alisol B (5), 23-acetate alisol B (6), 23-acetate alisol C (7), alisol B (8), 24-acetate alisol A (9), alisol G (10), 24-acetate alisol F (11), alisol L (12), alisol C (13), alisol F (14), alisol A (15), and 16-oxo-24-acetate alisol A (16), and nine of the triterpenes could improve glucose uptake in HepG2 cells. Conclusion: Compounds 3 and 4 are isolated from A. orientalis for the first time. The water and ethanol extracts of A. orientalis could improve glucose tolerance test. Triterpenes may be one of the therapeutic material basis in hypoglycemic activities in A. orientalis.
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Objective To study the transformation mechanism of triterpenes in processing of Alisma orientalis. Methods The triterpene transformations of A. orientalis pre and post-processing were comparatively analyzed by techniques of HPLC and Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). Results In baked processing (70 ℃) of A. orientalis, little alisol B 23-acetate was transformed into alisol A 24-acetate and alisol B.However, more alisol B 23-acetate was transformed into alisol A 24-acetate and alisol B, then both of them were further transformed into alisol A in processing under high temperature (160-200 ℃). Conclusion Transformation of alisol B 23-acetate has two routes when A. orientalis is processed under high temperature: For one, alisol B 23-acetate is rearranged into alisol A 24-acetate which could be deacetylated into alisol A; for the other; it is deacetylated into alisol B first, then transformed into alisol A.
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Objective To establish a method for the identification of Rhizoma Alismatis. Methods HPLC combined with evaporation light scattering detector(ELSD) was applied. Chromatographic column was Macherey-Nagel C18(250 mm?4 mm,10 ?m),acetonitrile -water (4 ∶1) used as mobile phase,flow rate 0.5 mL/min,gas flow rate of ELSD 2.25 L/min and the temperature of drift tube at 70 ℃. Results In the extraction of the authentic Rhizoma Alismatis,both alisol A24-acetate and alisol B23-acetate could be estimated;in the extraction of Rhizoma Alismatis from the market,the alisol A24-acetate could be estimated only;and only alisol B23-acetate could be estimated in the extraction of the standard powder of Rhizoma Alismatis. Conclusion The method is efficient,practical and easy to operate for detecting and identifying Rhizoma Alismatis.