Comparative karyotypic analysis in the Alstroemeria hookeri Lodd. (Alstroemeriaceae) complex sensu Bayer (1987)

Alstroemeria L. (Alstroemeriaceae) is an American genus of monocots with two principal distribution centers in Chile and Brazil. In Chile, it is represented by about 32 species, most of them in central Chile, an area known for its high level of endemism. The "complex" Alstroemeria hookeri is endemic to Chile, where it is distributed from the Coquimbo to the Bío-Bío Region. We analyzed the karyotypes of 36 populations of this complex along its natural distribution. Ten metaphases per population were used for chromosome measurements. All analyzed subspecies presented a well defined asymmetric karyotype. The populations of A. hookeri subsp. hookeri collected in the coastal range of the Bío-Bío Region and the populations from the Central Valley of this Region (Pangal del Laja) presented striking morphological differences in the karyotype, mainly on chromosome 3. The population of A. hookeri subsp. recumbens from Pichicuy showed a polymorphism on chromosome 7, which differed from the other analyzed populations of this subspecies. Phenetic analysis suggested that A. hookeri subsp. cummingiana, which showed a more symmetrical karyotype and did not grow in sandy soil, should be alocated to A. cummingiana rather than considered as part of the hookeri complex.

Detección de geminivirus asociados a la alstroemeria (alstroemeria l.) En villa guerrero, estado de México / Detection of geminivirus associated to alstroemeria (alstroemeria l.) In villa guerrero, state of Mexico / Detecção de geminivírus associados a alstroemeria (alstroemeria l.) Em villa guerrero, estado do México

En plantaciones de alstroemeria (Alstroemeria L.) de Villa Guerrero, Estado de México, se han detectado plantas con síntomas similares a los inducidos por geminivirus en otros cultivos hortícolas. En dichas plantaciones también se ha observado la presencia de la mosquita blanca, considerada como el vector más eficiente de estos virus. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue detectar la presencia de geminivirus en plantas de alstroemeria. Mediante PCR, usando los iniciadores MotCP2118/MotCP2123, se obtuvo un segmento de ~600pb, similar al del control positivo correspondiente a chile infectado con el begomovirus pepper huasteco yellow vein virus (PHYVV, antes pepper huasteco virus) en plantas sintomáticas, mientras que en las asintomáticas la detección fue negativa. Plantas de Nicotiana glutinosa, N. benthamiana, N. rustica, N. tabacum var. xanthi y Datura stramonium inoculadas por biobalística con ADN total obtenido de alstroemerias con síntomas y positivas a PHYVV mediante PCR, mostraron mosaicos leves y deformación de hojas, mientras que en plantas de Capsicum annuum se observaron mosaicos, necrosis en nervaduras y abultamientos en hojas. Con el ADN de estas plantas también se obtuvieron bandas correspondientes al PHYVV, pero en las monocotiledóneas bombardeadas, incluyendo alstroemeria, no fue detectado el fragmento. La secuencia de oligonucleótidos de los productos de PCR mostró 98% de homología con el begomovirus PHYVV. Aunque no fue posible reproducir en alstroemeria los síntomas observados en campo, sí se evidenció mediante PCR la presencia de un geminivirus similar al PHYVV en tejido de plantas sintomáticas.

In alstroemeria (Alstroemeria L.) plantations located in Villa Guerrero, Mexico State, plants with symptoms similar to those induced by geminivirus in other horticultural crops have been detected. In addition, the presence of whiteflies, which are considered the most efficient vectors of these viruses, has been observed in these plantations. The goal of this work was to detect the presence of this geminivirus species in alstroemeria plants. By means of PCR analysis using primers MotCP2118/MotCP2123, a fragment of ~600pb similar to the amplicon obtained from PHYVV-infected positive control was amplified only from symptomatic plants. Nicotiana glutinosa, N. benthamiana, N. rustica, N. tabacum var. xanthi and Datura stramonium plants were inoculated by bombardment with total DNA obtained from symptomatic alstroemerias and positive to PHYVV by means of PCR. Inoculated plants showed mild mosaics and deformation of leaves, whereas in the leaves of Capsicum annum plants, mosaics, vein necrosis and blisters were observed. Using DNA from these plants as template in PCR, amplicons corresponded to PHYVV were also obtained; however, in bombarded monocotyledons, including alstroemeria, this fragment was not detected. The sequence of oligonucleotides from the PCR products showed 98% homology to PHYVV geminivirus. Even though symptoms presented by alstroemeria plants in the field were not reproduced, the presence of a geminivirus similar to PHYVV in tissue of symptomatic plants was evidenced through PCR.

Em plantações de alstroemeria (Alstroemeria L.) de Villa Guerrero, Estado do México, se tem detectado plantas com sintomas similares aos induzidos por geminivírus em outros cultivos hortícolas. Em ditas plantações também tem sido observada a presença da mosquinha branca, considerada como o vetor mais eficiente destes vírus. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi detectar a presença de geminivírus em plantas de alstroemeria. Mediante PCR, usando os iniciadores MotCP2118/MotCP2123, obteve-se um segmento de ~600pb, similar ao do controle positivo correspondente a chile infectado com o begomovírus pepper huasteco yellow vein virus (PHYVV, antes pepper huasteco virus) em plantas sintomáticas, enquanto que nas assintomáticas a detecção foi negativa. Plantas de Nicotiana glutinosa, N. benthamiana, N. rustica, N. tabacum var. xanthi e Datura stramonium inoculadas por biobalística com DNA total obtido de alstroemerias com sintomas e positivas a PHYVV mediante PCR, mostraram mosaicos leves e deformação de folhas, enquanto que em plantas de Capsicum annuum se observaram mosaicos, necrose em nervaduras e protuberâncias em folhas. Com o DNA destas plantas também se obtiveram bandas correspondentes ao PHYVV, mas nas monocotiledóneas bombardeadas, incluindo alstroemeria, não foi detectado o fragmento. A sequência de oligonucleotídeos dos produtos de PCR mostrou 98% de homologia com o begomovírus PHYVV. Embora não foi possível reproduzir em alstroemeria os sintomas observados em campo, sím foi evidenciada, mediante PCR, a presença de um geminivírus similar ao PHYVV em tecido de plantas sintomáticas.

Alstroemeriaceae en Perú y áreas vecinas

The family Alstroemeriaceae with special emphasis in Peru is revised using morphological and distributional data. Species in this family were reinvestigated on the basis of all types, material housed in several herbaria and five field trips, each of which lasted several weeks, were undertaken to South America to study the plants in the field. The taxonomic and collection history of the genus is described and for each species the typical growth forms and their variability, habitat preferences and general distribution are discussed. A key to determine the species of Peru in English and Spanish is provided. The study area comprise five geographic units recognised: Amotape-Huancabamba-region (Ecuador, Peru), Cordillera Occidental (Peru), Cordillera Central (Peru), Cordillera Oriental (Bolivia, Peru) and the Altiplano (Bolivia, Peru). The family as here circumscribed comprises two species of Alstroemeria and 68 species of Bomarea, of these 68 species 43 species are members of subgenus Bomarea, 9 species of subgenus Sphaerine and 16 of the subgenus Wichuraea. The fourth and last subgenus into Bomarea genus denominated Baccata cannot be found in the area of this study. Six new species to science of Bomarea are described: B. amazonica, B. libertadensis, B. lopezii, B. macusanii, B. pseudopurpurea, B. weigendii.

Las Alstroemeriaceae peruanas fueron revisadas por última vez por Killip (1936). Es necesaria una nueva revisión. Cinco viajes de campo de varias semanas cada uno fueron emprendidos a Sudamérica con el fin de estudiar las plantas in situ. En el presente trabajo se describe la historia taxonómica y colección de los géneros con especial énfasis en el Perú. El área descrita no considera fronteras políticas sino unidades geográficas de acuerdo a Baumann (1988), Berry (1982), Duellman (1979), Simpson (1975, 1979) y Weigend (2002). Se reconocen cinco unidades geográficas: Región Amotape-Huancabamba (Ecuador, Perú), Cordillera Occidental (Perú), Cordillera Central (Perú), Cordillera Oriental (Bolivia, Perú) y el Altiplano (Bolivia, Perú). Se brinda una clave taxonómica en inglés y español para determinar las especies del Perú. Para cada una de las especies se discute la forma típica de crecimiento y su variabilidad, preferencias de hábitat y distribución general. Se identifican las especies de Ruiz & Pavón (1802). Ellos describieron en su Flora de Chile y Perú 23 especies de Alstroemeria, 18 fueron de Perú, ahora 17 son incluidas en Bomarea, todas proceden de Perú. El género Bomarea está subdividido en 4 subgéneros: Baccata, Bomarea s. str., Sphaerine y Winchurea (Hofreiter & Tillich, 2002). Alstroemeria no es dividido en subgéneros, pero existen dos grupos reconocidos, Alstroemeria de Chile y Brasil. En el área de estudio se encuentran dos especies de Alstroemeria y 68 de Bomarea, de ellas 43 especies pertenecen al subgénero Bomarea, 9 especies al subgénero Sphaerine y 16 especies al subgénero Wichuraea. El subgénero Baccata no se encuentra en el área de estudio. Seis de las especies del género Bomarea son nuevas para la ciencia: B. amazonica, B. libertadensis, B. lopezii, B. macusanii, B. pseudopurpurea, B. weigendii.

Quantification of α-methylene-λ-butyrolactone extracted from different parts ofAlstroemeria wilhelmina and evaluation of it's antigenicity using the guinea-pig maximization test

To detect the type of contact dermatitis caused due to the handling ofAlstroemeria wilhelmina, 1% α-methylene-λ-butyrolactone (α-MBL) dissolved in physiological alien and a five-fold diluted saline solution of original extracts of flowers, leaves and stems of the flower were applied to guinea-pigs for extracts were applied to the animals as the challenge treatment in compliance with the guinea-pig maximization test (GMT). As a consequence, not only primary irritant dermatitis was observed, but also delayed type allergic contact dermatitis due toAlstroemeria wilhelmina was observed. α-MBL determined in the extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was found to be the biochemical material cause of the contact dermatitis. the flower region contained α-MBL in the highest concentrations compared with those of the leaves and stems. Therefore, the quantification of α-MBL in the extracts was concluded as being a useful evaluating method for contact dermatitis due to the handling ofAlstroemeria.

Quantification of $\alpha$-Methylene-$\gamma$-butyrolactone Extracted from Different Parts of \it{Alstroemeria wilhelmina} and Evaluation of it's Antigenicity Using the Guinea-Pig Maximization Test

To detect the type of contact dermatitis caused due to the handling of Alstroemeria wilhelmina, 1% α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (α-MBL) dissolved in physiological saline and a five-fold diluted saline solution of original extracts of flowers, leaves and stems of the flower were applied to guinea-pigs for induction treatment, and 0.1% α-MBL physiological saline and a ten-fold diluted solution of the original extracts were applied to the animals as the challenge treatment in compliance with the guinea-pig maximization test (GMT). As a consequence, not only primary irritant dermatitis was observed, but also delayed type allergic contact dermatitis due to Alstroemeria wilhelmina was observed. α-MBL determined in the extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was found to be the biochemical material cause of the contact dermatitis. The flower region contained α-MBL in the highest concentrations compared with those of the leaves and stems. Therefore, the quantification of α-MBL in the extracts was concluded as being a useful evaluating method for contact dermatitis due to the handling of Alstroemeria.