Study on the effect of temperature on the risk of hand, foot and mouth disease in Chengdu / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To explore the effect of temperature on the risk of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and population susceptibility. Methods The data of HFMD cases in Chengdu from January 1, 2016 to October 31, 2022 were collected, and local meteorological data during the same period were also collected. Distributional lag nonlinear models were developed. The relative risk (RR) of morbidity at different temperatures and different lags was calculated. Differences in the relative risk levels of different populations were analyzed and compared. Results A total of 263 776 cases of HFDM were reported in Chengdu during the study period. The distribution of HFMD was periodic. For the overall population, the short-term average temperature and RR showed a “U”-shaped relationship. When the lag time was 0-7 days, the cumulative RR was 1.59 (95%CI: 1.18-2.14) at the average temperature of -0.5℃ and 2.16 (95%CI: 1.60-2.91) at the average temperature of 34.5℃. The RR values under high and low temperatures decreased with increasing lag period. When the lag time was extended, the average temperature and RR showed an inverted “U”-shaped relationship, with higher RR at moderate temperatures and increasing as the lag period increased. The results of the subgroups showed that the RR of onset among scattered children was higher at high and low temperatures. Conclusion The risk effect of temperature on the onset of HFMD in different populations is variable and changes with the lag period, and the prevention and control measures should be adjusted in a timely and targeted manner.

Tonstruction of AHI based on the integrating health risks of exposure to air pollution and ambient temperature in Tianjin / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To construct an air health index (AHI) based on the exposure-response relationships of air pollution and ambient temperature with the years of life lost (YLL) in Tianjin. Methods The time series database of air pollution, meteorological factors, and non-accidental YLL from 2014-2019 in six urban areas of Tianjin were established. The data from 2014 to 2017 were used as the construction set to establish the exposure-response relationships of air pollution and ambient temperature with non-accidental YLL and establish the AHI model. The data from 2018 to 2019 were used as the validation set for verifying AHI. The generalized additive model (GAM) and weighted quantile sum (WQS) model were used to establish the exposure-response relationship between air pollution mixtures and non-accidental YLL. The distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) was fitted to assess the exposure-response relationship between ambient temperature and non-accidental YLL. Based on these obtained coefficients, the AHI and air quality health index (AQHI) were built. By comparing the associations between AHI, air quality health index (AQHI), and air quality index (AQI) with daily mortality and YLL and model goodness of fit to evaluate the validity of AHI. Results The formula for AHIt=EYLLt,air pollution+ambient temperature/475.11*10. The validation results showed that each IQR increase in AHI was associated with a higher increase in non-accidental mortality and YLL (10.61% and 353.37 person-year) compared with the corresponding values of AQHI and AQI. In addition, the model goodness of AHI was better than AQHI and AQI model. Conclusion Compared with AQHI and AQI, the AHI based on the integrating health effects of air pollution and ambient temperature has a better health risk prediction ability.

Cooling Kinetic Characteristics of Temperature Difference between Cadaver Temperature and Ambient Temperature / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the cooling reaction kinetic characteristics of the temperature difference between cadaver temperature and ambient temperature (hereinafter referred to as "cadaver temperature difference") according to the reaction kinetics method.@*METHODS@#Thirty rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 rabbits in each group. The rabbits were injected with 10% potassium chloride solution intravenously. After death, the rabbits were placed at 5 ℃, 10 ℃, 15 ℃, 20 ℃ and 25 ℃ environment condition, respectively, and the rectal temperature was measured every minute for 20 hours. The measured cadaver temperature was subtracted from ambient temperature, and the cadaver temperature difference data was calculated using the reaction kinetics formula. The linear regression equation was fitted for analysis, and the experimental results were applied to the temperature difference data of human body after death for verification.@*RESULTS@#Under different environmental conditions, the linear coefficient determination of temperature difference -ln(C/C0) in rabbits was 0.99, showing a good linear relationship with time t. The application of human body temperature data after death was consistent with the results of animal experiments.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Under stable conditions, the temperature difference cooling process after death in rabbits is a first-order kinetic response. The method can also be used to study the temperature difference in human body after death.

Environment type and storage period on eggshell quality of laying hens at different ages / Tipos de ambiente e período de armazenamento sobre a qualidade de casca de ovos de poedeiras comerciais em diferentes idades

ABSTRACT: Eggshell quality is directly linked to the good acceptability of the product by consumers, whereas the industry is concerned with economic losses. Prolonged periods of laying, diseases, nutrition, bird age and genetics can influence egg quality. This study aimed to examine the influence of the environment, bird age and storage period on the physical characteristics of the shell of eggs from commercial laying hens. The experiment involved 288 eggs from Hy-line hens, which were distributed in a completely randomized design with a triple 3×2×4 factorial arrangement represented by three ages (31, 62 or 88 weeks), two storage temperatures (ambient or refrigerated), and four storage periods (one, 10, 20 or 30 days), totaling 24 treatments. Four replications were used with three eggs each. Eggshell strength, percentage and thickness were measured. Differences were observed, with the eggs stored at room temperature exhibiting lower shell strength. Laying eggs at an advanced age (88 weeks) resulted in decreased eggshell strength as compared with the other ages, whereas the eggs from young layers (31 weeks) had a thicker shell. The advancing age of the laying hens reduced eggshell quality, regardless of the storage environment. Nonetheless, the eggs stored in the refrigerator showed better eggshell quality and integrity than those stored at ambient temperature.

RESUMO: A qualidade da casca está diretamente ligada à boa aceitabilidade do produto pelos consumidores, enquanto a indústria se preocupa com as perdas econômicas. Períodos prolongados de postura, doenças, nutrição, idade da ave e genética podem influenciar a qualidade dos ovos. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência do ambiente, idade da ave e período de armazenamento nas características físicas da casca de ovos de poedeiras comerciais. Foram utilizados 288 ovos de poedeiras Hy-line, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em fatorial triplo 3x2x4, sendo os fatores: três idades (31, 62 e 88 semanas), temperatura de armazenamento (ambiente e refrigerado), e quatro períodos de armazenamento (um, 10, 20 e 30 dias), totalizando 24 tratamentos, com quatro repetições de três ovos. Avaliou-se a resistência, percentual e espessura da casca. Foram observadas diferenças, uma vez que os ovos armazenados em temperatura ambiente apresentaram diminuição na resistência de casca. Ovos de poedeiras em idade avançada (88 semanas) apresentaram pior resistência de casca em relação às demais idades, enquanto ovos provenientes de poedeiras jovens (31 semanas) apresentaram maior espessura de casca. A idade avançada da poedeira reduziu a qualidade de casca dos ovos, independentemente do ambiente de armazenamento. Ainda, os ovos armazenados em geladeira apresentaram melhor qualidade e integridade da casca em comparação com os armazenados ao ambiente.

Association between daily average temperature and premature birth in Ningbo City: A time-series analysis / 环境与职业医学

Background Research on the relationship between ambient temperature and preterm birth has received increasing attention, but the conclusions of the previous literature are inconsistent. Objective To explore the impact of environmental temperature exposure in Ningbo on premature delivery of pregnant women. Methods The birth information, preterm birth data, and age of pregnant women from January 2016 to September 2020 were collected by the electronic medical record system of Ningbo Women’s and Children’s Hospital. Meteorological data for the same period were obtained through Ningbo Meteorological Bureau, including daily average temperature, daily average relative humidity, and daily average air pressure. Daily concentrations of SO2, NO2, and PM10 were derived through the air quality real-time release system on the website of Ningbo Environmental Protection Bureau. A distributed lag nonlinear model was used to analyze the impact of environmental temperature on preterm birth by stratifying pregnant women’s age and birth delivery mode. Results The incidence rate of preterm birth in Ningbo from 2016 to 2020 was 5.91%. The exposure-response curve between environmental temperature and preterm birth presented a “U” shape. Taking 22.5 ℃ as a reference, the cumulative effect of 31 ℃ (the 95th percentile) and 32 ℃ (the 99th percentile) over a 21-day lag on preterm delivery was statistically significant, and the related RR (95%CI) values were 1.67 (1.05-2.65) and 1.85 (1.09-3.14) respectively. The results of stratified analysis showed that among pregnant women ≥30 years old, the 21-day cumulative effects of 31 ℃ and 32 ℃ on preterm delivery were statistically significant, and the related RR (95%CI) values were 2.09 (1.08-4.05) and 2.36 (1.11-5.03) respectively; among pregnant women with natural delivery, the 21-day cumulative effect of 32 ℃ on preterm delivery was statistically significant, and the RR (95%CI) was 1.95 (1.02-3.74). Conclusion Exposure of pregnant women to high temperature during pregnancy could increase the risk of preterm birth, and there is a delayed cumulative effect.

Effects of ambient temperature on metabolic syndrome and pathway analysis / 环境与职业医学

Background In recent years, the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MS) is increasing significantly in China. Some studies have found that temperature is related to single metabolic index, but there is a lack of research on associated mechanism and identifying path of the influence of temperature on MS. Objective Based on the data of Guangdong Province, to investigate the effect of temperature on MS and its pathway. Methods A total of 8524 residents were enrolled by multi-stage random sampling from October 2015 to January 2016 in Guangdong. Basic characteristics, behavioral characteristics, health status, and physical activity level were obtained through questionnaires and physical examinations, and meteorological data were obtained from meteorological monitoring sites. We matched individual data both with the temperature data of the physical examination day and of a lag of 14 d. A generalized additive model was used to explore the exposure-effect relationship between temperature and MS and its indexes, calculate effect values, and explore the effects of single-day lag temperature. Based on the literature and the results of generalized additive model analysis, a path analysis was conducted to explore the pathways of temperature influencing MS. Results The association between daily average temperature on the current day or lag 14 day and MS risk was not statistically significant. When daily average temperature increased by 1 ℃, the change values of fasting blood-glucose (FBG), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were −0.033 (95%CI: −0.040-−0.026) mmol·L−1, −0.662 (95%CI: −0.741-−0.583) mmHg, −0.277 (95%CI: −0.323-−0.230) mmHg, and −0.005 (95%CI: −0.007-−0.004) mmol·L−1 respectively. The effects of average daily temperature on FBG, blood pressure, HDL-C, and waist circumference lasted until lag 14 day. The effects of daily average temperature on SBP and DBP were the largest on the current day. Daily average temperature of current day had direct and indirect effects on FBG and SBP. Temperature had an indirect effect on TG, and the intermediate variables were waist circumference and FBG, with an indirect effect value of −0.011 (95%CI: −0.020-−0.002). The indirect effects of daily average temperature on SBP, FBG, and TG were weak. Conclusion There is no significant correlation between temperature and risk of MS, and daily average temperature of current day could significantly affected blood pressure and FBG with a lag effect. Daily average temperature of current day has indirect effects on FBG and TG.

Interaction between oxidant pollutants and ambient temperature on cardio-cerebrovascular mortality risks in Guangzhou, China / 环境与职业医学

Background The increasing threats of air pollution and extreme weather have been widely recognized in recent years in China, but their individual and joint effects on cardio-cerebrovascular mortality are unclear. Objective This study aims to investigate the individual effects of and potential interactions between oxidant pollutants and ambient temperature on cardio-cerebrovascular mortality risks. Methods We collected daily data on death counts of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, concentrations of ambient air pollutants, and meteorological parameters in Guangzhou, Chinabetween 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2016. A generalized additive model with a Poisson distribution was conducted to assess the associations of oxidant pollutants and ambient temperature with cardio-cerebrovascular mortality risks. Bivariate response surface models and stratified analyses were further adopted to qualitatively and quantitatively examine the potential interactions between oxidant pollutants and ambient temperature on cardio-cerebrovascular mortality risks. Results During the study period, the daily averages were 60.3 μg·m−3 for ozone (O3), 50.9 μg·m−3 for combined atmospheric oxidant capacity (Ox), 32.5 μg·m−3 for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and 22.3℃ for ambient temperature. The average daily death counts of coronary and stroke diseases were 20 and 15, respectively. Per 10 μg·m−3 increment in O3, Ox, and NO2 were associated with increased coronary mortality risks (excess risk, ER) of 1.26% (95%CI: 0.79%-1.74%), 1.61% (95%CI: 0.99%-2.23%), and 1.33% (95%CI: 0.59%-2.07%), and with increased stroke mortality risks of 1.56% (95%CI: 1.04%-2.09%), 2.30% (95%CI: 1.60%-3.01%), and 2.93% (95%CI: 2.07%-3.79%) over cumulative lags of 2-5 days, respectively. The exposure-response relationships between ambient temperature and coronary and stroke mortality risks exhibited an inverse "J" shape, with the minimum mortality at temperatures of 25.7℃ for coronary disease and 27.3℃ for stroke. Our results further showed potentially synergic effects of higher temperatures and higher levels of O3 and Ox exposures on coronary mortality risks, and the relative ER due to interactions was 0.103 (95%CI: 0.028-0.178) for O3 and 0.079 (95%CI: 0.004-0.154) for Ox. We didn't find evidence of an interaction between oxidant pollutants and low temperature. Conclusion Short-term exposures to oxidant pollutants are associated with increased cardio-cerebrovascular mortality risks, and the interactive effects of high temperature and oxidant pollutants are synergistic in relation to cardio-cerebrovascular mortality risks.

O efeito do calor e do frio na mortalidade não-acidental da população residente nas regiões metropolitanas brasileiras ao longo do período de 2000-2014: estudo de série temporal / Heat and cold effect on non-accidental mortality of the population living in brazilian metropolitan regions over the period 2000-2014: time series study

O aumento do risco relativo de mortalidade por diversas causas é associado a temperatura ambiente extremas. Fatores a nível individual e comunitários podem influenciar esta associação podendo aumentar ou diminuir seus efeitos. Estes podem ser variáveis ao longo do tempo, o que poderia fazer esta associação oscilar ao longo dos anos. Esta tese investigou os efeitos a curto prazo da temperatura ambiente na mortalidade da população geral e idosos do Brasil, bem como a modificação desta associação ao longo do tempo. O primeiro manuscrito verificou quais modificadores de efeito modulam a associação temperatura-mortalidade a curto prazo. O segundo manuscrito verificou se houve mudança na associação temperatura-mortalidade ao longo de três períodos sequenciais. Foi analisado mortalidade não-acidental da população geral e idosa, e para estes foi subdividido em causas circulatórias, respiratórias e outras causas. Ambos os estudos utilizaram um modelo aditivo generalizado combinado com distributed lag non-linear models e período de defasagem de 21 dias para estimar a associação temperatura-mortalidade para cada região metropolitana, grupo e período. Os estudos incluíram um teste de heterogeneidade entre os locais e estimativas combinadas para Brasil e regiões geográficas via metanálise. Modelos de metarregressão incluindo fatores a nível do local foram utilizados para análise de possíveis modificadores da associação. Os resultados do primeiro manuscrito evidenciam um efeito do frio e do calor na mortalidade não-acidental da população geral e idosa, bem como para mortalidade cardiovascular, respiratória e outras causas dos idosos do Brasil, principalmente nas regiões metropolitanas e geográficas do Sudeste e Sul do Brasil, sendo geralmente as baixas temperaturas as promotoras de maiores riscos relativos de óbitos. Os fatores geográficos foram os responsáveis por explicar a maior parte da heterogeneidade entre os locais, com destaque para amplitude da temperatura média. Os resultados do segundo manuscrito exibem estimativas pontuais de risco relativo de mortalidade associado ao frio e ao calor diferentes a cada quinquênio, sendo esta flutuação de padrões distintos conforme tipo de causa e região brasileira. A heterogeneidade da associação temperatura-mortalidade entre os locais cresceu ao longo dos períodos para todos os grupos. Nos grupos mortalidade não-acidental e circulatório, nos três períodos, a amplitude da temperatura é a variável que melhor explica esta heterogeneidade. No grupo respiratório a amplitude diária da temperatura foi forte explicador nos dois primeiros períodos. Os resultados desta tese sugerem efeito da temperatura ambiente sobre a mortalidade no Brasil, com maior foco nas regiões Sul e Sudeste. Assim, planejamento de ações com foco de adaptação as temperaturas extremas tanto altas quanto baixas são necessárias e de imediato foco nas regiões Sul e Sudeste.

The increase in the relative risk of mortality from various causes is associated with extreme ambient temperatures. Factors at the individual and community level can influence this association and may increase or decrease its effects. These can be variable over time, which could cause this association to fluctuate over the years. This thesis investigated the short-term effects of ambient temperature on mortality in the general population and the elderly in Brazil, as well as the modification of this association over time. The first manuscript verified which effect modifiers modulate the short-term association of temperature and mortality. The second manuscript verified whether there was a change in the association between temperature and mortality over three sequential periods. Non-accidental mortality of the general and elderly population was analyzed, and for these it was subdivided into circulatory, respiratory and other causes. Both studies used a generalized additive model combined with distributed lag non-linear models and a lag of 21 days, to estimate the temperature-mortality association for each metropolitan region, group and period. The studies included a test of heterogeneity between locations and combined estimates for Brazil and geographic regions via meta-analysis. Meta-regression models including factors at the local level were used to analyze possible modifiers of the association. The results of the first manuscript show an effect of cold and heat on non-accidental mortality in the general and elderly population, as well as for cardiovascular, respiratory and other causes of the elderly in Brazil, especially in the metropolitan and geographic regions of the Southeast and South of Brazil. Brazil, with low temperatures being generally the promoters of higher relative risks of death. The geographical factors were responsible for explaining most of the heterogeneity between the locations, with emphasis on the amplitude of the average temperature. The results of the second manuscript show specific estimates of the relative risk of mortality associated with cold and heat differently every five years, with this fluctuation of different patterns according to the type of cause and the Brazilian region. The heterogeneity of the temperature-mortality association between sites increased over the periods for all groups. In the non-accidental and circulatory mortality groups, in the three periods, the temperature amplitude is the variable that best explains this heterogeneity. In the respiratory group, the daily temperature range was a strong factor in the first two periods. The results of this thesis suggest the effect of ambient temperature on mortality in Brazil, with a greater focus on the South and Southeast regions. Thus, action planning with a focus on adaptation to extreme temperatures, both high and low, is necessary and immediately focus on the South and Southeast regions.

Estimation of Early Postmortem Interval of Asphyxial Death Rats at Different Ambient Temperatures by GC-MS-Based Metabolomics / 法医学杂志

Objective To establish the orthogonal partial least square （OPLS） model for the estimation of early postmortem interval （PMI） of asphyxial death rats in four ambient temperatures based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） metabolomics. Methods The 96 rats were divided into four temperature groups （5 ℃, 15 ℃, 25 ℃ and 35 ℃）. Each temperature group was further divided into 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after death, and 6 other rats were taken as the control group. The cardiac blood was collected at the set time points for the four temperature groups and 0 h after death for the control group for the metabolomics analysis by GC-MS. By OPLS analysis, the variable importance in projection （VIP）>1 and the result of Kruskal-Wallis test P<0.001 were used to screen out the differential metabolite related to PMIs in the cardiac blood of rats of different temperature groups. Then OPLS regression models of different temperature groups were established with these metabolites. At the same time, a prediction group for investigating the prediction ability of these models was set up. Results Through the analysis of OPLS, 18, 15, 24 and 30 differential metabolites （including organic acids, amino acids, sugars and lipids） were screened out from the rats in groups of 5 ℃, 15 ℃, 25 ℃ and 35 ℃, respectively. The prediction results of the four temperature group models showed that the prediction deviation of 5 ℃ model was larger than that of other groups. The prediction results of other temperature groups were satisfactory. Conclusion There are some differences in the changes of metabolites in cardiac blood of rats at different ambient temperatures. The influence of ambient temperature should be investigated in the study of PMI estimation by metabolomics, which may improve the accuracy of PMI estimation.

Effect of ambient temperature on determination of carbohydrate antigen 242 by Luminex flow cytometry fluorescence immunoassay / 第二军医大学学报

[Abstract] Objective To analyze the difference of the carbohydrate antigen 242 (CA242) results measured by Luminex flow cytometry fluorescence immunoassay with different calibrations and different ambient temperatures, so as to evaluate the effect of ambient temperature on the measurement results. Methods Two CA242 samples with different concentrations (median- and high-value) were selected and the determination was repeated at 11 temperature points (18.3, 20.1, 21.5, 22.2, 24.1, 25.0, 25.4, 26.5, 27.4, 28.5, and 30.0 ℃) for 5 times by Luminex flow cytometry fluorescence immunoassay. The average value of the detection result at the calibration temperature (25 ℃) was taken as the reference value, and the biases of the detection results at different ambient temperatures were calculated. Forty-nine CA242 specimens covering high-, median- and low-values were examined at 20, 25 and 30 ℃ by Luminex flow cytometry fluorescence immunoassay, and the results were compared and correlation analysis was carried out. Results The biases of the median- and high-value samples at 18.3 ℃ were －35.6% and －29.4%, respectively. The difference between the measurement results at 20 ℃ and 25 ℃ was significant for the 49 specimens (P0.001), and there was a linear correlation between them (Y＝0.676 9X＋0.374 7, R2＝0.990 5). The difference of measurement results was significant between 30 ℃ and 25 ℃ (P0.001), and there was a linear correlation between them (Y＝0.896 6X＋0.227 0, R2＝0.999 4). Conclusion Too low or too high ambient temperature has a negative effect on the determination of CA242 by Luminex flow cytometry fluorescence immunoassay. The ambient temperature should be kept relatively constant and controlled within the range of calibration temperature ±4 ℃.

The effect of ambient temperature on the activity influenza like illness andlaboratory-confirmed influenza in Wuxi City / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of ambient temperature on the activity influenza like illness (ILI) and laboratory-confirmed influenza (LAB) in Wuxi City. Methods Daily data of meteorological, ILI and detected influenza virus from 31 December 2012 to 31 December 2017 were collected. Distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to evaluate the exposure-lag-response of ILI and LAB activity to daily ambient temperature.Results During the period, the overall ILI% was 4.96% and influenza detection positive rate was 12.28% in Wuxi city. The overall cumulative association analysis suggested non-linear relationship between ambient temperature and influenza: U-shaped for ILI, while L-shaped relationship for LAB. Low temperature (＜10℃ ) had strong and longer delay effect than hightemperature (＞20℃ ) for ILI. The cold effect for LAB was stronger and longer delay，and the low temperature (＜10℃ ) was risk factor for LAB. Conclusions The ambient temperature significant correlates with ILI and LAB, and low temperature might be risk factor with lag effect.

An investigation on the effect of humidity on the zero signal of a strain gauge measuring system / Análisis del efecto de la humedad en las lecturas de referencia de un sistema para medición de torque / Investigação do efeito da umidade nas leituras de referência de um sistema para medição de torque

Abstract Humidity is one of the most important ambient factors influencing torque calibration readings. The present study addresses the effects of relative humidity on the readings of reference torque transduction and amplification devices. The results revealed a linear effect of increasing humidity on the readings of a DMP40 torque amplifier and a torque transducer at different temperatures. Furthermore, humidity effects were smaller on the DMP40 amplifier than on the torque transducer, even at different temperatures. The results also showed that the summed effect of humidity changes on torque calibration readings of the amplifier and the torque transducer, when assessed simultaneously, but with each device under different controlled humidity conditions, is greater than the observed effect on the readings when both devices were subjected to humidity changes together. Therefore, it is recommended to test the effect of humidity in setups where these two devices are both under common humidity conditions. This is likely to lower the uncertainty parameter of the obtained torque calibration readings and is a useful consideration for inter-laboratory comparisons and performance testing.

Resumen La humedad es uno de los factores ambientales que más influyen sobre las lecturas de calibración de mediciones de torque. En este trabajo se estudiaron los efectos de la variación de la humedad relativa sobre las lecturas de aparatos de referencia para transducción y amplificación de torque. Los resultados mostraron una relación lineal y positiva entre el aumento de la humedad relativa y el componente de error de las mediciones de referencia de un transductor y un amplificador de torque DMP40 bajo cuatro temperaturas distintas. Sin importar la temperatura, las mediciones del transductor de torque fueron más susceptibles de ser afectadas por la humidad relativa que las del amplificador DMP40. Se observó también que la suma de los efectos de la humedad relativa en las lecturas de referencia del amplificador y el transductor fueron mayores cuando ambos aparatos fueron operados bajo condiciones de humedad relativa y temperatura distintas (i.e. el amplificador se encontraba en una cámara climática controlada y el transductor fuera de ella, y viceversa) que cuando ambos aparatos fueron operados bajo las mismas condiciones ambientales (i.e. ambos dentro de la cámara climática controlada). En consecuencia, se recomienda llevar a cabo evaluaciones de la humedad en espacios donde ambos aparatos estén bajo las mismas condiciones de temperatura y humedad relativa. Esto puede reducir el componente de incertidumbre de lecturas de calibración de torque y es un factor a considerar al llevar a cabo comparaciones entre laboratorios y tests de desempeño en aplicaciones industriales.

Resumo A umidade é um dos fatores ambientais que mais influenciam as leituras de calibração de medições de torque. O presente estudo analisou os efeitos da umidade relativa sobre as leituras de equipamentos de referência para transdução e amplificação de torque. Os resultados mostraram um efeito linear do aumento da umidade relativa na medição de referência de um transdutor e um amplificador de torque DMP40 em quatro temperaturas diferentes. Adicionalmente, os efeitos da umidade foram menores no amplificador DMP40 do que no transdutor de torque em todas as quatro temperaturas. Os resultados também mostraram que a soma dos efeitos da umidade relativa nas leituras de referência do amplificador e do transdutor foram maiores quando ambos equipamentos foram operados em condições de umidade relativa e temperatura distintas (p.e. o amplificador se encontrava em uma câmara climática controlada e o transdutor fora da câmara, e vice-versa) do que quando ambos equipamentos eram operados nas mesmas condições ambientais (p.e. ambos dentro da câmara climática controlada). Assim sendo, se recomenda avaliar o efeito da umidade em espaços onde ambos equipamentos estejam expostos a mesmas condições de temperatura e umidade relativa. Esso pode reduzir o parâmetro de incerteza das leituras de calibração de torque e é um fator a ser considerado ao realizar comparações entre laboratórios e testes de desempenho em aplicações industriais.

Descripción de datos climatológicos para el periodo 2012-2015 en El Yopal (Casanare, Colombia) / Description of climatological data for the period 2012-2015 in El Yopal (Casanare, Colombia) / Descrição de dados climatológicos para o período de 2012-2015 em El Yopal (Casanare, Colômbia)

Resumen La variabilidad climática es un tema de importancia para el desarrollo de actividades agropecuarias. En la descripción de las tendencias del comportamiento del clima, es necesario establecer referentes de consulta, los cuales puedan respaldar pronósticos y análisis de los datos. En Colombia existen zonas donde no se cuenta con equipos para la medición de estos parámetros, debido a que requieren una inversión significativa y capacitación técnica para el manejo y mantenimiento de los equipos. Una posible solución es establecer modelos que permitan visualizar la tendencia de estos datos. Esta investigación se desarrolló en la región del Casanare, ubicada en los llanos orientales de Colombia. Esta zona se caracteriza por la producción ganadera, así como de arroz, plátano y yuca. En el presente estudio se desarrolló el análisis de las tendencias de datos climatológicos, según la base de datos del periodo 2012-2015, de una estación climatológica tipo Davis Weather Station. Los datos analizados fueron temperatura ambiente (°C), humedad relativa (%), radiación solar (W/m-2) y velocidad del viento (m/s-1). Se evaluó la tendencia de estos parámetros anualmente, y se hallaron los coeficientes de determinación (r2) según los modelos de ajuste empleados.

Abstract Climatic variability is an important issue for the development of agricultural activities. In the description of climate trends, it is necessary to establish models for consultation, which can support forecasts and data analysis. In Colombia, in certain areas there are no available equipment to measure these parameters, because significant investment and technical training is required for their management and maintenance. One possible solution is to establish models that allow visualizing data trends. This research was developed in the region of Casanare, located on the eastern plains of Colombia. This area is characterized by the production of livestock, as well as rice, banana, and cassava. The present study analyzed climatological data trends, using the database of the period 20122015 of a Davis Weather Station-type weather station. The data analyzed were ambient temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), solar radiation (W/m-2), and wind speed (m/s-1). The trend of these parameters was evaluated annually, and determination coefficients (r2) were calculated according to the adjustment models used.

Resumo A variabilidade climática é um tema de importância para o desenvolvimento de atividades agropecuárias. Na descrição das tendências do comportamento do clima, é necessário estabelecer referências de consulta, as quais possam apoiar os prognósticos e análises dos dados. Na Colômbia existem zonas onde não se conta com equipamentos para a medição destes parâmetros, devido ao fato de que requerem um investimento significativo e capacitação técnica para o manejo e manutenção dos equipamentos. Uma possível solução é estabelecer modelos que permitam visualizar a tendência destes dados. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida na região de Casanare, situada nas planícies orientais da Colômbia. Esta zona se caracteriza pela produção de gado, assim como também de arroz, banana e mandioca. Neste estudo se desenvolveu a análise das tendências de dados climatológicos, segundo a base de dados do período 2012-2015, de uma estação climatológica tipo Davis Weather Station. Os dados analisados foram temperatura ambiente (°C), umidade relativa (%), radiação solar (W/m-2) e velocidade do vento (m/s-1). Avaliou-se a tendência destes parâmetros anualmente, e foram encontrados os coeficientes de determinação (r2) segundo os modelos de ajuste empregados.

Alternatives of storage of corn grains for the conditions of the brazilian cerrado / Alternativas de armazenagem de grãos de milho para as condições do cerrado brasileiro

The storage of grains under technical conditions in favorable environment ensures grain quality and regulates the supply of raw material for food production. For this reason, the objective of this study was to evaluate the different forms of storage (aerated silo, non-aerated silo, silo bags and airtight) of grains produced in the Brazilian cerrado, over time (zero, three and six months), for different physical qualities of maize (normal grains, whole grains and broken grains). The research was conducted at the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Chapadão do Sul Campus (CPCS), Grain Postharvest Laboratory. To determine the physical-chemical quality and the physical properties of grains over six months, samples were taken from the stored lots. Analysis of variance and comparison of means by Tukey's test were conducted at 5% probability. The six-month storage time was the main factor contributing to the reduction of the quality of maize grains. Storage alternatives with aeration, non-aeration, bags and airtight environment did not influence the physical properties of maize grains. The broken maize grains showed the worst physical and chemical quality during storage time, while the batch of whole corn grains differ in quality during storage. It was concluded that airtight storage and storage in aerated silos were the conditions that best preserved the physical and chemical quality of maize grains over time.

O armazenamento de grãos em condições técnicas em ambientais favoráveis garante a sua qualidade dos grãos e regula o fornecimento de matéria-prima para a produção de alimentos. Assim, objetivou-se com este estudo, avaliar as diferentes formas de armazenamento (em silo aerado, em silo sem aeração, em sacaria e hermético) de grãos produzidos no cerrado brasileiro, ao longo do tempo (zero, três e seis meses), para diferentes qualidades físicas de milho (grãos normais, grãos inteiros e grãos quebrados). A pesquisa foi realizada na Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campus de Chapadão do Sul (CPCS), no Laboratório de Pós-Colheita de Grãos. Para determinar a qualidade físico-química e as propriedades físicas dos grãos, ao longo de seis meses, amostras foram coletadas dos lotes de produtos armazenados. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (4x3), quatro formas de armazenamento (hermética, sacaria, sem aeração e com aeração), três tipos de massa de milho (milho normal, milho inteiro, milho quebrado). A análise de variância e as médias pelo teste de Tukey foram comparados a 5% de probabilidade. O tempo de armazenamento de seis meses foi o principal fator que contribuiu para a redução da qualidade de grãos de milho. Alternativas de armazenamento com aeração, sem aeração, em sacaria e hermético não influenciou nas propriedades físicas dos grãos de milho. Os grãos de milho quebrados apresentaram a pior qualidade física e química durante o tempo de armazenamento. Enquanto que, os lotes de grãos de milho inteiros diferiram na qualidade durante o armazenamento. Concluiu-se que, o armazenamento hermético e o armazenamento em silos com aeração foi o que melhor preservou a qualidade física e química dos grãos de milho ao longo do tempo.

Effect of Lateral Preoptic Area Lesion on Sleep Wakefulness and Thermoregulation In Cold Acclimatized Rats.

Hypothalamic temperature (Thy) alteration is one of the important stimuli that brings about thermoregulatory measures including the changes in wakefulness and muscular activity. The role of the lateral preoptic area (lPOA) in thermoregulation and sleep is well documented. But it is not known whether the integrity of the lPOA is essential for bringing about the changes in sleep-wakefulness (S-W) and thermoregulation in cold ambient temperature (Ta). Neurotoxic lesion of the lPOA resulted in an increase in wake period and core body temperature (Tb) and no change in Thy. Unlike, normal animals, as reported earlier, there was further increase in Tb of the lPOA lesioned rats on acute cold exposure, but the Thy remained unaltered throughout the 28 days of continued cold exposure. The findings demonstrate that the lPOA lesioned rats have lost the ability to reset Thy which may be necessary for thermoregulation during cold exposure. Moreover, increased wake period lasted only 7 days in lesioned, compared to 14 days in normal animals. Less efficient restoration of Tb, and less prolonged wake period during continued cold exposure, are probably the result of the inability of the lPOA lesioned rats to lower Thy, which is necessary to bring about the thermoregulatory measures.

Warm sensitive neurons of the preoptic area regulate ambient temperature related changes in sleep in the rat.

Warm sensitive neurons (WSN) play a major role not only in body temperature regulation, but also in sleep regulation. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of WSN of the preoptic area (POA) in mediating the ambient temperature (Tamb) related changes in sleep. The effect of Tamb changes on sleep and body temperature was studied in rats before and after destruction of WSN of the POA by local intracerebral injection of capsaicin. Though the rats preferred 27°C Tamb, they slept maximum at 30°C. After destruction of WSN of the POA, slow wave sleep (SWS) peak was brought down to 27°C, which was the preferred Tamb of the rats. This indicates that WSN of the POA mediate the increase in SWS, at temperatures higher than preferred Tamb. On the other hand, in WSN destroyed rats, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was maximum at 33°C. It suggests that the REM sleep generation is under inhibitory control of the WSN of the POA. The study supports several earlier reports that the neurons of the POA play a key role in coordinating sleep and body temperature regulation.

Effects of ambient temperature on hemorheological characteristics of rats / 医用生物力学

Objective To study different ambient temperatures effected on hemorheological characteristics of rats. Methods 70 rats were divided into 7 groups evenly and raised at the ambient temperature of 7, 12, 16, 22, 28, 32 and 35 ℃, respectively, for 7 days. 5 mL blood was collected by heart puncture technique from each rat to test their hemorheological parameters within 2 hours. Results When the ambient temperature was at 7, 12, 32 or 35 ℃, the hemorheological parameters were abnormal, the variability of erythrocytes was reduced, the resistance of capillaries was increased and the erythrocytes was assembled easily, thus preventing the normal blood circulation, slowing the local blood stream, causing the hypoxia and affecting the organic metabolism and function. Conclusions The hemorheological parameters were optimal within the ambient temperature range of 16~28 ℃, with the resistance of blood flow being smaller and the rheological properties of red blood cells being better. As for keeping the good microcirculation of the organism, it seems that the lowest and highest ambient temperature should be around 7 ℃ and 32 ℃, respectively.

Clima e epidemias de dengue no Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Climate and dengue epidemics in State of Rio de Janeiro

As temperaturas dos primeiros trimestres do período de 1986-2003, especialmente as mínimas, mostraram-se significativamente mais altas nos anos em que as epidemias de dengue tiveram início na Cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Não houve relação significativa com o total das precipitações pluviométricas para os mesmos trimestres, contudo, as epidemias foram mais freqüentes nos anos em que o volume de chuvas no verão foi pequeno (abaixo de 200mm).

Temperatures in the city of Rio de Janeiro in the first quarter of the year over the period 1986-2003, especially the minimum, were significantly higher in the years in which dengue epidemics started in the city. There was no significant relationship with total rainfall for the same quarter of the year, but epidemics were more frequent in the years in which the volume of rain during the summer was small (less than 200mm).

Temperatura e enriquecimento ambiental sobre o bem-estar de coelhos em crescimento / Temperature and environmental enrichment on the welfare of growing rabbits

O efeito da temperatura e o efeito do enriquecimento do piso de gaiola sobre o bem-estar de coelhos em crescimento foram avaliados. Quarenta e oito coelhos do grupo genético Botucatu, desmamados aos 35 dias de idade, foram alojados em Câmara Climática, quatro por gaiola (1,00 x 0,60 x 0,40m), em 12 gaiolas que tinham (ou não) metade do piso coberto com cama de palha. As gaiolas foram instaladas metade em sala com temperatura ambiente e metade em sala resfriada. Os animais tiveram livre acesso à ração balanceada e à água nos dois tipos de piso. Para se avaliar o bem-estar, foram realizadas cinco observações de 24 horas cada, uma por semana, sendo registradas as freqüências dos comportamentos: lúdico, estereotipado, exploratório, cuidados corporais e interação e comparadas entre gaiolas enriquecidas ou não nas duas salas. A média de temperatura e a média de umidade relativa do ar foram: 23,6°C e 78,7 por cento na sala natural e 20,6°C e 71,0 por cento na sala resfriada. O comportamento lúdico foi mais freqüente nas gaiolas enriquecidas (7,6 vs 4,3 por cento sala natural e 7,8 vs 3,8 por cento sala resfriada, P<0,01) e as estereotipias foram mais freqüentes nas gaiolas sem enriquecimento (4,4 vs. 2,7 por cento sala natural e 2,1 vs 1,1 por cento sala resfriada, P>0,01). Coelhos mantidos em temperatura natural preferiram a grade à cama de palha (77,9 vs. 22,1 por cento, P>0,01), enquanto na sala resfriada eles não mostraram preferência em relação ao piso (45,9 vs 54,1 por cento, P=0,41). Em sala resfriada, o enriquecimento com palha favoreceu o bem-estar animal.

The effects of temperature and cage floor enrichment on the welfare of growing rabbits were evaluated. Forty-eight rabbits from the Botucatu genetic group, weaned at 35 days of age were housed in an Environmental Chamber, four per cage (1.00 x 0.60 x 0.40m), in 12 cages that had (or not) half of the floor covered with litter straw. The cages were housed half in a room temperature chamber and half in a refrigerated chamber. Animals had free access to a balanced feed and water in the two types of floor. In order to evaluate welfare, five 24-hour observations were carried out, one per week, to register the frequencies of the following behaviors: ludic, stereotypic, exploratory, self-grooming and interactions, and to compare them between enriched and non-enriched cages from the two chambers. The average temperatures and relative humidities were 23.6°C and 78.7 percent in the room temperature chamber and 20.6°C and 71.0 percent in the refrigerated chamber. The ludic behavior was more frequent in the enriched cages (7.6 vs. 4.3 percent Room Temperature Chamber and 7.8 vs. 3.8 percent Refrigerated Chamber, P<0.01) and the stereotypies in the non-enriched cages (4.4 vs. 2.7 percent Room Temperature Chamber and 2.1 vs 1.1 percent Refrigerated Chamber, P<0.01). Rabbits kept at room temperature preferred the wire net floor over the litter straw (77.9 vs. 22.1 percent, P<0.01), whereas in the refrigerated chamber they did not show preference regarding floor types (45.9 vs. 54.1 percent, P=0.41). In the refrigerated chamber, cage floor enrichment favored animal welfare.

Avaliação do desempenho de um sistema de secagem projetado para os pequenos produtores rurais / Performance of a drying system for small farmers

O presente trabalho foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Universidade Estadual Paulista em Botucatu, SP, e objetivou-se analisar o desempenho de um silo secador alambrado com ar à temperatura ambiente, de projeto simples, com possibilidades de atender às necessidades de pequenos cafeicultores. Para a avaliação do desempenho da secagem, foram realizadas medições do teor de água do café, temperaturas da massa de grãos, do ar de exaustão, do ar de secagem e do ar ambiente, umidade relativa ambiente, velocidade do ar de secagem e o tempo total de secagem. Para avaliar a qualidade do produto seco, foi feito o teste de bebida. Paralelamente, realizou-se a secagem em terreiro para se formar a testemunha. Os resultados observados permitiram concluir que o silo secador alambrado apresentou uma boa eficiência energética, proporcionando um produto seco com o mesmo padrão de qualidade do café seco em terreiro.

This present work was carried out in FCA-Botucatu/UNESP - São Paulo State University, with the aim of evaluating coffee drying performance with near-ambient temperature air-drying system, designed for small farms. The variables measured include: moisture content, grain and air temperatures, relative humidity, drying airflow, drying time and grain quality (beverage). The performance of adopted drying system was compared to open space drying system. The results obtained allowed to conclude that the drying system tested showed very good energy efficiency, without affecting the quality of the beverage.