ABSTRACT
Introducción: la monitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial con equipos biomédicos, es un método útil y confiable para el diagnóstico de la hipertensión arterial. El propósito del estudio fue validar un nuevo equipo de monitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial de 24 horas (MAPA-FCV) de bajo costo, producido en la Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia. Métodos: el estudio se desarrolló de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la Sociedad Americana para el Avance de la Instrumentación Médica (AAMI, por sus siglas en Inglés) y la Sociedad Británica de Hipertensión (BHS) para validación de equipos de monitorización de presión arterial. Se incluyeron 85 sujetos sanos, en quienes, una persona previamente entrenada, obtuvo tres medidas simultáneas de presión arterial (cada 10 minutos) y se compararon con las que se obtuvieron con el equipo MAPA-FCV. Resultados: los sujetos presentaron una presión arterial sistólica de 115 ± 15 mm Hg y diastólica de 71 ± 8 mm Hg. Se encontró una diferencia media de 0,63 ± 5,94 mm Hg en la presión arterial sistólica y de 0,17 ± 5,08 mm Hg en la diastólica entre el equipo y el observador entrenado. Así mismo, se observó que más de 93% de las mediciones simultáneas de presión arterial, presentaron una diferencia menor a 10 mm Hg. Conclusiones: en el estudio el monitor MAPA-FCV alcanzó altos grados de concordancia con los valores de presión arterial que obtuvo el personal capacitado; adicionalmente el equipo cumplió con los criterios de validación de la AAMI y BHS, lo que hace posible su recomendación para uso clínico en población adulta.
Introduction: ambulatory arterial pressure monitoring with biomedical devices is a useful and reliable method to diagnose hypertension. The aim of this study was to validate a new low cost Holter blood pressure monitor (MAPA-FCV) produced at the Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia. Methods: the study was developed according to the guidelines for validation of automated blood pressure measuring devices of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) and the British Hypertension Society (BHS). Three blood pressure measurements were taken in 85 healthy subjects in a 30 minutes period (every 10 minutes). Measurements were taken by one observer trained to measure blood pressure with a mercury column device, and were compared with those obtained with the automatic device. Results: mean systolic blood pressure obtained in the subjects was 115 ± 15 mmHg, and mean diastolic blood pressure was 71 ± 8 mmHg. The mean and standard deviation of the differences between the measurements obtained by the observer and those obtained with the automatic device were 0.63 ± 5.94 mmHg for systolic pressure and 0.17 ± 5.08 mmHg for diastolic pressure. In addition, about 93% of the differences between the ascultatory and MAPA-FCV were within 10 mmHg. Conclusions: in the present study a close agreement between systolic and diastolic pressure measurements obtained by the auscultatory method and the MAPA-FCV device was found. The data obtained show that the MAPA-FCV can be recommended for clinical use according to the guidelines of international entities.
Subject(s)
Blood Pressure , Hypertension , Monitoring, AmbulatoryABSTRACT
Sodium concentration in the hemodialysis solution has been increased to prevent intradialytic hypotension after highly effective and shortened time hemodialysis(HD) was introduced in the late 70's. Many authors have pointed out that the high concentration in the dialysate sodium HD may be one of causes of increasing difficulty in the management of hypertension in HD patients. Sodium profiling hemodialysis (SPHD) is a modified form of high sodium dialysate HD. Even though sodium concentration is decreased progressively to the conventional level during the HD session, the time-averaged sodium concentration is usually higher compared to that of conventional HD. To evaluate the effect of dialysate sodium concentration on interdialytic blood pressure(BP) control, we conducted a cross over study. Eleven patients showing more than four episodes of intradialytic hypertension per month were studied(5 male, 6 female; 52+-13 years). All subjects underwent 8-week conventional HD(CHD)(dialysate Na+ 138mEq/L X 4 hour) and 8-week step-down SPHD(Na+ 150mEq/L X 2 hours> OR =140 X 1> OR =138 X 1) on the order of random assignment. At the end of each peiords, interdialytic 24-hour BP were measured by 24-hour Ambulatory BP monitor(ABPM : 90207, Space Labs, USA). 1) Time-averaged sodium concentration in dialy sate were 138mEq/L during SPHD and 144.5mEq/L during CHD. Pre HD serum sodium were not significantly different between two periods but post HD serum sodium and intradialytic increase of serum sodium significantly higher during SPHD period 138.1+/-0.5 v 141.1+/-0.6mEq/L, 0.5+/-0.6 v 2.6+/-0.4mEq/L, p<0.05). Dry weight was determined before the start of study and not changed throughout the study periods. Interdialytic weight gain and the amount of ulfrafiltration required to maintain the determined dry weight were significantly higher during SPHD period compared to those during CHD period(2.5+/-0.5 v 3.6+/-0.6 kg, 2.6+/-0.8 v 3.6+/-0.8kg, p<0.01). 2) The frequency of interdialytic hypotension was significantly reduced during SPHD period(23.9 v 15 %, p<0.01). But the frequency of symptoms requiring intervetion such as ultrafiltration adjustment or saline infusion was not different between two periods. Thirst during interdialytic period was significantly frequent during SPHD(37.8 vs 30% 138.1+/-0.5 v 141.1+/-0.6mEq/L, 0.5+/-0.6 v 2.6+/-0.4mEq/L, p<0.05). 3) Day-time, night-time and 24 hour mean systolic BP measured by 24 hour ABPM were significantly higher during SPHD period(149.2+/-4.8, 144.3+/-3.6, 146.6+/-4.1mmHg) than during CHD period(140.1+/-4.8, 133.0+/-4.1, 136.4+/-4.6mmHg, p<0.01). Day-time, night-time and 24 hour mean diastolic BP were also significantly higher during SPHD period(82.6+/-1.5, 84.1+/-1.4, 86.1+/-1.4mmHg) than during CHD period (78.7+/-2.2, 79.6+/-2.3, 81.8+/-2.2mmHg, p<0.05). 4) Systolic load and diastolic load by the criteria of higher than 150/90mmHg throughout the day increased significantly from 21.1+/-7.0 and 18.2+/-6.3% during CHD period to 41.7+/-9.9 and 28.4+/-4.7% during SPHD period. Diurnal difference was not different between the two periods but a significant number of dippers(36.4%) converted to nondipper during SPHD period. Our results shows SPHD increases interdialytic BP and its load. It also adversely alter diurnal variation and dipping status. The additional sodium load and an consequent excessive interdialytic weight gain aassociates with SPHD might contribute to this findings.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Blood Pressure , Hypertension , Hypotension , Renal Dialysis , Sodium , Thirst , Ultrafiltration , Weight GainABSTRACT
Studies describing the effects on blood pressure control by hemodialysis(HD) or continuous amulatory peritoneal dialysis(CAPD) have yielded conflicting results with respect to 24 hour blood pressure control, diurnal variation and blood pressure loads. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of beginning with HD or CAPD on blood pressure control, diurnal variation and blood pressure loads using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring(ABPM). Twen-ty-seven end-stage renal disease(ESRD) patients(12 on HD and 15 on CAPD) were enrolled into the study. Patients with cardiovascular diseases, erythro-poietin therapy, or severe edema were excluded. ABPM were performed two times before and after the initiation of dialysis. Mean duration of interval between pre- and post-dialysis ABPM were 17+/-4 days on HD and 13+/-3 days on CAPD. Daytime and nighttime were defined as the time from 6:00 AM to 10:00 PM and from 10:00 PM to 6:00 AM of the next day. Systolic and diastolic loads were defined as the percentage of the incidence of systolic and diastolic blood pressure over l% and 90mmHg. Dipper meaning the presence of normal diurnal difference were defined as the differences of daytime- nighttime mean arterial pressure more than 5mmHg. In HD patients, mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure were significantly decreased after dialysis during 24 hour, day- time and nighttime. In CAPD patients, those were also significantly decreased after dialysis during 24 hour, daytime and nighttime(p<0.05). Diurnal differences were increased after CAPD(3.3+/-9.4 vs 5.4+/-6.8mmHg) but decreased after HD(4.3+/-6.2 vs 2.4+/-10.8mmHg) and the differences of diurnal difference between two groups were significantly different(+2.1+/-9.0 vs 1.9+/-8.4mmHg, p<0.05). Proportions of dipper among patients were increased from 16.7 to 66.7% in HD and from 33.3% to 60% in CAPD without statistical significance between two groups. Systolic and diastolic loads were significantly decreased after HD(from 75.0+/-38.0 to 37.5+/-43.8%, from 45.2+/-29.7 to 12.5+/-12.8%, respectively, p<0.05) and after CAPD(from 63.1+/-30,1 to 32.3+/-27.1%, from 43.4+/-36.2% to 12.2+/-16.9%, respectively, p<0.05). Systolic and diastolic loads of daytime and nighttime were significantly decreased after each dialysis modality except nighttime diastolic pressure load in HD. In conclusions, both HD and CAPD improve BP control in ESRD patients. CAPD has more benefit to control of diurnal variations in ESRD patients.