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Background: Diabetes Mellitus refers to a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of Hyperglycemia. It is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 439 million by 2030 and 19% of world抯 DM patients are Indians. Magnesium is an important co-factor for various enzymes involved in Insulin secretion and is involved in sodium-potassium ATPase pump. 25%-38% of Type 2 DM patients had Hypomagnesemia, which has also contributed in developing microvascular complications such as Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) and Diabetic Nephropathy (DN). Various studies have suggested that Magnesium supplementation in Type 2 DM patients with Hypomagnesemia have shown beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Aim and objectives: To study the prevalence of Hypomagnesemia in Type 2 DM patients and to study the association of Hypomagnesemia with microvascular complications such as DR and DN. Materials and methods: It is a hospital based Observational study carried out in 2022 for a period of 1 year including 60 patients fulfilling the ADA criteria for diagnosing T2DM and patients with Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Nephropathy, and excluding patients with Malabsorption, Chronic diarrhoea, Renal Failure on diuretic therapy, Sepsis, Pancreatitis. Serum Magnesium levels of 1.6 mg/dl � 2.6 mg/dl is considered as normal range. Serum Magnesium were measured using Xylidyl blue colorimetric method. Results: The Mean age of the patients in our study was 55.89 years. Among 60 patients diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus, 42 patients had Hypomagnesemia, 18 patients had Normomagnesemia (p- value: <0.0001). Patients with an HbA1c levels > 7% had Hypomagnesemia when to compared to patients with HbA1c <7% with a significant p value of 0.009. Hypomagnesemia was also associated with Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Nephropathy with a significant p-value of 0.013 and 0.009 respectively. Conclusion: In our study, it has shown that patients with uncontrolled T2DM had Hypomagnesemia, which is also associated with micro-vascular complications of T2DM such as DR and DN.
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The 82nd American Diabetes Association Academic Meeting was held in New Orleans, U. S.A. on June 3, 2022. The meeting had both in-person and virtual activities, encompassed the advances in diabetes study, prevention, and management, including the latest research results of Chinese researchers. This summary highlights the important research findings, including congress awards, drug research progress, management of complications/comorbidities, update of guideline/consensus, and progress of other metabolic diseases, with an aim to provide reference for diabetes management in China.
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With the changes of lifestyle, type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) is spreading among the adolescents. T2DM in adolescents is distinct from type 1 diabetes mellitus and T2DM in adults. T2DM in adolescent progresses more rapidly and is more difficult to treat than that in adults. The prevention and therapy of T2DM in youth is facing severe challenges. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, comorbidities and complications of T2DM in adolescents as well as evidence-based clinical trials for the management of this disease based on the related hot spots of the 81 st annual meeting of the American Diabetes Association and the results from the latest clinical trials, so as to provide enough reference for the formulation of clinical strategies of T2DM in adolescents.
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The 81st annual scientific meeting of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) was held online from June 25 to 29, 2021. The conference encompassed following theme areas: Acute and chronic complications of diabetes, behavioral medicine, clinical nutrition, education and exercise, clinical diabetes/therapeutics, epidemiology/genetics, immunology/transplantation, insulin action/molecular metabolism, integrated physiology/obesity and islet biology/insulin secretions, which covers both clinical and basic aspects of diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases. Here is the summary of the main points of academic progress in diabetes and other metabolic diseases.
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Background: Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) is a pre-stage to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adults and generally in obese population. In different studies this occurrence varied significantly, but the true prevalence is unknown due to lack of larger representative cohort studies. Authors objectives was to study the prevalence of IFG in different grades of obesity.Methods: One hundred obese subjects of obesity Grade1 (BMI >25 kg/m2 but <30) and Grade 2 (BMI >30 kg/m2) were studied at Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal from April 2019 to June 2019. Physical examination, blood investigations including fasting blood glucose and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out for all the patients.Results: Out of 100 subjects, 18(9%) males and 18(9%) females had IFG. Among male subjects highest IFG was recorded in the age group of 60+ years and in the weight rage of 71 to 80 kg. In female subjects, highest prevalence was in the age group 51 to 60 years and in weight range of 51-60 kg. Out of 24 males and 34 female of with Grade 1 obesity, 7% and 10.4% had IFG similarly, out of 25 males and 17 females with grade 2 obesity, 11% and 7.6% had IFG.Conclusions: IFG is highly prevalent in different grades of obesity. Obesity is the risk factor for the development of diabetes.
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The metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular events, but scarce information exists about its frequency in Venezuela. In this cross-sectional study, we quantified the prevalence of the MetSyn in a probabilistic, stratified sample of 274 subjects aged ³18 years from the Libertador district in Mérida, Venezuela. Secondary outcomes were the measurement of thyroid hormones (free T4 and TSH), leptin levels, and insulin resistance index (HOMA2-IR). The frequency of MetSyn (percentage ± 95% confidence interval) according to several diagnostic criteria was as follows: National Cholesterol Education Panel (NCEP, original): 27.4% (22.1-32.7); modified NCEP: 31.8% (26.3-37.3); International Diabetes Federation: 40.9% (35.1-46.7); Latin American Diabetes Association: 27% (21.7-32.3), and Venezuelan criteria: 31.8% (26.3-37.3). The MetSyn was more frequent in males than in females with most diagnostic criteria. The estimated prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 2.9% either according to the patients self reports or to fasting glucose level found to be above 126 mg/dL. Abnormal HOMA2-IR index, free T4 and TSH (above the 95th percentile) were detected in 4.5%, 4.4% and 5.1% of the sample, respectively. Free T4 and TSH levels below the 5th percentile were detected in 4.4% and 4.7% of subjects respectively. These values are presented for comparisons with forthcoming studies in specific clinical populations. While studies are being conducted about the different definitions of the MetSyn in Venezuela, we recommend analyzing and publishing local research data with all the available criteria so as to allow comparisons with the results already reported in the literature.
El síndrome metabólico (SM) es un factor de riesgo significativo en la ocurrencia de eventos cardiovasculares. Sin embargo, existe poca información sobre su frecuencia en Venezuela. En la presente investigación transversal, cuantificamos la prevalencia del SM es una muestra probabilística de 274 sujetos con edad mayor o igual a 18 años provenientes del municipio Libertador de la cuidad de Mérida, Venezuela. Como resultados secundarios, se cuantificaron los niveles de leptina, hormonas tiroideas (T4 libre y TSH), y el índice de resistencia a la insulina (HOMA2-RI). La frecuencia de SM (porcentaje ± intervalo de confianza del 95%) de acuerdo a varios criterios diagnósticos fue la siguiente: Panel para el Colesterol (original): 27,4% (22,1-32,7); Panel para el Colesterol (modificado): 31,8% (26,3-37,3); Federación Internacional de Diabetes: 40,9% (35,1-46,7); Asociación Latino-Americana de Diabetes: 27% (21,7- 32,3) y criterios Venezolanos: 31,8% (26,3-37,3). Al utilizar la mayoría de los criterios, el SM fue más frecuente en hombres que en mujeres. La prevalencia estimada de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 fue 2,9% tanto mediante el auto-reporte como mediante la detección de glicemia en ayunas > 126 mg/dL. Se detectaron niveles anormales (por encima del percentil 95) del índice HOMA2-IR, T4 libre y TSH en el 4,5%, 4,4% y 5,1% de la muestra respectivamente. Niveles de T4 y TSH por debajo del percentil 5 se detectaron en el 4,4% y 4,7% de sujetos respectivamente. Los valores del HOMA2-RI y hormonas tiroideas también se presentan con el fin de permitir comparaciones con futuros estudios en poblaciones clínicas específicas. Mientras se realizan estudios adicionales en Venezuela sobre las diversas definiciones del SM, recomendamos analizar y publicar los resultados científicos locales con todos los criterios disponibles con el fin de permitir la comparación con los estudios que ya están disponibles.
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Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Thyroxine/blood , Insulin Resistance , Thyrotropin/blood , Leptin/blood , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Venezuela/epidemiology , Sex Factors , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Diabetes is the commonest endocrine metabolic disorder in Nigeria. Aim: The aim was to assess the level of glycaemic control in type 2 diabetics in Oredo and Egor local government areas in Benin metropolis, with a view of planning improved diabetes care. Study and Design: This is a cross sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was carried out in the department of medicine Central Hospital Benin (Secondary Health center), department of Medicine University of Benin teaching Hospital (Tertiary Health center) and department of chemical pathology, University of Benin teaching hospital Benin City Nigeria between October 2012 and June 2013. Methodology: Fasting Blood sample of 126 type 2 diabetics (38.1% males and 61.9% females from the secondary health centre and 781 type 2 diabetics (47.1% male and 58.3% females ) from the tertiary health centre was assayed for plasma glucose and Glycated haemoglobin. Body mass index was calculated from measured height and weight and blood pressure measurements taken with mercury sphygmomanometer. Results: Mean fasting plasma glucose and mean glycated haemoglobin was 142.2±7.2mg/dl, 8.3±2.1% and 145.8±5.4mg/dL,8.3±2.6% for patients in the secondary and tertiary health centres respectively. 20.6% of the patients in the secondary health centre and 40.5% of those in the tertiary health centre had glycated haemoglobin values < 7% as recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). 25.3% and 20.6% of the patients in the secondary and tertiary health centres respectively, met the blood pressure target recommended by ADA. Conclusion: Most diabetics in Egor and Oredo Local Government Areas, Benin City, south-south Nigeria still have suboptimal glycaemic control, are hypertensive and have chronic complications of the disease. Improved Health care delivery, and subsidization of health care is recommended.
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OBJECTIVE:To investigate the utilization of aspirin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.METHODS:The utilization of aspirin in 510 inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the department of Endocrinology in our hospital from April 2004 to April 2007 was analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS:Of the total 510 cases,68.2% received aspirin,with daily dose reached 50～100mg.Aspirin was more often used in patients complicated with coronary heart disease and hypertension(P
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Objective To evaluate the sensitivity and the specificity of WHO and American Diabetes Association (ADA) diagnosis criteria for diabetes mellitus (DM) in senile population and to assess the use of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) alone for the screening of DM as defined by a 2 hour plasma glucose (2hPG)≥11.1 mmol/L during oral 75 g glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and to determine optimal FPG cut point for DM diagnosis. Methods One thousand two hundred and four subjects without DM aged 60 to 90 year, who had resided in Beijing for over 5 years, were recruited, and grouped into different glucose levels by WHO or ADA criteria and analyzed the concordance and the discordance between these subpopulations. The WHO criterion for DM (2hPG≥11.1 mmol/L) was taken as the gold standard. The variations of sensitivity and specificity on ADA criterion for DM (FPG≥7.0 mmol/L) were assessed and determined the optimal FPG cut point in the seniles. Results The prevalence of DM was 3.16% and 16.28% by ADA (FPG) criterion and WHO(2hPG) criterion respectively. The sensitivity of diagnosed DM was 15.3% and the specificity was 99.2% according to ADA criterion. The coincidence percentage under the two criteria was only 15.3%. The coincidence percentage under impaired fasting blood glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was only 4.5%. The optimal FPG cut point of diagnosed DM was 5.5 mmol/L in the seniles, which was affected by gender, age, body mass index and the presence of hypertension. Conclusion There is lack of concordance between WHO and ADA criteria for DM diagnosis in the seniles. The ADA IFG criterion is not able to replace WHO criterion for DM diagnosis. The senile people with FPG≥5.5 mmol/L but