Impacto económico de desbridamientos quirúrgicos y amputaciones de miembros inferiores en pacientes diabéticos / Economic impact of surgical debridements and lower limb amputations in diabetic patients

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) constituye un problema de salud pública. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de los desbridamientos quirúrgicos y amputaciones de miembros inferiores en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 y su impacto económico. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio Observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. Se estimaron los costos médicos directos tanto de desbridamientos quirúrgicos como de amputaciones de miembros inferiores en pacientes diabéticos en el Hospital de Clínicas San Lorenzo, durante el año 2019. Resultados: El total de desbridamientos quirúrgicos y amputaciones de miembros inferiores en el año 2019 representan el 1,9% (314/16.484) de los procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados en el Hospital de Clínicas. El monto total de gastos es de 1.804.185.116 (262.541 USD), de los cuales 172.514.000 (38.857 USD) constituyen gastos de bolsillo y 1.631.671.116 (237.437 USD) constituyen gastos erogados al Estado Paraguayo a través del Hospital de Clínicas de San Lorenzo. Conclusión: Las complicaciones de la diabetes imponen considerables costos tanto en el gasto de bolsillo, al sector de la salud como a la economía en general en el Paraguay, por lo que es necesario re evaluar el manejo de esta problemática teniendo en cuenta el gran impacto que tienen dichos procedimientos producen en la vida de los pacientes a nivel físico, emocional, familiar y social, así como la carga económica que conlleva el tratamiento para el Sistema de Salud.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) constitutes a public health problem. Objectives: Determine the frequency of surgical debridement and lower limb amputations in type 2 diabetic patients and their economic impact. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional observational study was carried out. The direct medical costs of both surgical debridement and lower limb amputations in diabetic patients at the Hospital de Clínicas, San Lorenzo were estimated during 2019. Results: The total of surgical debridement and lower limb amputations in 2019 represents the 1.9% (314/16,484) of surgical procedures performed at the Hospital de Clínicas. The total amount of expenses is 1,804,185,116 (262,541 USD), of which 172,514,000 (38,857 USD) constitute out-of-pocket expenses and 1,631,671,116 (237,437 USD) constitute expenses disbursed to the Paraguayan State through the Hospital de Clínicas de San Lorenzo. Conclusion: The complications of diabetes impose considerable costs both in out-of-pocket spending, on the health sector and on the economy in general in Paraguay, so it is necessary to re-evaluate the management of this problem taking into account the great impact that these procedures have on the lives of patients on a physical, emotional, family and social level, as well as the economic burden that the treatment entails for the Health System.

Criterios y resultados de la aplicación de las clasificaciones para pacientes con pie diabético

RESUMEN Existe un número elevado de sistemas de clasificación, en pacientes con pie diabético. La importancia de una correcta clasificación de las lesiones, determina el tratamiento a realizar y puede aportar datos sobre el pronóstico de los pacientes respecto a posibles amputaciones. En los últimos años la tendencia es al desarrollo de sistemas más complejos, con uso de la tecnología. La clasificación de McCook y otros, ha sido la base para el tratamiento de pacientes con pie diabético en Cuba; a esta se sumó posteriormente, la clasificación hemodinámica y al comenzar a aplicar el Heberprot-P, se asoció la clasificación de Wagner, pero siempre con la óptica de McCook. Esta visión inicial y su posterior desarrollo han llevado a Cuba a lograr cifras de amputaciones mínimas, diferente a lo que ocurre en otros países. Este trabajo expresa la opinión de la autora acerca de los resultados del uso de las clasificaciones utilizadas en Cuba.

ABSTRACT There is a large number of classification systems in patients with diabetic foot. The importance of a correct classification of injuries determines the treatment to be carried out and can provide data on the prognosis of patients regarding possible amputations. In recent years the trend is towards the development of more complex systems, with the use of technology. The McCook et al. classification has been the basis for the treatment of patients with diabetic foot in Cuba; To this, the hemodynamic classification was added later and when the Heberprot-P began to be applied, the Wagner classification was associated, but always with McCook's optics. This initial vision and its subsequent development have led Cuba to achieve minimal amputation figures, different from what happens in other countries. This work expresses the author's opinion about the results using the classifications used in Cuba.

Incidencia y determinantes del Pie Diabético Úlceras en la ciudad de Amara / Incidence and determinants of Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Amara city

Diabetic foot infections are frequent clinical problem. Properly managed, most can be cured, but many patients needlessly undergo amputations because of improper diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The aim of this study is to evaluate patients with diabetic foot ulcer and their incidences. 320 cases were taken for our study of deferent gender and age group, date of study was from January 2019 to the end of December 2019, study was done in Maysan Endocrine and Diabtology Center. Most cases were males about (59%) of young age group, most of the cases occurred in extreme weathers. Diabetic foot ulcers are preventable lesions, males at active age group more prone to develop diabetic foot lesions because they are more liable to expose to minor trauma during work. Health education for protection of diabetic patients from serious DFU complications

Clinico-microbiological profile and outcome of diabetic foot ulcers

Background: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are debilitating to the patients and significantly impair their quality of life. DFU associated with infection have the worst outcomes and may lead to amputations if timely intervention is not done. In the present study, aim was to identify the association between the type of organism isolated and the rates of amputations in diabetic foot ulcers.Methods: We retrospectively studied 50 diabetic foot ulcers from January 2017 to June 2017, who were in-patients in a single unit of surgery department in King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam. Baseline clinical examination was done. Parameters such as age, sex, duration, diabetic status and its treatment, organisms isolated, various treatment options for ulcers and the outcomes were studies.Results: Males were the predominant study subjects (M: F=32:18). The age of presentation was 18-65 years with an average of 46 years. Gram negative organisms were the frequent microbial isolates, all being mono-microbial infections. It was dominated by E. coli (17), Pseudomonas (12) and Klebsiella (11). Above-knee amputation was done in one patient and below-knee amputations in three patients. Total mortality in our study was 5. After applying the chi-square test, it was found that there is no significant association between the type of organism and the rate of amputations in our study.Conclusions: Diabetes is a significant risk factor for ulceration in the extremities, which possesses considerable mortality and morbidity. Early intervention, control of diabetes and compliance of the patient treatment are all necessary to reduce the rates of amputations and mortality in patients with diabetic foot ulcers.

Diabetic foot ulcer and its surgical management

Background: Almost 80% population of diabetic foot are from low to middle income countries like India, a country with second largest number of diabetic populations. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in India is 9.3%. Lower extremity diseases, including peripheral neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease, and foot ulceration, is twice common in diabetic subjects. the most feared consequence of diabetic foot ulcer is limb amputation, which is seen 10 to 30 times more often in person with diabetes. The objective of this study concentrates on surgical management of diabetic foot ulcer.Methods: This is an observational prospective study of 100 cases for evaluation of diabetic foot ulcer and its surgical management at P.D.U. Hospital, Rajkot from January 2017 to November 2018.Results: The average age of presentation is 55.70 year. The male to female ratio was 1.27:1. Most of the patients are from lower middle class and upper lower class according to modified kuppuswamy socioeconomic classification. Most of the patients have duration of diabetes more than 5 years.  Most common microorganism grown from culture was Staphylococcus aureus. This study has higher rate of amputations of 74% due to late presentation and neglected disease due to peripheral neuropathy causes decreased pain sensation. There was no mortality in this study.Conclusions: Management of diabetic foot ulcer is by multimodal approach with conservative and surgical approaches. Preventive measures, early diagnosis and timely surgical intervention prevents limb amputations in diabetic foot ulcer.

The predictive role of inpatient hypoglycemia for amputations in patients with acute diabetic foot / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

In Nov 2019, " The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism" published an article " Association of inpatient glucose measurements with amputations in patients hospitalized with acute diabetic foot" [Peled S, Pollack R, Elishoov O, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2019, 104(11): 5445-5452. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00774], with the permission of the original journal, we translated it into Chinese. This article studied the relationship of glycemic indices during hospitalization with amputations in patients with acute diabetic foot. The retrospective cohort study included 418 patients admitted with acute diabetic foot in the diabetic foot unit during 2015-2017. Information on demographic characteristics, medical history, laboratory tests, and point-of-care glucose measurements were collected. The primary outcomes were any or major amputation during hospitalization. 45 496 glucose measurements were taken for 418 patients hospitalized with acute diabetic foot. Patients experiencing any hyperglycemia and any or severe hypoglycemia were more likely to undergo any or major amputations during hospitalization. High glycemic variability was associated with major amputations. Peripheral vascular disease, high Wagner score, and hypoglycemia were independent predictors of amputations. Older age, peripheral vascular disease, previous amputation, elevated white blood cell, high Wagner score, and hypoglycemia were independent predictors of major amputations. Hypoglycemia appeared to be an independent risk factor for any and major amputations. While it is unclear whether hypoglycemia directly contributes to adverse outcomes, efforts to minimize in-hospital hypoglycemic events are needed.

The predictive role of inpatient hypoglycemia for amputations in patients with acute diabetic foot / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

In June 2019, "The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism" published an article"Association of inpatient glucose measurements with amputations in patients hospitalized with acute diabetic foot"[Peled S, Pollack R, Elishoov O, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2019,104(11):5445-5452. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00774] , with the permission of the original journal, we translated it into Chinese. This article studied the relationship of glycemic indices during hospitalization with amputations in patients with acute diabetic foot. The retrospective cohort study included 418 patients admitted with acute diabetic foot in the diabetic foot unit during 2015-2017. Information on demographic characteristics, medical history, laboratory tests, and point-of-care glucose measurements were collected. The primary outcomes were any or major amputation during hospitalization. 45496 glucose measurements were taken for 418 patients hospitalized with acute diabetic foot. Patients experiencing any hyperglycemia and any or severe hypoglycemia were more likely to undergo any or major amputations during hospitalization. High glycemic variability was associated with major amputations. Peripheral vascular disease, high Wagner score, and hypoglycemia were independent predictors of amputations. Older age, peripheral vascular disease, previous amputation, elevated white blood cell, high Wagner score, and hypoglycemia were independent predictors of major amputations. Hypoglycemia appeared to be an independent risk factor for any and major amputations. While it is unclear whether hypoglycemia directly contributes to adverse outcomes, efforts to minimize in-hospital hypoglycemic events are needed.

Cierre primario diferido en las amputaciones parciales del pie diabético / Primary deferred closure in partial amputations of diabetic foot

Introducción: Las amputaciones parciales del pie diabético requieren un prolongado período de cicatrización. La presencia de angiopatía y neuropatía periférica y la ausencia de actividad del factor de crecimiento epidérmico entorpecen dicho proceso. Objetivos: Evaluar la evolución de las amputaciones parciales del pie diabético con el uso del Heberprot-P® mediante un procedimiento quirúrgico de cierre total diferido a un segundo tiempo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo, en 52 pacientes operados de amputación de los artejos del pie atendidos en el Hospital Provincial Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech de la provincia de Camagüey, en el período comprendido desde enero 2015 hasta septiembre de 2016 y en los que fue factible realizar este procedimiento. Resultados: El sexo femenino representó el 59,6 por ciento, con mayor número de casos en el intervalo de 61-70 años. Se realizaron 30 operaciones los artejos centrales y 22 entre el primero y el quinto. El 94,6 por ciento cicatrizó entre los 16 y los 20 días. Ninguno fue reintervenido. Conclusiones: La terapia con Heberprot-P® abre nuevos caminos para lograr mayor efectividad en el tratamiento y cicatrización del pie diabético. El procedimiento empleado mejoró el resultado funcional y estético de los pies operados(AU)

Introduction: Partial amputation of diabetic foot requires a long cicatrization period. The presence of angiopathy and peripheral neuropathy, and the lack of epidermal growth factor activity dull the process. Objective: To evaluate the evolution of partial amputations of diabetic foot using Heberprot-P® through a surgical procedure based in a total deffered closure to a second time. Methods: A descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study was in a total of 52 patients operated on foot knuckles amputations in Manuel Ascunce Domenech University Provincial Hospital of Camagüey Province, from January 2015 to September 2016. In this patients was feasible to carry out the so above mentioned surgical procedure. Results: The female gender represented the 59, 6 percent with major number of cases from 61 to 70 years old. 30 surgeries were performed on the central knuckle and 22 between the first and fifth knuckle. 94,6 percent healed within 16 to 20 days. None of the patients was reoperated. Conclusions: Heberprot-P® therapy opens new ways to achieve better effectiveness in the treatment and cicatrization of diabetic foot. The procedure used improved the functional and aesthetical results in the operated feet(AU)

Stump Revisions In Lower Limb Amputees - Why, When And How ?

Stump revisions are sometimes unavoidable additional surgical procedures performed on amputation stumps. Factors like indication for primary amputation, persistent infections, poor prosthetic fitting, chronic pain due to neuromas and bony prominences contribute to stump revisions. To some extent, they can be avoided by taking meticulous care during primary amputation. Knowledge about the why, when and how of stump revisions will help the primary surgeon take necessary steps in trying to reduce possible complications which result in these additional surgical procedures for amputees.

El consentimiento informado en las amputaciones mayores de miembros inferiores / Informed Consent in Major Lower Limb Amputations

Se realiza la investigación con el objetivo de perfeccionar la obtención del consentimiento informado en las amputaciones mayores de causa vascular en el Servicio de Angiología del Hospital Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech. Se constató debilidades en la institucionalización del consentimiento informado y específicamente en el caso de tales amputaciones. Se utilizaron métodos y técnicas del nivel empírico: encuestas a 30 pacientes con riesgo inminente de amputación. El 64% eran mayores de 65 años, 73 % femeninos, todos escolarizados y 73% residentes urbanos. Los resultados más relevantes fueron: que el 54% de los pacientes manifestaron debe existir consentimiento en la aceptación de la amputación, aunque un grupo no despreciable el 37% declinó este derecho a favor de sus familiares. A los médicos se les realizó una entrevista y aunque no hubo unanimidad de criterios, todos coincidieron en que debía legislarse este consentimiento, como parte del perfeccionamiento de los servicios de salud.

Research is conducted to improve the process of obtaining informed consent for major amputations due to vascular causes in the Angiology Service of the Manuel Ascunce Domenech Teaching Hospital. Deficiencies were identified in the institutionalization of informed consent protocols, most specifically as they relate to major lower limb amputations. Empirical methods and techniques were used. Thirty patients at imminent risk of amputation were surveyed by questionnaire methods; 64% of those surveyed were of 65 years of age, 73% were female, all of them had an average educational level, and 73% were urban residents. The results indicated that 54% of patients recognized the importance of informed consent in cases of amputation, although a rather considerable group (37%) declined this right for their families. Physicians were also interviewed and, although there was no unanimity of criteria, all of them considered that this consent should be legislated as part of the improvement of health services.

Presentación de un recién nacido con bandas amnióticas / Presentation of a Newborn with Amniotic Bands

La secuencia de bandas amnióticas es un raro desorden congénito que abarca un amplio espectro de alteraciones caracterizadas por anillos de constricción, pseudosindactilia, amputaciones y con menor frecuencia, múltiples defectos craneofaciales, viscerales y alteraciones en la pared toraco-abdominal. Su incidencia se estima entre 1 x 1 200 a 1 x 15 000 nacidos vivos; es la causa responsable del 1-2% de las malformaciones congénitas en la población general. Su ocurrencia tiene un carácter esporádico, aunque se han publicado algunos casos de recurrencia familiar, se manifiesta en ambos sexos. El objetivo fue describir el caso de un bebé nacido con esta enfermedad en la isla de Espíritu Santo, República de Vanuatu.

Amniotic bands sequence is a strange congenital disorder that embraces a wide spectrum of alterations that are characterized by constriction rings, pseudosyndactyly, amputations and less frequently multiple craniofacial defects, visceral and alterations in the thoracoabdominal wall. Incidence is considered in 1 x 1.200 to 1 x 15.000 born alive. It is the cause for 1-2 % of the congenital malformations in the general population. Their occurrence has a sporadic character, although some cases of family recurrence have been published. It is present in both sexes. The objective of this work was to describe an infant with this disease in the island of Espíritu Santo, Republic of Vanuatu.

Amputación: más allá de un cambio físico, un cambio mental / Amputation: beyond a physical change, a change of mind

La amputación es un procedimiento quirúrgico que se realiza por causas que pueden ser congénitas, traumáticas o debido a enfermedades, donde la única solución es retirar el miembro que ocasiona dolor. Presentación del caso: Paciente de 63 años de edad de sexo masculino, padre de 4 hijos, procedente de la ciudad de Ibagué, es remitido al Hospital Occidente de Kennedy, al sur de la ciudad de Bogotá por un fuerte dolor en miembro inferior izquierdo que puntúa 9 en la Escala Visual Analógica, es diagnosticado con Enfermedad Oclusiva Crónica, tras su amputación su estado de ánimo, proyecto de vida, autoestima, autoconcepto, relaciones familiares, sueño y alimentación se ven afectadas de manera significativa, por lo que es remitido a la Unidad de Dolor y es valorado por el equipo de psicología; se inicia intervención para mejorar la calidad de vida de todo el sistema familiar. Discusión: Se confirma la importancia de una intervención psicológica antes, durante y después del proceso de amputación, generando mayores estrategias de afrontamiento, adaptabilidad, así como la mejora del estado de ánimo. Conclusiones: El presente caso presenta evidencia de los cambios psicológicos que afectan la esfera biopsicosocial, con la intervención psicológica se pretende contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente...

Amputation is a surgical procedure performed for reasons that can be congenital, traumatic or due to disease, where the only solution is to remove the member that causes pain. Case presentation: patient 63-year-old male, father of 4 children, from the city of Ibague, he is attended to Kennedy Hospital south of Bogota by a sharp pain in the left lower limb, punctuating 9 in the Visual Analogue Scale, is diagnosed with occlusive disease Chronicle, after amputation, his mood, life projects, self-esteem, self-concept, family relationships, sleep and feeding are affected significantly, so it is referred to the Pain Unit and is valued by the team of psychology; intervention is initiated to improve the quality of life of the entire family system. Discussion: The importance of a psychological intervention is confirmed before, during and after the amputation, generating greater coping, adaptability and improving mood. Conclusions: This case presents evidence of the psychological changes that affect biopsychosocial sphere with psychological intervention is to contribute to improving the quality of life of patients...

Prevalência e fatores associados a amputações por pé diabético / The prevalence and factors associated with diabetic foot amputations

O objetivo desta investigação foi determinar a prevalência de amputações por pé diabético e analisar associações com fatores relacionados à pessoa e à atenção básica. Estudo epidemiológico de corte transversal. A amostra compreendeu 214 portadores de pé diabéticos internados em um dos quatro hospitais com especialidade cirurgia vascular de Pernambuco. Os dados foram coletados mediante questionário semiestruturado. Na análise dos dados foram aplicados os procedimentos da estatística descritiva, análise de associações de qui-quadrado e de regressão de poisson (p < 0,05). A prevalência de amputações encontrada foi de 50%. Estiveram associados à sua ocorrência fatores relacionados à pessoa: baixa escolaridade (p = 0,027), duas ou mais pessoas residentes no domicílio (p = 0,046) e renda do paciente inferior a um salário mínimo (p = 0,004). Dos fatores relacionados à atenção básica: não ter os pés examinados (RP = 1,17) e não ter recebido orientações sobre os cuidados com os pés (RP = 2,24) nas consultas realizadas no último ano, além de não usar o medicamento para controle do DM conforme prescrição (RP = 1,60) e controle inadequado da glicemia (RP = 1,83) foram associados à ocorrência de amputações. A compreensão desses fatores ajuda a identificar aspectos da assistência preventiva que precisam ser melhorados.

The scope of this investigation was to establish the prevalence of diabetic foot amputations and analyze associations with factors related to the individual and to primary health care. It is a cross-sectional epidemiological study and the sample included 214 inpatients with diabetic feet in one of the four hospitals specialized in vascular surgery in the state of Pernambuco. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires. In the data analysis, chi-square association, Poisson regression (p < 0.05) and descriptive statistics procedures were applied. The prevalence of amputation ascertained was 50%. The following factors related to the individual were associated with its occurrence: low education (p = 0.027); two or more people living in the household (p = 0.046); and patient income below the minimum wage (p = 0.004). The following factors related to primary health care were associated with amputation: not having feet examined (PR = 1.17); not receiving guidance on foot care (PR = 2.24) in consultations in the past year; not using the drug for DM control as prescribed (PR = 1.60); and inadequate glycemic control (PR = 1.83). Understanding these factors helps to identify aspects of preventive care that require improvement.

Diabetic foot complications among patients attending a specialist diabetes clinic in Jamaica: prevalence and associated factors / Complicaciones del pie diabético entre pacientes que asistían a una clínica especializada de diabetes en Jamaica: prevalencia y pactores asociados

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of diabetic foot complications among patients at a specialist diabetes clinic in Jamaica and identify factors associated with foot complications. METHODS: A stratified random sample of 188 patients were interviewed and examined between 2009 and 2010. Trained nurses obtained demographic and clinical data, measured anthropometrics and performed foot examinations including inspection for amputations, ulcers or infection and assessment of pain, vibration and pressure perception. RESULTS: Participants included 143 women and 45 men (mean age 56 years; mean diabetes duration 16 years). The prevalence of amputations was 8.5% (95% CI 4.5, 12.5%) and was higher among men (22.2%) compared to women (4.2%, p < 0.05). Prevalence of current ulcers and current foot infections was 4.3% and 3.7%, respectively. Overall, 12% of patients had at least one of these foot complications. Foot complications were more prevalent among men, patients with high blood pressure (BP > 130/80 mmHg) or peripheral neuropathy. In multivariable logistic regression models, factors associated with foot complications were: neuropathy (OR 9.3 [95% CI 2.8, 30.3]), high BP (OR 7.9 [1.3, 49.7]) and diabetes duration (OR 1.32 [1.02, 1.72]). CONCLUSION: Approximately one of every eight patients in this specialist clinic had a major foot complication. Associated factors were neuropathy, high blood pressure and longer duration of diabetes.

OBJETIVOS: Estimar la prevalencia de complicaciones de pie diabético entre pacientes de una clínica especializada en diabetes en Jamaica, e identificar los factores asociados con complicaciones de pie. SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Se realizaron entrevistas y exámenes a una muestra aleatoria estratificada de 188 pacientes entre 2009 y 2010. Enfermeras entrenadas obtuvieron datos demográficos y clínicos, realizaron mediciones antropométricas, así como exámenes de pie - incluyendo la inspección de las amputaciones, las úlceras o infección, y evaluación de la percepción del dolor, la vibración y la presión. RESULTADOS: Los participantes incluyeron 143 mujeres y 45 hombres (edad promedio: 56 años; duración promedio de la diabetes: 16 años). La prevalencia de las amputaciones fue 8.5% (IC de 95%: 4.5, 12.5%) y fue mayor entre los hombres (22.2%) en comparación con las mujeres (4.2%, p < 0.05). La prevalencia de las úlceras e infecciones de pie corrientes fue de 4.3% y 3.7%, respectivamente. En general, 12% de los pacientes tenían al menos una de estas complicaciones de pie. Las complicaciones de pie fueron más frecuentes entre los hombres, los pacientes con hipertensión arterial (BP > 130/80 mmHg), o con neuropatía periférica. De acuerdo con los modelos de regresión logística multivariable, los factores asociados con las complicaciones de pie fueron: la neuropatía (OR 9.3 [95% CI 2.8, 30.3]), BP alto (OR 7.9 [1.3, 49.7]) y la duración de la diabetes (OR 1.32 [1.02, 1.72]). CONCLUSIÓN: Aproximadamente uno de cada ocho pacientes en esta clínica especializada tuvo una complicación de pie importante. Los factores asociados fueron: neuropatía, presión alta y mayor duración de la diabetes.

High serum C-reactive protein level predicts mortality in patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease or higher and diabetic foot infections

BACKGROUND: Diabetic patients are predisposed to foot infections because of vascular insufficiency and peripheral neuropathy. Diabetic foot infection is a common cause of mortality and lower extremity amputations (LEAs) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We evaluated the risk factors for mortality and LEAs in patients with stage 3 CKD or higher with diabetic foot infections. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated a cohort of 105 CKD patients with diabetic foot infections between July 1998 and December 2011. We reviewed their demographic characteristics and laboratory parameters to evaluate the risk factors for mortality and amputations at 24 weeks after diagnosis of a diabetic foot infection. RESULTS: The mortality of the 105 enrolled CKD patients was 21% at 24 weeks after the diagnosis of a diabetic foot infection. Cox proportional regression analyses revealed that age 60 years or older [odds ratio (OR) 3.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-9.02, P = 0.047] and initial serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level > or = 3 mg/dL (OR 3.97, 95%CI = 1.17-13.43, P = 0.027) were independent risk factors for mortality at 24 weeks.Twenty-four patients (23%) underwent LEAs. On Cox proportional regression analyses, peripheral vascular disease (OR=4.49,95% CI=1.98-10.17, P=0.01) and cerebrovascular accident (OR 2.42, 95%CI=1.09-5.39, P=0.03) were independently associated with LEAs. CONCLUSION: This study showed that age and serum CRP level, were independent risk factors for mortality at 24 weeks in patients with stage 3-5 CKD with diabetic foot infections. Peripheral vascular disease and cerebrovascular accident were significantly associated with LEAs.

The outcomes of toe amputations in diabetic patients: a 5-year follow-up study / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To observe the outcomes of toe amputations in diabetic patients and to analyze the affecting factors.Methods Two-hundred and forty-five patients were divided into 2 groups:202 cases with the wound healed after toe amputation,and 43 patients whose wound did not heal after toe amputation.The factors related to healing were analyzed.Patients with healed wounds after toe amputations ( n =202 ) were followed,regarding reappearance of new ulcers,reamputations,mortality,activities of daily life,and the affecting factors.Results The rate of wound healing was 82.4％.The rate of follow-up in the healed group was 91.6％.The rates of reappearance of new ulcers after 1,3,and 5 years of observation were 27.3％,57.2％,76.4％,respectively.The rates of reamputations after 1,3,and 5 years of observation were 17.5％,22.3％,47.1％,respectively.The mortality rates by 1,3,and 5 years after the toe amputations were 3.8％,15.1％,32.7％,respectively.Mean survival time of the fatal cases after the first amputation was 3.8 (95％ CI 3.4-4.1 )years.Multivariate analysis showed that HbA1c (＞9％)was an independent predictor of wound healing,reappearance of new ulcers,and reamputations after toe amputations,and age ( ＞ 70 years ) was an independent predictor of reamputations,mortality,and hampered daily activities.Conclusion Despite a satisfactory initial healing process after the first amputation,the long-term outcomes of the followed-up patients are not optimistic.Senile patients are often with poor prognosis,and good blood glucose control may improve the prognosis.

Limb amputation by male Neotropical longhorn beetles during competition for females / Amputación de extremidades por parte de los escarabajos longicornios Neotropicales machos durante la lucha por las hembras

The biology and mating behaviour of the spectacularly large and brightly coloured Neotropical longhorn beetle Schwarzerion holochlorum Bates 1872 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is largely unknown. For the first time I report and photographically document violent male-male competitions for females involving frequent amputations of competitors' legs and antennae.

En gran parte, son desconocidos la biología y el comportamiento de apareamiento del escarabajo longicornios Neotropical Schwarzerion holochlorum Bates 1872 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), una especie espectacularmente grande y de vivos colores. Por primera vez en esta especie, relato y documento fotográficamente las luchas violentas entre machos por las hembras, incluyendo amputaciones frecuentes de las piernas y antenas del competidor.