ABSTRACT
Mesoamerica is a biologically complex zone that expands from Southern Mexico to extreme Northern Colombia. The biogeographical patterns and relationships of the mammalian fauna associated to the Mesoamerican Tropical Evergreen Forest (MTEF) are poorly understood, in spite of the wide distribution of this kind of habitat in the region. We compiled a complete georeferenced database of mammalian species distributed in the MTEF of specimens from museum collections and scientific literature. This database was used to create potential distribution maps through the use of environmental niche models (ENMs) by using the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-Set Production (GARP) using 22 climatic and topographic layers. Each map was used as a representation of the geographic distribution of the species and all available maps were summed to obtain general patterns of species richness in the region. Also, the maps were used to construct a presence-absence matrix in a grid of squares of 0.5 degrees of side, that was analyzed in a Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE), which resulted in a hypothesis of the biogeographic scheme in the region. We compiled a total of 41 527 records of 233 species of mammals associated to the MTEF. The maximum concentration of species richness (104-138 species) is located in the areas around the isthmus of Tehuantepec, Northeastern Chiapas-Western Guatemala, Western Honduras, Central Nicaragua to Northwestern Costa Rica and Western Panama. The proposed regionalization indicates that mammalian faunas associated to these forests are composed of two main groups that are divided by the isthmus of Tehuantepec in Oaxaca in: a) a Northern group that includes Sierra Madre of Chiapas-Guatemala and Yucatan Peninsula; and b) an austral group, that contains the Pacific slope of Chiapas towards the South including Central America. Some individual phylogenetic studies of mammal species in the region support the relationships between the areas of endemism proposed, which suggest a common biogeographical history. in spite that Mesoamerica is considered one of the most important hotspots for biological conservation, the poor knowledge of the biogeographic patterns, the scarcity of protected areas, and the high rate of habitat transformation due to human activities, make prioritary the development of conservation strategies that include patterns of species richness, endemism, and mammalian associations.
Este trabajo presenta una propuesta de regionalización biogeográfica de los bosques tropicales perennifolios de Mesoamérica, resultado de un análisis de parsimonia de endemismos (PAE), utilizando modelos de nicho ecológico (GARP) con mamíferos terrestres, usando 41 527 registros para las 233 especies de mamíferos reconocidas. La regionalización propuesta muestra que los bosques tropicales perennifolios de Mesoamérica se dividen por el istmo de Tehuantepec en Oaxaca en: a) un grupo septentrional que comprende la Sierra Madre de Chiapas-Guatemala y la Península de Yucatán, y b) un grupo austral, que contiene la vertiente pacífica hacia el sur incluyendo Centroamérica. Además se encontró congruencia con trabajos filogenéticos, lo que sugiere una historia biogeográfica común.
Subject(s)
Animals , Biodiversity , Mammals/classification , Trees , Central America , Geography , MexicoABSTRACT
Presento la investigación sobre las bases de datos bibliográficas Biosis, CAB, Periódica, SCI, Scopus y Zoological Record. Se estudian características para identificar cuáles y cuántas es necesario utilizar para tener la información más representativa. De 1.363 revistas analizadas, el 36,5% se encuentra en más de una base de datos y el 63,46% se registra solo en una. Zoological Record contiene 63.421 documentos, Biosis 19.079, CAB 14.363, Periódica 11.185, SCI 3.257 y Scopus 916. CAB y ZR son las más antiguas, el promedio de artículos publicados por año para Biosis fue de 6.417, ZR 433, Periódica 361, CAB 145, SCI 91 y Scopus 30. El análisis de redes muestra mayor relación entre Biosis y SCI, que comparten 16% de títulos, CAB y Biosis comparten 15%, Biosis y ZR 14%, y CAB y ZR 11%. Un análisis de parsimonia muestra que Biosis y SCI comparten más revistas y Periódica tiene más revistas exclusivas (285). Periódica publicó el 24,6% de artículos con descripciones de nuevos taxones y un promedio de 90 al año, CAB 54,6% con promedio de 82 y ZR 72,9% con 322. Ninguna de las bases de datos cumple con las características suficientes empleadas como fuente de información única, es conveniente utilizar distintas combinaciones de acuerdo con las necesidades informativas. Biosis tiene la información más exhaustiva sobre cualquier taxón actual, Zoological Record y CAB tienen una cobertura temporal amplia e incluyen principalmente animales o plantas, respectivamente. SCI tiene el mayor número de documentos en revistas de corriente principal, con referencias, citas e indicadores bibliométricos. Periódica cuenta con mayor cantidad de documentos y cobertura temporal más amplia sobre lo publicado en América Latina. El cladograma obtenido por el análisis de parsimonia resultó ser una herramienta de visualización ideal para representar las características principales de las bases de datos.
I compare six bibliographic databases with information on Latin American systematics: Biosis, CAB, Periódica, SCI, Scopus and Zoological Record. The databases are characterized and compared considering their content, temporal, typological, geographical, thematical coverage, kind of access and new taxon description, to identify which and how many should be used to be more representative. Of the 1363 journals analyzed, 36.5% are found in more than one database and 63.46% are recorded in a single one. Zoologial Record contains 63421 documents, Biosis 19079, CAB 14363, Periódica 11185, SCI 3257 and Scopus 916. CAB and ZR are the oldest databases, the average number of articles published per year was 6417 for Biosis, 433 for ZR, 361 for Periódica, 145 for CAB, 91 for SCI and 30 for Scopus. According to the network analysis, there are stronger relations between SCI and Biosis, which share at least 16% of titles, CAB and Biosis share 15%, Biosis and ZR 14%, and CAB and ZR 11%. Based on the cladogram obtained from a parsimony analysis on the shared journals, the strongest relation is between Biosis and SCI; Periódica has the largest number of exclusive journals with 285. ZR has 72.9% of published articles with descriptions of new taxa and an average of 322 a year, CAB 54.6% with 82, and Periódica 24.6% with 90. None of databases meets the characteristics to be used as a single source of information, therefore it would be appropriate to use different combinations according to the aim of the analysis. Biosis has the most comprehensive information on any current taxon, Zoological Record and CAB have a broader temporal coverage and include mainly animals or plants, respectively. SCI has the largest number of documents in mainstream journals, with references, citations and bibliometric indicators. Periódica has the largest number of documents and temporal coverage published in the area. The cladogram proved to be an optimal visualization tool to represent the main features of each data base.