Anestesia balanceada em gato palheiro (Leopardus braccatus) para realização de gastrotomia e enterotomia ­ relato de caso / Balanced anesthesia in pamps cat (Leopardus braccatus) for gastrotomy and enterotomy ­ case report / Anestesia balanceada en gato palheiro (Leopardus braccatus) para gastrotomía y enterotomía ­ reporte de caso

Foi atendido no Hospital Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (HOVET-UFMT) - Campus Cuiabá, um gato palheiro (Leopardus braccatus), macho, filhote e pesando 1,8kg. Após avaliação clínica e exames complementares diagnosticou-se presença de corpo estranho solido gástrico e intestinal. Como medicação pré-anestésica optou-se pela associação de cetamina (1mg/kg) e midazolam (0,2mg/kg), seguiu-se com a indução com propofol (à efeito) e manutenção anestésica por meio do fornecimento de isofluorano. Como técnica adicional utilizou-se epidural, com uma associação de lidocaína (4,5mg/kg) e morfina (0,1mg/kg). Durante o procedimento anestésico notou-se estabilidade das variáveis cardiovasculares e respiratórias, além de recuperação satisfatória ao final do procedimento.

Was attended to in the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso (HOVET-UFMT) - Campus Cuiabá, a pantanal cat (Leopardus braccatus), male, puppy and weighing 1.8 kg. After clinical evaluation and complementary exams, the presence of a solid gastric and intestinal foreign body was diagnosed. As pre-anesthetic medication, the association of ketamine (1mg/kg) and midazolam (0.2mg/kg) was chosen, followed by induction with propofol (for effect) and anesthetic maintenance by supplying isoflurane. As an additional technique, an epidural was used, with an association of lidocaine (4.5mg/kg) and morphine (0.1mg/kg). During the anesthetic procedure, stability of cardiovascular and respiratory variables was observed, in addition to satisfactory recovery at the end of the procedure.

Ingresó en el Hospital Veterinario de la Universidad Federal de Mato Grosso (HOVET-UFMT) · Campus Cuiabá, un gato palheiro (Leopardus braccatus), macho, cachorro y con un peso de 1,8 kg. Luego de evaluación clínica y exámenes complementarios se diagnosticó la presencia de cuerpo extraño sólido gástrico e intestinal. Como medicación preanestésica se optó por la asociación de ketamina (1 mg/kg) y midazolam (0,2 mg/kg), seguida de inducción con propofol (por efecto) y mantenimiento anestésico mediante suministro de isoflurano. Como técnica adicional se utilizó epidural, con asociación de lidocaína (4,5 mg/kg) y morfina (0,1 mg/kg). Durante el procedimiento anestésico se observó estabilidad de variables cardiovasculares y respiratorias, además de recuperación satisfactoria al final del procedimiento.

Actualización en analgesia preventiva y analgesia multimodal / Update on preventive analgesia and multimodal analgesia

Una deficiente calidad del manejo del dolor post operatorio agudo genera aumento en la morbilidad perioperatoria, disminuye la calidad de vida del paciente, aumenta los reingresos hospitalarios y, finalmente, los costes en salud. La analgesia preventiva y multimodal son dos estrategias que han sido implementadas para tratar de optimizar el manejo del dolor. Si bien en la primera, la evidencia es favorable a su empleo, aún no existe un total consenso en esto. A su vez, la analgesia multimodal, al emplear diferentes fármacos y/o técnicas, ha logrado evidenciar de mejor manera su utilidad y los beneficios al implementarla como terapia. En este artículo, revisamos la evidencia que certifica y avala el uso de éstas. Finalmente, a nuestro parecer, lo más importante en el quehacer del clínico, es lograr individualizar la estrategia que usaremos en el manejo del dolor postoperatorio, adaptándonos a las necesidades y el contexto propio de cada uno de nuestros pacientes.

A poor quality of acute postoperative pain management generates an increase in perioperative morbidity, decreases the quality of life of the patient, increases hospital readmissions and finally, increases health costs. Preventive and multimodal analgesia are two strategies that are implemented to try to optimize pain management. Although in the first, the evidence is favorable to its use, there is still no total consensus. At the same time, multimodal analgesia, by using different drugs and/or techniques, has demonstrated, in a better way, its usefulness and benefits when implemented as a therapy. In this article, we review the evidence that certifies and supports the use of these techniques. Finally, in our opinion, the most important thing in the clinician's task is to be able to individualize the strategy that we will use in postoperative pain management, adapting to the needs and context of each one of our patients.

Eficacia de la analgesia peridural continua con bupivacaína y fentanilo en la cirugía de colon / Efficacy of continuous peridural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl in colon surgery

Introducción: En la cirugía de colon se persigue lograr una recuperación acelerada y se debate el método analgésico más ventajoso. Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia analgésica de la infusión continua peridural con bupivacaína y fentanilo frente a la analgesia parenteral en este tipo de intervención. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental, prospectivo y longitudinal, en 30 pacientes operados de colon entre agosto 2018 agosto 2019 en el Hospital Militar Central Dr. Carlos J. Finlay; divididos de forma no aleatoria en grupo analgesia peridural y grupo analgesia multimodal endovenosa. Resultados: La demora en despertar y extubar en el grupo peridural fue inferior (1,6-1,8 min) a los 4,9-5,0 min en el multimodal, igual ocurrió con la estadía en Unidad Cuidados Intensivos Quirúrgicos y hospitalaria aunque con discreta diferencia. El 60 por ciento de los pacientes en el grupo peridural presentaron ruidos hidroaéreos en las primeras 24 h y el 80 por ciento expulsó gases a las 48 h o antes, con marcada diferencia del multimodal. La analgesia fue buena en ambos grupos, valores de escala visual análoga inferiores en el grupo peridural, solo el 13,3 por ciento necesitó dosis rescate frente al 26,7 por ciento en el multimodal. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron hipotensión (23,3 por ciento) y bradicardia (10 por ciento), sin diferencias entre grupos. La analgesia aceleró la recuperación en el 87,5 por ciento de los casos en el grupo peridural superior al 76 por ciento del grupo multimodal. Conclusiones: La analgesia peridural continua con bupivacaína y fentanilo es más eficaz que la analgesia multimodal endovenosa en la cirugía de colon y acelera la recuperación posoperatoria(AU)

Introduction: In colon surgery, accelerated recovery is pursued and the most advantageous analgesic method is still under debate. Objective: To compare the analgesic efficacy of continuous epidural infusion with bupivacaine and fentanyl versus parenteral analgesia in this type of operation. Methods: A quasiexperimental, prospective and longitudinal study was carried out with thirty patients who underwent colon surgery, between August 2018 and August 2019 at Dr. Carlos J. Finlay Central Military Hospital, nonrandomly divided into an epidural analgesia group and a multimodal intravenous analgesia group. Results: The awakening and extubation time in the epidural group was lower (1.6 -1.8 min) than the 4.9 to 5.0 min for the multimodal group. The same happened with intensive care unit and hospital stay, although with a discrete difference. 60 percent of the patients from the epidural group presented hydroaerial noise within the first 24 hours and 80 percent expelled gasses at 48 hours or earlier, with a marked difference in the multimodal group. Analgesia was good in both groups, with lower visual analog scale values in the peridural group; only 13.3 percent required rescue doses compared to 26.7 percent in the multimodal group. The most frequent complications were hypotension (23.3 percent ) and bradycardia (10 percent ), without differences between groups. Analgesia accelerated recovery for 87.5 percent of cases in the epidural group, compared to 76 percent in the multimodal group. Conclusions: Continuous epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl is more effective than multimodal intravenous analgesia in colon surgery and accelerates postoperative recovery(AU)

Erector Spinae Plane Block in pediatric cancer pain: Case report / Bloqueo del plano erector espinal en dolor oncológico pediátrico: reporte de caso

Abstract The advent of the erector spinae plane block brought a new therapeutic option in a multimodal analgesia strategy, as evidenced in this case, which describes a five-year old pre-school patient who presented with severe abdominal cancer pain, secondary to an abdominal neuroblastoma, with partial high-dose opioid response, undergoing bilateral erector spinal plane block. The technique used did not give rise to complications and proved to be effective in blocking pain and reducing the opioid dosage 36 hours after the procedure. The paper discusses the variables involved in the administration mode (continuous infusion vs. bolus) and the benefit for optimal analgesia in the pediatric oncology setting.

Resumen Con la aparición del bloqueo del plano erector espinal surgen nuevas alternativas terapéuticas dentro de una estrategia de analgesia multimodal, tal como se puede apreciar en este caso, en el cual se describe un paciente preescolar de cinco años, quien cursó con dolor abdominal oncológico intenso secundario a neuroblastoma abdominal con respuesta parcial a opioides en dosis altas y en el que se empleó el bloqueo mencionado aplicado bilateralmente. La técnica empleada no generó complicaciones y demostró ser efectiva al permitir el control del dolor y la disminución de las dosis de opioides en las 36 horas posteriores a su colocación. Se plantea la discusión de variables con relación a la forma de administración (infusión continua vs. bolo) y la utilidad en la optimización analgésica en el contexto oncológico pediátrico.

Intravenous lidocaine infusion for the treatment of acute pain in the pediatric intensive care unit: case series / Infusión de lidocaína endovenosa para el tratamiento de dolor agudo en la unidad de cuidado intensivo pediátrico: serie de casos

Abstract Introduction: The use of intravenous lidocaine infusion has increased over the past decade as part of a multimodal approach to analgesia in adults; however, information about its safety and tolerability in the pediatric population is limited. Methods: Acute pain management using lidocaine infusion in eleven patients treated in the pediatric intensive care unit. Results: Five cases of postoperative abdominal pain and six cases of non-operative abdominal pain. Two cases were cancer patients affected by neutropenic colitis. Analgesic control achieved was good. Conclusion: Lidocaine infusions are apparently a safe option for the management of acute pain, either post-operative or not, in the pediatric population.

Resumen Introducción: El uso de la infusión de lidocaína endovenosa ha aumentado en la última década como parte de un enfoque analgésico multimodal en los adultos; sin embargo, se dispone de información limitada sobre su seguridad y tolerabilidad en la población pediátrica. Métodos: Se presentan once casos de manejo de dolor agudo con lidocaína en infusión tratados en unidad de cuidado intensivo pediátrico. Resultados: Cinco casos fueron postoperatorio abdominal y seis casos tenían dolor abdominal no postoperatorio. Dos pacientes tenían cáncer y cursaban con colitis neutropénica. El control analgésico alcanzado fue bueno. Conclusión: Las infusiones de lidocaína parecen ser una opción segura para el manejo del dolor agudo ya sea posquirúrgico o no en la población pediátrica.

Eficacia terapéutica de la buprenorfina para tratamiento de dolor agudo postoperatorio en cirugía torácica por toracoscopía / Therapeutic efficacy of buprenorphine for treatment of acute postoperative pain in thoracic surgery by thoracoscopy

Resumen: Introducción: El dolor postoperatorio en toracoscopía tiene una incidencia del 80%. Estos procedimientos se realizan bajo anestesia general o sedoanalgesia. La buprenorfina en dosis de 4 μg/kg o más es un fármaco pilar para el tratamiento de dolor postoperatorio; sin embargo, dosis menores pueden ser suficientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue demostrar que dosis de 1-3 μg/kg de buprenorfina aporta una adecuada analgesia con menores efectos adversos durante el postoperatorio en pacientes sometidos a cirugía toracoscópica. Material y métodos: Se realizó el estudio prospectivo, transversal y doble ciego en 48 pacientes sometidos a toracoscopía, divididos en 3 grupos: A (1 μg/kg), B (2 μg/kg) y C (3 μg/kg) tratados con buprenorfina, se evaluaron efectos adversos, intensidad de dolor por escala verbal numérica (EVN) y sedación con escala de agitación-sedación de Richmond (RASS) de los 0 a los 120 minutos postanestesia. Resultados: Las dosis de 1 a 3 μg/kg de buprenorfina no ocasionaron efectos adversos. El mantenimiento de analgesia es mayor con 2 μg/kg (p = 0.019) y 3 μg/kg (p = 0.045). Las dosis de 1 y 2 μg/kg presentan un nivel de sedación menor. Conclusiones: La analgesia multimodal disminuyó un 200% el dolor postquirúrgico inmediato. Las dosis de 2-3 μg/kg de buprenorfina son efectivas para el control del dolor con menor incidencia de efectos adversos y un nivel de sedación superficial durante el postoperatorio.

Abstract: Introduction: Posterior pain in thoracoscopy has an 80% incidence. These procedures are done under general anesthesia or sedoanalgesia. The buprenorphin in dosage of 4 μg/kg it's the foundation for post-operatory pain treatment, nevertheless, smaller dosage can be sufficient. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that a dosage of buprenorphin from 1-3 μg/kg provides suitable analgesia with less side effects during post-operatory in patients who underwent thoracoscopic surgery. Material and methods: We conducted a double-blind, prospective, transversal study, in 48 patients which underwent a thoracoscopy divided in 3 groups: A (1 μg/kg), B (2 μg/kg), and C (3 μg/kg) treated with buprenorphin. We studied side effects, pain intensity (NVE), and sedative effect (RASS) from 0 to 120 minutes postanesthesia. Results: Dosage from 1 to 3 μg/kg did not generate side effects. The analgesia effect is higher with 2 μg/kg (p = 0.019) and 3 μg/kg (p = 0.045). Dosage of 1 and 2 μg/kg have lower sedative effect. Conclusion: The multimodal analgesia was diminished by 200% inmidiate postsurgical pain. Dosage from 2-3 μg/kg of buprenorphine are effective for pain control with less side effects and a superficial sedative effect during post-operatory.

Analgesia multimodal una alternativa para el paciente quirúrgico / Multimodal analgesia: an alternative for the surgical patient

Introducción: El dolor posterior a una intervención quirúrgica, es un síntoma frecuentemente observado, no cumple una función útil y el peligro de no tratarlo aumenta la morbilidad y mortalidad posoperatoria. Objetivo: Destacar la importancia de la analgesia multimodal en el control del dolor agudo posoperatorio. Métodos: Revisión en la literatura impresa tanto nacional como internacional, sobre la analgesia y la modalidad multimodal y además, se hizo búsqueda en Internet. En los artículos revisados se obtuvieron distintos aspectos clínicos de la analgesia multimodal y de sus protocolos. Resultados: En la actualidad para mitigar el dolor y alcanzar la máxima expresión en la analgesia posoperatoria se han desarrollado diferentes modalidades analgésicas, aunque de todas ellas solo ha alcanzado mayor grado de recomendación, la analgesia multimodal porque es capaz de conseguir con su efecto sinérgico y con pequeñas dosis, una mejor potencia para producir analgesia y menos efectos adversos. Consideraciones finales: La analgesia multimodal logra un control adecuado del dolor agudo posoperatorio, disminuye las complicaciones posoperatorias y la necesidad de analgesia de rescate, pero todo esto depende del protocolo de analgesia multimodal propuesto, la vía de administración de los fármacos elegidos, sus dosis y el cumplimiento de los intervalos de aplicación(AU)

Introduction: The pain after surgery is a frequently observed symptom, it is not a useful function and the danger of not treating it increases postoperative morbidity and mortality. Objective: To highlight the importance of multimodal analgesia in the control of acute postoperative pain. Methods: It was made a review in the printed literature both national and international on the multimodal analgesia, and in addition, a search in Internet. In the reviewed articles there were obtained different clinical aspects of multimodal analgesia and its protocolization. Results: Nowadays, in order to mitigate the pain and achieve the maximum expression in the postoperative analgesia, there have been developed different analgesic modalities, although of all of them it only has achieved a greater degree of recommendation, the multimodal analgesia because it is capable of achieving with its synergetic effect and with small doses, a better power to produce analgesia and fewer adverse effects. Conclusions: The multimodal analgesia achieved adequate control of acute postoperative pain, decreasing the inherent complications of this state and the need of rescue analgesia. All of the above depends on the proposed protocol of multimodal analgesia, the route of administration of the chosen drugs, their doses and the compliance of the application intervals(AU)

Infusão de morfina e cetamina, associada ou não à lidocaína, em gatas submetidas à ovariossalpingo-histerectomia / Infusion of morphine and ketamine, with or without lidocaine, in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos analgésicos transoperatórios da infusão contínua de morfina e cetamina, associada ou não à lidocaína, em gatas submetidas à OSH eletiva. Foram utilizadas 16 fêmeas adultas, hígidas, pré-medicadas com acepromazina (0,1mg/kg) e morfina (0,5mg/kg), ambas pela via intramuscular, induzidas com cetamina (1mg/kg) e propofol (4mg/kg), pela via intravenosa, e mantidas sob anestesia geral inalatória com isoflurano a 1,4 V%. Os animais foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo morfina, lidocaína e cetamina (MLK, n=8), que recebeu bolus de lidocaína (1mg/kg), pela via IV, seguido de infusão de morfina, lidocaína e cetamina (0,26mg/kg/h, 3mg/kg/h e 0,6mg/kg/h, respectivamente); e grupo morfina e cetamina (MK, n=8), que recebeu bolus de solução salina, seguido de infusão de morfina e cetamina, nas mesmas doses do MLK. Os momentos avaliados foram: M0, basal, cinco minutos após a indução; M1, imediatamente após a aplicação do bolus de lidocaína ou solução salina; M2, M3, M4 e M5, a cada cinco minutos, até completar 20 minutos do início da infusão; M6, após a incisão da musculatura; M7, após pinçamento do primeiro pedículo ovariano; M8, após pinçamento do segundo pedículo ovariano; M9, após pinçamento da cérvix; M10, após sutura da musculatura; M11, ao final da cirurgia; e M12, M13 e M14, intervalos de cinco minutos, até completar uma hora de infusão. A FP no M0 foi maior no MLK quando comparado ao MK. Em ambos os grupos, a PAS foi maior no M7 e no M8 em relação ao M0, porém no MK, além da PAS, a FP foi maior do M7 ao M13, assim como a f. Os animais do MK necessitaram de um número maior de resgates transoperatorios, total de 23, do que o MLK, total de sete. Conclui-se que a adição de lidocaína incrementou a analgesia oferecida, reduzindo o número de resgates analgésicos transoperatórios, a dose total de fentanil, bem como a probabilidade de os animais necessitarem dese tipo de resgate.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the trans-operative analgesics, continuous infusion of morphine and ketamine, with or without lidocaine in cats undergoing elective OSH. Sixteen adult cats were used, otherwise healthy, pre-medicated with acepromazine (0.1mg/kg) and morphine (0.5mg/kg), both intramuscularly, induced with ketamine (1mg/kg) and propofol (4mg/kg), intravenous, maintained under general inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane 1.4 V%. The animals were randomly allocated into two groups: morphine, lidocaine and ketamine (MLK, n= 8), which received intravenous bolus of lidocaine (1mg/kg) followed by infusion of morphine, lidocaine and ketamine (0.26mg / kg/h, 3mg / kg/h and 0.6mg / kg/h, respectively); Morphine and ketamine (MK, n= 8), who received bolus of saline followed by infusion of morphine and ketamine at the same doses of MLK. The evaluated moments were: M0, basal, 5 minutes after induction; M1 immediately after the application of lidocaine bolus injection or saline; M2, M3, M4 and M5, every 5 minutes to complete 20 minutes after the start of infusion; M6, after the incision of the musculature; M7, after clamping of the first ovarian pedicle; M8, after clamping of the second ovarian pedicle; M9, after clamping of the cervix; M10, after suturing of the musculature; M11, at the end of surgery; And M12, M13 and M14, 5 minute intervals until completing one hour of infusion. The time to extubating and full recovery of animals, and the need for rescue analgesic fentanyl intraoperatively were also evaluated. HR in M0 was higher in MLK when compared to MK. In both groups the SBP was higher in M7 and M8 compared to M0, but the MK, addition of SAP, HR was greater M7 to M13, as well as f. MK animals required a greater number of trans-operative rescues than the MLK. It was concluded that the addition of lidocaine to the protocol using morphine and ketamine increased its analgesia.(AU)

Dolor postoperatorio en cirugía de reparación del manguito rotador mini abierto y artroscópico bajo protocolo de analgesia multimodal / Postoperative pain after mini open and arthroscopic rotator cuff repair surgery under multimodal analgesia protocol

Introducción La cirugía de manguito rotador ha mejorado los síntomas y la función asociada a las lesiones que no han respondido al manejo conservador, sin embargo, puede presentarse dolor severo e incomodidad en el postoperatorio requiriendo una adecuada analgesia. Se busca evaluar el dolor durante el postoperatorio de acuerdo a la técnica utilizada: artroscópica o mini abierta bajo el protocolo de analgesia multimodal. Materiales y métodos Fueron incluidos 60 pacientes en el estudio, de los cuales se llevaron 24 pacientes a cirugía mini abierta y 36 pacientes a cirugía artroscópica entre mayo 2017 y junio 2018. Se realizo seguimiento hasta el primer mes postoperatorio. El desenlace primario es el dolor de acuerdo a la escala visual análoga (EVA) en los diferentes grupos de acuerdo a los diferentes momentos del postoperatorio. Resultados La mediana de dolor postoperatorio fue menor en los pacientes llevados a cirugía mini-abierta con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la primera (0 vs 4 (p = 0.001)), segunda hora de postoperatorio (0 vs 1 (p=0.016)) y en el control al mes postoperatorio (3 vs 5 (p=0.043)). Conclusión El dolor en el postoperatorio es menor para el grupo de cirugía mini abierta, con diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las dos primeras horas del postoperatorio y al mes de la cirugía. Estos resultados podrían atribuirse a la inflamación del hombro dada por la hidratación de los tejidos con la artroscopia y también por que las lesiones eran de mayor tamaño en el grupo de cirugía artroscópica. Nivel de Evidencia: II

Background Rotator cuff surgery improve symptoms and function in patients who have not responded to a conservative treatment. However, pain can be severe and uncomfortable after surgery requiring adequate analgesia. We aimed to evaluate pain during the postoperative period after rotator cuff surgery in two different groups: arthroscopic and mini open surgical repair both under a multimodal analgesia protocol. Methods Sixty patients were included in the study, 24 patients underwent mini-open surgery and 36 patients underwent arthroscopic surgery between May 2017 and June 2018. Final follow-up was done on postoperative day 30. The primary outcome is pain according to the visual analog scale (VAS) in the two different groups during different postoperative moments. Results Median postoperative pain was lower in patients undergoing mini-open surgery than in patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery on the first postoperative hour (0 vs 4 (p=0.001)), during the second postoperative hour (0 vs 1 (p=0.016)) and at final follow up (3 vs 5 (p=0.043)). Conclusion Pain during the postoperative period was lower for patients undergoing mini-open surgery, with a statistically significant difference during the first two postoperative hours and at final follow up. These results can be attributed to the local inflammation of the shoulder caused by the hydration of the tissues with arthroscopy surgery and bigger size tears in the group of arthroscopy surgery. Evidence Level: II.

Recuperação anestésica e analgesia residual da infusão continua intravenosa de fantanil, lidocaína, cetamina e fentanyl-lidocaína-cetamina associados à anesthesia total intravenosa com Propofol em cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingo-histerectomia eletiva / Anesthetic recovery and residual analgesia of constant rate infusion intraoperative of fentanyl, lidocaine, ketamine or fentanyl-lidocaine-ketamine associated with total intravenous anesthesia with propofol in bitches submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy

Avaliou-se a recuperação anestésica e a analgesia residual da infusão contínua (IC) de fentanil (F), lidocaína (L), cetamina (K) e fentanil-lidocaína-cetamina (FLK), associados à anestesia total intravenosa com o propofol, em cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingo-histerectomia. Foram utilizados 32 animais pré-medicados com acepromazina, distribuídos em quatro grupos de acordo com o tratamento analgésico: F: bolus de 0,0036mg/kg de fentanil e IC de 0,0036mg mg/kg/h; L: bolus de 3mg/kg de lidocaína e IC de 3mg/kg/h; K: bolus de 0,6mg/kg de cetamina e IC de 0,6mg/kg/h; e FLK: bolus e IC dos três fármacos nas doses supracitadas. Após o bolus do tratamento analgésico, foi realizada a indução e o início da IC do tratamento analgésico e do propofol. Para avaliação da recuperação anestésica, foram considerados os tempos de extubação, decúbito esternal, posição quadrupedal e os efeitos adversos. A avaliação da analgesia foi realizada por meio da escala visual analógica e modificada de Glasgow, durante seis horas. Os efeitos adversos observados foram vômito, sialorreia e tremor muscular. Receberam analgesia de resgate 100% dos animais do grupo F, 87,5% do K, 50% do L e 12,5% do FLK. O FLK demonstrou maior analgesia, e a recuperação anestésica foi semelhante em todos os grupos.(AU)

The anesthetic recovery and residual analgesia of continuous rate infusion (CRI) of fentanyl (F), lidocaine (L), ketamine (K) and fentanyl-lidocaine-ketamine (FLK) associated with total intravenous anesthesia with propofol in bitches submitted to ovariohysterectomy were evaluated. 32 animals were used, pre-medicated with acepromazine and distributed into four groups according to analgesic treatment: F loading dose (LD) of 0.0036mg/kg fentanyl, and CRI of 0.0036mg/kg/h, L: LD of 3mg/kg lidocaine, and CRI of 3mg/kg/h; K: LD of 0.6mg/kg ketamine, and CRI of 0.6mg/kg/h and FLK: LD and CRI of the three drugs in the above mentioned doses. After the LD of analgesic treatment, the induction was performed and the CRI of the analgesic treatment and propofol started. To evaluate the anesthetic recovery, the time of extubation, sternal decubitus, quadrupedal position and adverse effects were considered. The analgesia evaluation was performed using the visual scale and modified Glasgow for six hours. The adverse effects observed were vomiting, sialorrhea and muscle tremor. 100% of the animals in group F, 87.5% of K, 50% of L and 12.5% of FLK received rescue analgesia. FLK demonstrated greater analgesia, and anesthesia recovery was similar in all groups.(AU)

Efectos cardiopulmonares y ácido-base de la infusión continua de fentanilo, ketamina y lidocaína en pacientes caninos ASA I / Cardiopulmonary and acid-base effects of continuous infusion of fentanyl, ketamine and lidocaine in canines ASA I / Efeitos cardio-pulmonares e ácido-base da infusão contínua de fentanil, cetamina e lidocaína em pacientes caninos ASA I

Resumen La combinación de fentanilo, lidocaína y ketamina (FLK) se ha utilizado am- pliamente en la cirugía canina como parte del protocolo analgésico. Algunos efectos asociados con su aplicación han sido descritos por la literatura. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar los efectos cardiopulmonares pro- ducidos por la infusión de FLK y el uso de isoflurano durante la cirugía en pacientes caninos ASA I. Las muestras fueron tomadas de nueve hembras caninas de diferentes razas, edades y tamaños que se presentaron para la ovariohisterectomía y recibieron una infusión continua de FLK (0,08, 30 y 15 µg/kg/min, respectivamente) como parte del protocolo analgésico. Antes (tiempo 1; T1) y durante (tiempo 2; T2) la cirugía se tomaron medidas de fre- cuencias cardíaca y respiratoria, presión arterial no invasiva, índice y gasto cardíaco, saturación arterial de oxígeno, dióxido de carbono espirado, tempe- ratura, presión parcial arterial de dióxido de carbono y oxígeno, bicarbonato, pH sanguíneo, dióxido de carbono total y lactato sanguíneo. Los resultados de la temperatura corporal y el pH en T1 y T2 fueron estadísticamente dife- rentes (p<0,05). Se concluye que no hubo diferencia entre los efectos de las variables cardiorrespiratorias y hemodinámicas en T1 y T2. Los resultados encontrados indican que los cambios en el pH y la temperatura se dieron por factores adicionales a la infusión FLK. Aunque las variables cardiovasculares y hemodinámicas no se encontraron como significativas, fue posible observar una mejora en la perfusión tisular y la estabilidad hemodinámica.

Abstract The combination of fentanyl, lidocaine, and ketamine (FLK) has been widely used in canine surgery as part of the analgesic protocol. Some effects associated with its application have been described by the literature. The objective was to evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects produced by the infusion of FLK and the use of isoflurane during surgery in canine ASA I patients. Samples was taken of nine healthy female dogs of different breeds, ages, and sizes undergoing ovariohysterectomy that received a continuous infusion of FLK (0,08, 30, and 15 µg/kg/min, respectively) as part of the analgesic protocol. The results of cardiac and respiratory rates, non-invasive blood pressure monitoring, cardiac output and index, arterial oxygen sa- turation, end-tidal carbon dioxide, body temperature, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen, bicarbonate, blood pH, total carbon dioxide, and blood lactate were measured before (time 1; T1) and during (time 2; T2) the surgery. Body temperature and acid base status at T1 and T2 were statistically different (p<0,05). In contrast, there was no difference between the effects of the analgesic protocol on cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic variables at T1 and T2. The results found indicate that changes in pH and temperature were due to additional factors different conditions outside the FLK infusion. Al- though cardiovascular and hemodynamic variables were not found as significant, it was possible to observe an improving on tissue per- fusion and hemodynamic stability.

Resumo A combinação de fentanil, lidocaína e cetamina (FLK) tem sido amplamente utilizada em cirurgia canina como parte do protocolo analgésico. Alguns efeitos associados à sua aplicação foram descritos na literatura. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos cardiopulmonares produzidos pela infusão de FLK e o uso de iso- flurano durante a cirurgia em pacientes caninos ASA I. As amostras foram coletadas de nove fêmeas caninas de diferentes raças, idades e tamanhos apresentados para ovario-histerectomia e recebeu infusão contínua de FLK (0,08, 30 e 15 µg/kg/min, respectivamente) como parte do protocolo analgésico. Antes (tempo 1; T1) e duran- te (tempo 2; T2) a cirurgia fazia medições das frequências cardíaca e respiratória, pressão arterial não invasiva, índice e débito cardíaco, saturação arterial de oxigênio, dióxido de carbono expirado, temperatura, pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono e oxigênio, bicarbonato, pH no sangue, dióxido de carbono total e lactato no sangue. Os resultados de temperatura corporal e pH em T1 e T2 foram estatisticamente diferentes (p <0,05). Conclui-se que não houve diferença entre os efeitos das variá- veis cardiorrespiratórias e hemodinâmicas em T1 e T2. Os resultados encontrados indicam que alterações no pH e temperatura foram devidas a fatores adicionais à infusão de FLK. Embora as variáveis cardiovasculares e hemodinâmicas não ten- ham sido significativas, foi possível observar uma melhora na perfusão tecidual e na estabilidade hemodinâmica.

Recomendaciones analgésicas en cirugía de reemplazo de cadera / Analgesic recommendations in hip replacement surgery

Resumen: La osteoartritis de cadera es la segunda causa de discapacidad funcional del aparato locomotor. Se presenta en adultos mayores de 35 años en 3 a 11%. Caracterizada por dolor al deambular, al subir o bajar escaleras, mejora con el reposo, pero evoluciona hasta limitada movilidad articular, crujido, rigidez e inestabilidad, restringiendo la funcionalidad y calidad de vida del individuo. La artroplastía total de cadera es la intervención indicada cuando la sintomatología es severa, persistente y han fallado otras terapéuticas. Tiene el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de vida, reducir el dolor y mejorar la función del paciente. Sin embargo, es un procedimiento que presenta dolor moderado a severo en el postoperatorio inmediato y una prevalencia de dolor crónico de 10 a 35%. La analgesia multimodal tiene que ser considerada para disminuir los efectos secundarios de los medicamentos y disminuir el uso de opioides (visita http://www.painoutmexico.com para obtener la versión completa del artículo y el diagrama de recomendaciones).

Abstract: Hip osteoarthritis is the second cause of functional impairment of the locomotor system. Its prevalence in adults over 35 years old in 3 to 11%. Characterized by a pain to walking, going up or down stairs, it improves with rest, that reaches a limited joint mobility, crunching, rigidity and instability restricting the functionality and quality of life. Total hip arthroplasty is the intervention indicated when the symtomatology is severe and persistent that have failed other therapeutics. It aims to improve the quality of life, reduce pain and improve the function of the patient. However, it is a procedure that is accompanied by moderate to severe pain in the immediate postoperative period and a chronic pain prevalence of 10 to 35%. Multimodal analgesia has to be considered to reduce the side effects of medications and reduce the use of opioids (visit http://www.painoutmexico.com to see the full article and recommendations diagram).

Analgesia en cirugía torácica (toracotomía) / Analgesia in thoracic surgery (thoracotomy)

Resumen: La cirugía torácica abierta se encuentra entre las cirugías más dolorosas y sus resultados se ven afectados adversamente por el malestar postoperatorio. La analgesia óptima en toracotomía, la disminución en el consumo de narcóticos, un despertar rápido y predecible, la prevención de efectos adversos, la movilización temprana y maniobras de fisioterapia respiratoria, así como el uso seguro de fármacos en recuperación y piso, son las estrategias más importantes para un manejo óptimo perioperatorio. Hasta hace unos años, la analgesia epidural era considerada el estándar analgésico; sin embargo, intervenciones como el bloqueo paravertebral también han sido evaluadas. El síndrome de dolor postoracotomía (PTPS) es una complicación bien reconocida, su incidencia varía entre el 15 y 67% de acuerdo con la definición. Se realizó la búsqueda en diversas fuentes de literatura para poder emitir recomendaciones perioperatorias, con mayor evidencia, esto se realizó con un equipo multidisciplinario para la emisión del manejo multimodal del dolor (visita http://www.painoutmexico.com para obtener la versión completa del artículo y el diagrama de recomendaciones).

Abstract: Open thoracic surgery is among the most painful surgeries and its results are adversely affected by postoperative discomfort. The optimal analgesia in thoracotomy, the decrease in the consumption of narcotics, a rapid and predictable awakening, the prevention of adverse effects, the early mobilization and maneuvers of respiratory physiotherapy, as well as the safe use of drugs, are the most important strategies for optimal perioperative management. Until a few years ago, epidural analgesia was considered the gold standard, however, interventions such as paravertebral block have been evaluated as well. Post-thoracotomy pain syndrome (PTPS) is a well-recognized complication, its incidence varies between 15 and 67% according to the definition. This review includes recommendations of literature sources to be able to translate perioperative recommendations with the highest evidence level, this was done including a multidisciplinary team for the issuance of multimodal pain management (visit http://www.painoutmexico.com to see the full article and recommendations diagram).

Recomendaciones en la analgesia para cirugía abdominal abierta / Recommendations in analgesia for open abdominal surgery

Resumen: La analgesia postoperatoria es uno de los componentes básicos en la recuperación funcional tras una intervención quirúrgica. El bloqueo de los estímulos nociceptivos contribuye a disminuir la respuesta al estrés quirúrgico, acelerando la rehabilitación y disminuyendo la incidencia de dolor crónico postoperatorio. Al bloquear las vías de conducción del dolor se limita la respuesta neuroendocrina, metabólica, inflamatoria e inmunitaria al estrés quirúrgico. La analgesia epidural sigue siendo el estándar de referencia en la cirugía abierta abdominal, en cuanto a la calidad de la analgesia dinámica y a la disminución de los tiempos de extubación, de ventilación mecánica y de las complicaciones respiratorias, con el potencial de reducir las tasas de eventos adversos relacionados (dolor no controlado, bloqueo motor y retención urinaria). La analgesia multimodal, basada en un concepto amplio de combinación de analgésicos, fármacos coadyuvantes y técnicas analgésicas, se presenta como una alternativa segura y eficaz (para ver el artículo completo visite http://www.painoutmexico.com).

Abstract: Postoperative analgesia is one of the basic components in functional recovery after surgical intervention. The blocking of nociceptive stimulus contributes to decrease the response to surgical stress, accelerating rehabilitation and decreasing the incidence of chronic postoperative pain. By blocking the pain conduction pathways, the neuroendocrine, metabolic, inflammatory and immune response to surgical stress is limited. Epidural analgesia continues to be the reference standard in open abdominal surgery, in terms of the quality of dynamic analgesia and the reduction of extubation times, mechanical ventilation and respiratory complications, with the potential to reduce the rates of related adverse events (uncontrolled pain, motor blockage and urinary retention). Multimodal analgesia, based on a broad concept of combination of analgesics, adjuvant drugs and analgesic techniques, is presented as a safe and effective alternative (full version visithttp://www.painoutmexico.com ) .

Manejo del dolor en nefrectomía abierta / Pain management in open nephrectomy

Resumen: La nefrectomía es el procedimiento quirúrgico en el cual se extirpa una parte o la totalidad de un riñón. Este procedimiento puede llevarse a cabo vía laparoscópica o abierta, esta última tiene tres vías de abordaje: por una incisión en flanco, toracoabdominal o transabdominal. Todas son amplias y el dolor postquirúrgico que se presenta va de una intensidad moderada a severa y en algunos pacientes puede convertirse en crónico. Para el manejo del dolor, en esta cirugía, se recomienda el uso de la analgesia multimodal, la cual consiste en usar fármacos con diferentes sitios de acción, así como el empleo de técnicas regionales con el uso de anestésicos locales. (visita http://www.painoutmexico.com para obtener la versión completa del artículo y el diagrama de recomendaciones).

Abstract: Nephrectomy is the surgical procedure in which part or all of a kidney is removed, this procedure can be carried out laparoscopically or openly. Open way has 3 boarding techniques: by an incision on the flank, thoraco-abdominal or trans-abdominal. All are wide and the postoperative pain that occurs ranges from a moderate to severe intensity and in some patients can become chronic. For the management of pain, in this surgery, the use of multimodal analgesia is recommended, which consists of using drugs with different sites of action as well as the use of regional techniques with the use of local anesthetics. (visit http://www.painoutmexico.com to see the full article and recommendations).

Analgésicos no opioides / Non-opioid analgesics

Resumen La analgesia multimodal es una recomendación universal para el control del dolor postoperatorio en situaciones clínicas diversas. Esta recomendación está avalada por la Sociedad Americana del Dolor (APS), la Sociedad Americana de Anestesia Regional y Medicina del Dolor (ASRA) y la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiólogos (ASA). La terapia analgésica multimodal se individualiza y ajusta de acuerdo con la edad, el tipo de dolor e intensidad, el procedimiento quirúrgico específico, las morbilidades asociadas y los efectos adversos de los fármacos. La escalera analgésica propuesta por la Organización Mundial de la Salud fue adaptada por la Federación Mundial de Sociedades y Asociaciones de Anestesiólogos (1997) para el abordaje del dolor agudo perioperatorio. Los analgésicos no opioides son la piedra angular para una terapia perioperatoria exitosa; entre los cuales se encuentran el paracetamol, los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos no selectivos y los COX-2, así como los coadyuvantes (para ver el artículo completo visite http://www.painoutmexico.com).

Abstract: Multimodal analgesia is an universal recommendation for the control of postoperative pain in diverse clinical situations. This recommendation is endorsed by the American Pain Society (APS), the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (ASRA) and the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). Multimodal analgesic therapy is individualized and adjusted according to age, type of pain and intensity, specific surgical procedure, associated morbidities and adverse effects of drugs. The analgesic ladder proposed by the World Health Organization was adapted by the World Federation of Societies and Associations of Anesthesiologists (1997) for the management of acute perioperative pain. Non-opioid analgesics are the cornerstone for a successful perioperative therapy, among which are paracetamol, non-selective and COX-2, also include adjuvants (full version visithttp://www.painoutmexico.com ).

Pharmacological Synergism: A Multimodal Analgesia Approach to Treat Dental Pain / Sinergismo Farmacológico: Un enfoque de analgesia multimodal para el manejo de dolor dental

Abstract Dental pain is usually managed by clinical interventions and pharmacological coadjuvants such as NSAIDs. However, its perception and modulation is mediated by different nociceptive mechanisms and these strategies can be insufficient. The multimodal analgesia refers to the use of 2 or more analgesic drugs that attenuate or blockade different mechanisms of pain, obtaining a greater clinical effect. Within this concept, pharmacological synergism plays a leading role, combining different molecules in lower doses to diminish also side effects. Since there are no standard prescriptions to be use in all the patients, multimodal approaches allow the clinician to make responsible effective combinations, individualizing analgesia as the pathway to success.

Resumen El dolor dental generalmente se trata con intervenciones clínicas y coadyuvantes farmacológicos como los AINEs. Sin embargo, su percepción y modulación está mediada por diferentes mecanismos nociceptivos y estas estrategias pueden ser insuficientes. La analgesia multimodal se refiere al uso de 2 o más fármacos analgésicos que atenúan o bloquean diferentes mecanismos de dolor, obteniendo un mayor efecto clínico. Dentro de este concepto, el sinergismo farmacológico juega un papel importante, combinando diferentes moléculas en dosis más bajas para disminuir también los efectos secundarios. Dado que no hay prescripciones estándar para ser usadas en todos los pacientes, los enfoques multimodales permiten al clínico realizar combinaciones responsables y eficaces, individualizando la analgesia como el camino hacia el éxito.

Post-operative pain after ultrasound transversus abdominis plane block versus trocar site infiltration in laparoscopic nephrectomy: a prospective study / Dor no período pós-operatório de nefrectomia laparoscópica com bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal guiado por ultrassom versus infiltração do sítio do trocarte: um estudo prospectivo

Abstract Background Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is useful in reducing post-operative pain in laparoscopic nephrectomy compared to placebo. The purpose of this work is to compare post-operative pain and recovery after TAP block or trocar site infiltration (TSI) in this surgery. Methods A prospective, single blinded study on patients scheduled for laparoscopic nephrectomy. Patients were assigned to two groups: TSI Group: trocar site infiltration at the end of surgery; TAP Group: unilateral ultrasound-guided TAP block after induction. Sevoflurane and remifentanil, in a target controlled infusion mode, were used for maintenance of general anesthesia. Before the end of surgery paracetamol, tramadol and morphine were administered. Visual analogue scale (VAS 0-100 mm) at rest and with cough was applied in three moments: in recovery room (T1 at admission and T2 before discharge) and 24 h after surgery (T3). Pain scores with incentive spirometer were also evaluated at T3. In recovery, morphine was administered as a rescue drug whenever VAS > 30 mm. Time to oral intake, chair sitting, ambulation and length of hospital stay were evaluated 24 h after surgery. Statistical analysis: Student's t-test and Chi-square test, and linear regression models. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Data are presented as mean (SD). Results Forty patients were enrolled in the study. The primary outcome variable, VAS pain scores did not show a statistical significant difference between groups (p > 0.05). VAS at rest (TAP vs. TSI groups) was: T1 = 33 ± 29 vs. 39 ± 32, T2 = 10 ± 9 vs. 17 ± 18 and T3 = 7 ± 12 vs. 10 ± 18. VAS with cough (TAP vs. TSI groups) was: T1 = 51 ± 34 vs. 45 ± 32, T2 = 24 ± 24 vs. 33 ± 23 and T3 = 20 ± 23 vs. 23 ± 23. VAS with incentive spirometer (TAP vs. TSI groups) was: T3 = 21 ± 27 vs. 21 ± 25. Intraoperative remifentanil consumption was similar between TAP (0.16 ± 0.07 mcg.kg-1.min-1) and TSI (0.18 ± 0.9 mcg.kg-1.min-1) groups. There were no differences in opioid consumption between TAP (4.4 ± 3.49 mg) and TSI (6.87 ± 4.83 mg) groups during recovery. Functional recovery parameters were not statistically different between groups. Conclusions Multimodal analgesia with TAP block did not show a significant clinical benefit compared with trocar site infiltration in laparoscopic nephrectomies.

Resumo Justificativa O bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal (TAP) é útil para reduzir a dor no pós-operatório de nefrectomia laparoscópica comparado com o placebo. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a dor no pós-operatório e a recuperação após bloqueio TAP ou infiltração do sítio do trocarte (TSI) nesse tipo de cirurgia. Métodos Estudo prospectivo e cego com pacientes agendados para nefrectomia laparoscópica. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo TSI: infiltração do sítio do trocarte ao final da cirurgia; Grupo TAP: bloqueio TAP unilateral guiado por ultrassom após a indução. Sevoflurano e remifentanil administrado em perfusão alvo-controlada foram usados para a manutenção da anestesia geral. Paracetamol, tramadol e morfina foram administrados antes do fim da cirurgia. Escala analógica visual (VAS 0-100 mm), para avaliar a dor em repouso e durante a tosse, foi aplicada em três momentos: na sala de recuperação [na admissão (T1) e antes da alta (T2)] e 24 horas após a cirurgia (T3). Os escores de dor com espirômetro de incentivo também foram avaliados em T3. Durante a recuperação, morfina foi administrada como medicamento de resgate, sempre que VAS > 30 mm. Os tempos até a ingestão oral, sentar em cadeira, deambulação e de permanência hospitalar foram avaliados 24 horas após a cirurgia. Análise estatística: teste t de Student, teste do qui-quadrado e modelos de regressão linear. Um valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado significativo. Os dados foram expressos em média (DP). Resultados Quarenta pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. Os escores do desfecho primário e da VAS não apresentaram diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos (p > 0,05). Os escores VAS em repouso (TAP vs. TSI) foram: T1 = 33 ± 29 vs. 39 ± 32; T2 = 10 ± 9 vs. 17 ± 18 e T3 = 7 ± 12 vs. 10 ± 18. Os escores VAS durante a tosse (TAP vs. TSI) foram: T1 = 51 ± 34 vs. 45 ± 32; T2 = 24 ± 24 vs. 33 ± 23 e T3 = 20 ± 23 vs. 23 ± 23. Os escores VAS com espirômetro de incentivo (TAP vs. TSI) foram: T3 = 21 ± 27 vs. 21 ± 25. O consumo de remifentanil no intraoperatório foi semelhante entre os grupos TAP (0,16 ± 0,07 mcg.kg-1.min-1) e TSI (0,18 ± 0,9 mcg.kg-1.min-1). Não houve diferença no consumo de opioides entre os grupos TAP (4,4 ± 3,49 mg) e TSI (6,87 ± 4,83 mg) durante a recuperação. Os parâmetros funcionais de recuperação não foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos. Conclusões A analgesia multimodal com bloqueio TAP não mostrou benefício clínico significativo comparado com a infiltração do sítio do trocarte em nefrectomia laparoscópica.

Ultrasound guided quadratus lumborum block for analgesia after cesarean delivery: case series / Bloqueio do quadrado lombar guiado por ultrassom para analgesia pós cesariana: série de casos

Abstract Introduction: The majority of women having planned cesarean section receive spinal anesthesia for the procedure. Typically, spinal opioids are administered during the same time as a component of multimodal analgesia to provide pain relief in the 16-24 h period postoperatively. The quadratus lumborum block is a regional analgesic technique that blocks T5-L1 nerve branches and has an evolving role in postoperative analgesia for lower abdominal surgeries and may be a potential alternative to spinal opioids. If found effective, it will have the advantage of a reduction in opioid associated adverse effects while providing similar quality of analgesia. Methods: We performed bilateral quadratus lumborum block in 3 women who received a spinal anesthetic for a cesarean delivery and evaluated their post-operative opioid consumption and patient satisfaction. Results: In all 3 patients, there was no additional opioid consumption during the first 24 h after the block. Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for pain was less than 6 for the first 24 h. Women were all very satisfied with the quality of pain relief. Discussion: Quadratus lumborum block may be a promising anesthetic adjuvant for post-cesarean analgesia. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to compare the efficacy of the quadratus lumborum block with intrathecal opioids.

Resumo Introdução: A maioria das mulheres agendadas para cesariana recebe anestesia raquidiana para o procedimento. Tipicamente, os opioides administrados por via espinhal (VE) são administrados ao mesmo tempo como um componente da analgesia multimodal para proporcionar alívio da dor no período pós-operatório de 16-24 horas. O bloqueio do quadrado lombar (QL) é uma técnica de analgesia regional que bloqueia os ramos nervosos T5- L1 e tem um papel crescente na analgesia pós-operatória de cirurgias abdominais inferiores, pode ser uma potencial opção para os opioides VE. Se for considerado eficaz, esse bloqueio terá a vantagem de uma redução nos efeitos adversos associados aos opioides e proporcionará qualidade semelhante de analgesia. Métodos: O bloqueio bilateral do quadrado lombar foi feito em três mulheres que receberam raquianestesia para parto cesário e o consumo de opioides no pós-operatório e a satisfação das pacientes foram avaliados. Resultados: Em todas as três pacientes, não houve consumo adicional de opioide durante as primeiras 24 horas após o bloqueio. A escala de avaliação numérica (EAN) para dor foi inferior a 6 durante as primeiras 24 horas. Todas as mulheres ficaram muito satisfeitas com a qualidade do alívio da dor. Discussão: O bloqueio do QL pode ser um adjuvante promissor para analgesia pós-cesariana. Estudos randomizados e controlados são necessários para comparar a eficácia do bloqueio do quadrado lombar com opioides administrados por via intratecal.

Dolor posoperatorio en pacientes sometidos a artroscopia de cadera con la técnica dentro-fuera en comparación con la técnica fuera-dentro / Douleur postopératoire chez les patients traités par la technique arthroscopique de dehors en dedans en comparaison avec la technique de dedans en dehors au niveau de la hanche / Postoperative pain in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy with inside-out technique compared with the outside-in technique

Objetivo: comparar el dolor posoperatorio en pacientes sometidos a artroscopia de cadera con la técnica dentro-fuera en comparación con la técnica fuera-dentro. Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo en el que se comparó el dolor posoperatorio en un grupo de pacientes (n = 31) a los que se les realizó artroscopia de cadera mediante la técnica fuera-dentro, con los pacientes (n = 31) a los que se les realizó con la técnica dentro-fuera; ambos grupos de pacientes recibieron la misma analgesia multimodal. Los parámetros principales medidos fueron: la escala visual análoga en diferentes momentos hasta 24 horas después de la operación y la necesidad de opiáceos. Para las variables categóricas se realizó la comparación mediante Chi cuadrado, y para las variables cuantitativas mediante t Student o Mann-Whitney. Se calcularon el OR y el IC 95 por ciento. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el programa SPSS versión 21.0 y se consideró un error alfa de 5 por ciento. Resultados: la escala visual análoga posoperatoria fue menor en pacientes con la técnica de fuera-dentro después de 1 hora (diferencia media 1,9 IC 95 por ciento: 0,5 a 3,2, p = 0,01), después de 2 horas (diferencia media 1,29 IC 95 por ciento: 0,3 a 2,2, p = 0,01), y en el momento del alta (diferencia media 0,77 IC 95 por ciento: 0,16 a 1,18; p = 0,01). Sin embargo, 24 horas después del procedimiento, la diferencia no fue significativa (diferencia media 0,4 IC 95 por ciento: 0,02 a 0,84; p = 0,08). Las necesidades de opioides en el posoperatorio fueron significativamente menores en los pacientes con la técnica fuera-dentro ─6,5 por ciento vs. 41,9 por ciento─ (OR crudo 0,09 IC 95 porciento: 0,02 a 0,47; p = 0,004), incluso después de ajustar por edad, sexo y el IMC (OR ajustado 0,09 IC 95 por ciento: 0,016 hasta 0,51, p = 0,006). Conclusiones: los pacientes a los que se les realiza artroscopia de cadera con la técnica fuera-dentro tienen menos dolor posoperatorio y requerimientos de opioides que aquellos a los que se les realiza la técnica dentro-fuera(AU)

Objective: compare postoperative pain in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy with the inside-out technique compared to outside-in technique. Methods: a prospective study was conducted on postoperative pain in a group of patients (n = 31) who underwent hip arthroscopy by outside-in technique, which were compared with patients (n = 31) who received the inside-out technique. Both groups of patients received the same multimodal analgesia. The main parameters were measured: visual analogue scale at different times up to 24 hours after surgery and opioid need. Categorical variables were compared using Chi-square, and quantitative variables using Student t or Mann-Whitney. OR and CI 95 percent were calculated. SPSS version 21.0 was used for data analysis program and an alpha error of 5 percent was considered. Results: postoperative visual analogue scale was lower in patients with outside-in technique after 1 hour (mean difference 1.9, 95 percent CI 0.5 to 3.2, p = 0.01) after 2 hours (mean difference 1.29, 95 percent CI 0.3 to 2.2, p = 0.01) and at discharge (mean difference 0.77, 95 percent CI 0.16 to 1.18; p = 0.01). However, 24 hours after the procedure, the difference was not significant (mean difference 0.4, 95 percent CI 0.02 to 0.84; p = 0.08). Opioid requirements postoperatively were significantly lower in patients with the outside-in technique ─6,5 percent vs. 41.9 percent─ (crude OR 0.09 95 percnt CI 0.02 to 0.47; p = 0.004), even after adjusting age, sex and BMI (adjusted OR 0.09, 95 percent CI: 0.016 to 0.51, p = 0.006). Conclusions: Patients who underwent hip arthroscopy with outside-in technique have less postoperative pain and opioid requirements that those who undergo the inside-out technique(AU)

Objectif: le but de ce travail est de comparer la douleur postopératoire chez des patients opérés par la technique arthroscopique de dedans en dehors avec la technique de dehors en dedans au niveau de la hanche. Méthodes: une étude prospective a été réalisée afin de comparer la douleur postopératoire dans un groupe de patients traités par la technique arthroscopique de dehors en dedans (n = 31) et dans un groupe de patients traités par la technique arthroscopique de dedans en dehors (n = 31) au niveau de la hanche. Tous les deux groupes ont reçu une analgésie multimodale. On a fondamentalement évalué des paramètres tels que l'échelle visuelle analogique (EVA) en différents moments, même 24 heures après l'opération, et le besoin d'opiacés. Pour les variables catégoriques, on a utilisé le test de Chi carré, et pour les variables quantitatives le test du t de Student ou de Mann-Whitney. On a également calculé l'OR et l'IC 95 pourcent. Pour l'analyse des données, on a utilisé le logiciel SPSS v21.0, et une erreur alpha de 5 pourcent a été considérée. Résultats: la valeur EVA en postopératoire a été inférieure chez les patients opérés par la technique de dehors en dedans après 1 h (différence moyenne 1.9 IC 95 pourcent : 0.5 à 3.2, p = 0.01), après 2 h (différence moyenne 1.29 IC 95 pourcent : 0.3 à 2.2, p = 0.01), et à la sortie de l'hôpital (différence moyenne 0,77 IC 95 pourcent : 0.16 à 1.18 ; p = 0.01). Par contre, la différence n'a pas été significative (différence moyenne 0.4 IC 95 pourcent : 0.02 à 0.84 ; p = 0.08) 24 h après le geste opératoire. Le besoin d'opiacés en postopératoire a été significativement inférieur chez les patients traités par la technique de dehors en dedans ─6.5 pourcent vs. 41.9 pourcent─ (OR cru 0.09 IC 95 pourcent : 0.02 à 0.47 ; p = 0.004), même après l'ajustement par âge, sexe et IMC (OR ajusté 0.09 IC 95 pourcent : 0.016 jusqu'à 0.51, p = 0.006). Conclusions: on conclut que les patients traités par la technique arthroscopique de dehors en dedans souffrent moins de douleur postopératoire et n'ont pas besoin d'opiacés que ceux qui ont été traités par la technique arthroscopique de dedans en dehors. Mots clés: arthroscopie de hanche, technique arthroscopique de dehors en dedans, technique arthroscopique de dedans en dehors, blocage fémoral, blocage ilio-facial, analgésie multimodale, douleur postopératoire(AU)