Sinonasal anatomy variations on CT scans of a sample of Filipino adults with chronic rhinosinusitis

Objective@#To determine the prevalence of sinonasal anatomic variations seen on paranasal sinus (PNS) CT scans of a sample of Filipino adults with chronic rhinosinusitis.@*Methods@#Design: Cross-sectional study Setting: Tertiary Government Training Hospital Participants: The PNS CT scans of 51 Filipino patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyposis diagnosed at our outpatien Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery between October 2015 to December 2020 were reviewed for the presence of sinonasal anatomic variants. The prevalence of the identified variants was calculated.@*Results@#The CT scans of 51 patients, 41 (80.4%) men and 10 (19.6%) women, were included. The median age was 48 years (Q25: 35, Q75: 56, IQR:21). The median Lund Mackay Score (LMS) was 15 (Q25: 12, Q75: 20, IQR:8). Majority (94%) had an LMS of ≥5. The most common anatomic variant in the study population was agger nasi (n=46/51, 90.2% present bilaterally) followed by uncinate process attachment to the lamina papyracea (n=90/102, 88.24%). The third to sixth most common findings were Keros type II classification (n=76/102, 74.51%), nasal septal deviation (n=35/51, 68.62%), optic nerve canal type 1 (n=67/102, 65.69%) and anterior ethmoid artery grade 1 (n=46/102, 45.1%), respectively. Less common variants were Onodi cell (n=13/51, 25.49% unilateral and n=10/51, 19.61% bilateral), Haller cell (n=8/51, 15.69% unilateral and n=1/51, 1.96% bilateral), supraorbital cell (n=4/51, 7.84% unilateral and n=4/51, 7.84% bilateral), middle turbinate concha bullosa (n=3/51, 5.88% unilateral and n=6/51, 11.76% bilateral), superior turbinate concha bullosa (n=2/51, 3.92% unilateral and n=1/51, 1.96% bilateral), pneumatized crista galli (n=2/51, 3.92%) and optic nerve dehiscence (n=1/51, 1.96% bilateral). @*Conclusion@#In the adult Filipino population with CRS sampled in this study, the six most common sinonasal anatomic variants were agger nasi, superior attachment of the uncinate process to the lamina papyracea, Keros type II classification, septal deviation, optic nerve canal type 1 and anterior ethmoid artery grade 1. Pre-operatively, the PNS CT scan of every patient must be meticulously evaluated for the sinonasal anatomic variants to avoid surgical complications.

Morphological Variations Of Glenoid Cavity Of Human Scapulae: An Anatomical Study With Clinical Relevance

Purpose: The purpose of this present study was to observe the morphological variations of glenoid process ofadult human scapulae by subjective evaluation, because morphologic variants of adult glenoid process play animportant role in various shoulder joint pathologies especially dislocations with fractures of the glenoid cavitywhich is also quite common.Materialsand Methods: Two hundred sixty adult dry scapulae (127 right & 133 left) from the osteology museumof department of Anatomy, belonging to Indian population of unknown sex & age were obtained for the morphologicpattern of glenoid cavity by subjective evaluation. We have examined the presence of notch in the glenoidprocess of each scapulae& according to the presence of notch, we evaluated the bones for the morphologicalclassification as pear; inverted comma & oval shaped glenoid process. Our observations were compared withother osteological studies performed on different other population groups.Results: Out of total 260 scapulae, 187 bones showed notch in the margin of the glenoid cavity.Most of the boneswithout a notch were termed as oval shaped (73 scapulae) glenoid & rest of the bones were of pear shapedvariety. Among the pear shaped glenoid, 113 scapulae showed pear shaped cavity with slight notch; 71 scapulaeshowed an inverted comma shaped glenoid. Not only the basic morphology, we have also reported some of thescapulae with special morphologic features like a very prominent infraglenoid tubercle; presence of foramen inthe glenoid cavity &highly special nodular glenoid cavity.Conclusions: Though glenoid cavities showed highly variable morphological pictures, but the clinicians shouldbe well versed with the normal appearance & anatomic variants of glenoid cavities on dry bones, so that they caninterpret its morphology on radiographs and MRI scans. Our results of this subjective evaluation may be of helpas baseline data for theclinicians especially for the orthopaedic surgeons for the diagnosis &treatment modalitiesof shoulder dislocations & fracture.

A Study on the Involvement of Sinuses on CT among Chronic Rhinosinusitis Patients

Introduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the mostcommon health care problems, with significant direct medicalcosts and severe impact on lower airway disease and generalhealth outcomes. The aim of this study was to study theinvolvement of Sinuses on CT among Chronic Rhinosinusitispatients.Material and methods: The study was a cross sectionalobservational study. All the patients having clinical findings ofCRS referred from ENT Department for CT PNS constitutedthe study population. All the patients were submitted todetailed clinical examination, routine investigation andsubsequently submitted for CT scan of PNS.Results: Maxillary sinus was found to be most common sinus(68.5%) followed by Ethmoidal Sinus (60.9%), SphenoidalSinus (38%), Sphenoidal Sinus (26.1%), Isolated Maxillary(23.9%) and Pansinusitis (14.1%). The percentage of othersinuses was less than 10%. Single number of sinus wasobserved in 48.9% patients followed by multiple (40.2%) andnone (10.9%).Conclusion: There are a multitude of anatomic variants of thesinonasal cavities. Some of which are such common that theyare most likely found in the majority of individuals.

Variantes anatómicas de la arteria esplénica / Anatomic variants of the splenic artery

Introducción: la arteria esplénica es uno de los tres ramos del tronco celiaco que irriga el bazo y emite ramos al estómago y al páncreas. Objetivo: determinar las características morfológicas de la arteria esplénica. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, longitudinal, prospectivo, observacional y descriptivo, en 26 bloques, provenientes de cadáveres sin cirugías abdominales, ni enfermedades hematológicas, en el Hospital Provincial Universitario "Celia Sánchez Manduley", de Manzanillo, provincia Granma. Los bloques fueron lavados, fijados y disecados por el método macroscópico directo. Resultados: La arteria esplénica se originó, mayormente en el tronco celiaco (88,46 %), su trayecto fue tortuoso en el 84,62 % de los bloques relacionándose por delante de la vena esplénica (80,77 %). Los ramos colaterales fueron más frecuentes en el segmento pancrático (54,96%). Las arterias gástricas cortas fueron los ramos colaterales mayormente emitidos (100 %). La longitud media de la arteria esplénica fue de 14,7 cm y su diámetro medio es de 0,86 cm. El número de arterias terminales tuvo una media de 6,04, mientras que las arterias gástricas cortas se emitieron en una media de 4,76. Conclusiones: la arteria esplénica presenta un patrón de variabilidad anatómica bajo en cuanto a su origen y trayecto, pero sus relaciones, forma de terminación, y ramos colaterales presentan grandes variantes a la norma anatómica (AU).

Introduction: the splenic artery is one of the three of the celiac trunk that irrigates spleen and emits branches to the stomach and the pancreas. Objective: to determine the morphologic characteristics of the splenic artery. Materials and methods: a descriptive, observational, prospective, longitudinal and quantitative study was carried out in 26 tissue samples without abdominal surgeries nor hematologic diseases in the Teaching Provincial Hospital "Celia Sánchez Manduley" of Manzanillo, Granma. The samples were washed, fixed and dissected using the direct macroscopic method. Results: the splenic artery originated, mostly, in the celiac trunk (88.46 %), its itinerary was tortuous in 84.62 % of the samples, linking before the splenic vein (80.77 %). Collateral branches were more frequent in the pancreatic segment (54.96 %). Short gastric arteries were the mostly emitted collateral branches (100 %). The average longitude of the splenic artery was 14.7 cm and its average diameter 0.86 cm. The number of terminal arteries showed an average of 6.04 while the short gastric arteries were emitted in an average of 4.76. Conclusions: the splenic artery has a low anatomic variability pattern according to its origin and itinerary, but its relations, ending form and collateral branches show big variants from the anatomic norm (AU).

A Neglected Markedly Displaced Medial Epicondyle Fracture with Simultaneous Ulnar Nerve Palsy in an Adolescent

Humeral medial epicondyle fractures constitute around 15% of pediatric elbow fractures. Up to 60% occur in association with elbow dislocations. Knowledge of potential imaging pitfalls when examining acute elbow fractures in children contributes significantly to accurate diagnosis. Nevertheless, management of missed pediatric medial epicondyle fractures has rarely been reported. We present an 11-year-old boy with a neglected and severely displaced medial epicondyle fracture with concurrent ulnar nerve palsy. We performed neural decompression, fragment excision, and muscular and capsuloligamentous reconstruction of the medial elbow. This study demonstrates that the surgical outcome of a late presenting fracture can be satisfactory in terms of function and neural recovery. It also underscores the importance of careful interpretation of elbow imaging including normal anatomic variants.

Variantes anatómicas de las vías biliares: diagnóstico por cpre y su relación con enfermedades biliares / Anatomical variations of biliary tract: diagnosis by ERCP and their relationship with biliary diseases

Introducción: las variantes anatómicas de las vías biliares son frecuentes, por eso su conocimiento es de suma importancia durante la realización de procedimientos quirúrgicos de las vías biliares como la colecistectomía laparoscópica, con la finalidad de evitar lesiones incidentales de las mismas; en el presente estudio, se deter-minaron éstas variantes por colangiografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE), así como también su asociación con enfermedades de las vías biliares. Pacientes y métodos: Se evaluaron todos los pacientes que acudieron al Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital Universitario de Caracas, con indicación de realización de CPRE y se incluyeron 232 sujetos divididos en dos grupos, uno conformado por sujetos con presencia de variantes anatómicas de las vías biliares y el otro por sujetos sin varian-tes anatómicas de las vías biliares, luego se relacionaron ambos grupos con las en-fermedades coexistentes. Resultados: Se encontraron 168 casos con variantes del cístico, que corresponde a 72,4%, y 56 casos con variantes anatómicas de las vías biliares intrahepáticas, correspondiente a 24,1%. La variante anatómica del cístico más común correspondió a la inserción posterior (n= 32; 19,1%), encontrándose combinaciones con otras variantes del cístico (espiral posterior en 5 casos, posterior alta en 1 caso, posterior baja en 1 caso y espiral posterior baja en 1 caso). La segun-da variante del cístico más frecuente fue la inserción baja (n = 18; 10,7%). La variante anatómica de las vías biliares intrahepáticas más común fue la tipo B (n= 25; 44,6%), seguida de la tipo C1 (n= 18; 32,1%). La coledocolitiasis fue el diagnóstico más frecuente tanto en los pacientes con variantes anatómicas, como en los sin variantes anatómicas, correspondiendo respectivamente a 33,3% vs 34,8%; p = 0,40. De los pacientes con coledocolitiasis, la variante anatómica del cístico más frecuente fue la inserción posterior (17,5%). Conclusiones: Las variantes anatómicas de las vías biliares son frecuentes. La variante anatómica del cístico más frecuente fue la inserción posterior, mientras que variante anatómica de vías biliares la intrahepáticas fue la tipo B. La patología más frecuente, tanto en pacientes con variante anatómica como los pacientes sin variante anatómica, fue la coledocolitiasis. Sin embargo, no se encontró asociación entre las variantes anatómicas de las vías biliares y las enfermedades biliares.

Introduction: anatomic variants of the biliary tract are frequent, so his knowledge is of utmost importance for performing surgical procedures of the bile ducts as laparo-scopic cholecystectomy to prevent incidental injury of the biliar tree; in this study these variants were determined by retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and its relationship with diseases of the biliary tract. Patient and Method: All patients who attended in the Gastroenterology Service of the University Hospital of Caracas with indicating ERCP, were evaluated, and 232 subjects were included, divided into two groups, one composed of subjects with presence of anatomic variants of the biliary tract, another for patients without anatomic variants of the biliary tract, then both groups coexisting illnesses related. Results: 168 cases with cystic duct variants, corresponding to 72.4%, and 56 cases with anatomical variations of intrahepatic bile ducts, corresponding to 24.1% were found. The most common anatomic variant cystic duct corresponded to the posterior insertion (n = 32; 19.1%), finding combinations with other variants of the cystic duct (posterior/spiral in 5 cases, posterior/high in 1 case, 1 case posterior/low and posterior/low/spiral in 1 case). The second variant more common was low insertion (n = 18; 10.7%). Most common variant of intrahepatic bile duct was the type B (n= 25; 44.6%), followed by type C1 (n= 18; 32.1%). Choledocholithiasis was the most frequent diagnosis in both patients with anatomical variants, as in no anatomical variants, corresponding respectively to 33.3% vs 34.8%; p= 0.40. Of patients with choledocholithiasis, the more common anatomical variant of cystic duct was low insertion (17.5%). Conclusions: The anatomic variants of the biliary tract are common. The more common anatomical variant of cystic duct was low insertion, while anatomical variant of the intrahepatic bile ducts was the type B. The most common pathology, both in patients with anatomical variant and in patients without anatomic variant, was choledocholithiasis. However, no association between the anatomic variants of the biliary tract and biliary diseases was found.

Variantes anatómicas de las arterias polares del riñón / Anatomic variants of the polar arteries of the kidney

Introducción: la irrigación arterial del riñón, clásicamente descrita, se produce a partir de la arteria renal y sus dos ramas terminales exclusivamente. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la presencia y distribución de las arterias renales polares. Métodos: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, longitudinal, prospectivo, observacional y descriptivo, en 37 bloques, provenientes de cadáveres sin cirugías aortorenales ni malformaciones congénitas renoureterales demostrables, en el Hospital Provincial Clínico Quirúrgico Docente Celia Sánchez Manduley, de Manzanillo, provincia Granma. Los bloques fueron lavados, fijados y disecados por el método macroscópico directo. Resultados: las arterias polares fueron más frecuente en el sexo masculino y en el lado derecho, demostrándose su presencia en 16 casos (43,24 %), donde 9 presentaban, al menos, una arteria polar superior; 3 presentaron, al menos, una arteria polar inferior; y 4 casos presentaron, al menos, una de cada arteria polar. Predominó el origen de ambas arterias polares como ramo directo de la arteria aorta. Conclusiones: las arterias polares no constituyen variantes anatómicas de rara presencia y su conocimiento es imprescindible en el planeamiento de la cirugía excerética y reconstructiva nefrourológica.

Background: the kidney arterial irrigation, as it is classically described, occurs from the renal artery and its two terminal branches exclusively. The aim of this research was to determine the presence and distribution of the polar arteries. Method: a quantitative, longitudinal, prospective, observational and descriptive study was carried out on 37 tissue samples from dead bodies without aortic renal surgeries or congenital demonstrable reno-ureteral malformations at “Celia Sánchez Manduley” Teaching Provincial Clinical-Surgical Hospital of Manzanillo, Granma. The samples were washed, fixed and dissected through the direct macroscopic method. Outcomes: The polar arteries were more frequent in the male sex and on the right side, being found in 16 cases (43.24%), 9 of which presented, at least, a superior polar artery; 3 presented at least an inferior polar artery; and 4 cases presented at least one of each type of polar artery. The origin of both polar arteries as a direct branch of the aorta was predominant. Conclusions: The polar arteries are not anatomical variants of rare presence, and our knowledge of them is of vital importance in planning the removing and reconstructive nephro-urologic surgery.

Ressonância magnética na avaliação das variações anatômicas meniscais e da anatomia ligamentar perimeniscal: potenciais causas de erro de interpretação / Magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of meniscal anatomic variants and of the perimeniscal ligamentous anatomy: potential interpretation pitfalls

O conhecimento adequado das variações anatômicas meniscais e das estruturas perimeniscais é essencial para uma avaliação adequada dos exames de ressonância magnética do joelho, tanto no diagnóstico das lesões meniscais quanto para se evitar uma série de possíveis erros diagnósticos. Este artigo revê variações anatômicas que alteram o tamanho, a forma e a estabilidade meniscais e que incluem os vários tipos de menisco discoide, outras variações morfológicas meniscais menos frequentes e o ossículo meniscal. Também é revisada a anatomia de estruturas perimeniscais, principalmente ligamentares, que incluem os ligamentos meniscocapsulares, intermeniscais, meniscofemorais e extensões meniscoligamentares.

The knowledge of meniscal anatomic variants and of the normal perimeniscal structures is essential to understand magnetic resonance imaging studies of the knee, both for the diagnosis of meniscal lesions and to avoid potential interpretation pitfalls. The present article reviews anatomic variants that change the size, shape and stability of the menisci, including the different types of discoid menisci, other less frequent meniscal malformations and the meniscal ossicle. Additionally, the anatomy of perimeniscal structures, particularly those including the meniscocapsular, intermeniscal, meniscofemoral ligaments and other menisco-ligamentous structures is reviewed.

Intraarticular Anatomic Variants Associated with Discoid Meniscus / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Discoid meniscus in the knee joint is common. From July 1990 through June 1994, the authors performed arthroscopy on 968 symptomatic knee joints. One hundred and six knees of 102 patients had discoid meniscus. Of the 106 knees, 14(13.2%) cases were associated with other intraarticular anatomic variants. There were 7(6.6%) cases with anomalous insertion of the anterior horn of the medial meniscus into the anterior cruciate ligament, and 7(6.6%) cases with anterior transposition of the insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament below the anterior tibial margin like the insertion of the posterior cruciate ligament. Of the 14 patients, the discoid meniscus were reshaped in 11 knees, partially resected in 2 knees, and one patient was treated with repair of a peripheral tear and reshaping. But had no treatment in associated intraarticular anatomic variants. The follow up was done from 24 to 54 months(average 37 months) after surgery. The results were excellent in 8 knees ; good in 4 knees and fair in 2 knees(Ikeuchi scale, 1982) The patients with excellent or good results were satisfied as were the authors, and these anatomical variants other than the discoid meniscus were not related to the patient's symptoms.