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Objective To analyze and describe the morphological characteristics of the proximal origin of the biceps brachii, and measure the anatomical data of its tendons, so as to provide references for related clinical applications of the biceps brachii. Methods Six adult shoulder specimens (4 on the left and 2 on the right) were dissected to observe the origin, morphology, and course of the biceps brachii tendon and its adjacent relationship with the coracobrachialis muscle, musculocutaneous nerve and other structures. And then the length, width, and thickness of the biceps tendon were measured. Results The origin of the short head of biceps consisted of muscle fibers attaching directly to the tip of the coracoid process, with a thin, tendinous aponeurosis covering its anterior surface, rather than a true tendon as previously described. The mean of length,widths and thickness of the short head of biceps were (107.7±9.6) mm,(20.0±1.5)mm and (5.8±2.0)mm. Conclusion The short head of the biceps brachii is directly from the coracoid process with muscle fibers.
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Objective To explore the morphology and the tissue structure of acromioclavicular joint. Methods Anatomical analysis was performed on 27 fresh adult cadavers and the morphology of the acromioclavicular joint was observed. The relevant bone structure and ligament parameters were measured, and the specimens were randomly divided into group A and group B. Group A reserved the acromioclavicular ligament and coracoclavicular ligament, and group B reserved only the acromioclavicular ligament. The difference in tension between the two groups was compared. Results The distance from the midpoint of the conical ligament to the distal end of the clavicle was (42.68 ± 6.34) mm, the width of the end point was (16.97 ± 4.28) mm, and the thickness of the center point was (5.39 ± 0.34) mm; the distance from the midpoint of the trapezoidal ligament to the clavicle was (20.35 mm ± 4.18) mm, the width of the end point was (10.35± 1.31) mm, the thickness of the center point was (5.19 ± 0.342) mm; the average vertical distance from the base of the coracoid process to the surface of the clavicle was 30.75 mm, and the mean coracoclavicular gap was 12.02 mm; the length of the central axis of the conical ligament was (15.68 ± 3.30) mm and the angle was (117.25 ± 10.80) °, while the length of the central axis of the trapezoidal ligament was (9.67 ± 2.25) mm, and the angle was (75.42± 11.37) °. The distance between the start joint of the trapezoidal ligament and the trapezium was (8.96± 3.00) mm, and the distance between the end points (13.09± 3.50) mm. The average tensile force of group A was higher than that of group B [(610.04 ± 51.24) N vs (560.41 ± 44.63) N, P < 0.05]. Conclusion During distal clavicular resection, the resection of the distal clavicle shall be within 10-30 mm. The depth shall not exceed 42 mm when drilling under the coracoid process. The reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligament during acromioclavicular joint dislocation has an anatomical and biomechanical basis.
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BACKGROUND: There are many studies on the morphology of basal nuclei of adult brain based on various imaging methods, but little is reported on the three-dimensional reconstruction measurement of basal nucleus morphology in children aged 3 or 4. OBJECTIVE: To establish a three-dimensional model of the basal nucleus in children aged 3 or 4 years relative to other age groups in order to explore the morphological basis for the neurodevelopment of the basal nucleus. METHODS: Fifteen cadavers of 3 or 4 years old children were selected and the basal nucleus was cut by thin layer. The image data set with accurate segmentation of its main structure was then completed. The cross sections of the main structures were analyzed, the diameter and angle of the related structures were measured in a specific section, and the differences between the sides were compared. The original data were re-sampled to establish a three-dimensional coordinate system of the basal nucleus. The morphological size of the main structure of the basal nucleus was measured, the anatomical identification was clearly identified, and the spatial information was quantified. Model and the public reference system were established. The base nucleus structures were presented three-dimensionally and dyed in different colors. The boundary between the structures was clearly displayed, and the internal structure was observed by rotating and cutting at any angle. The study protocol was implemented in line with the relevant ethical requirements of Inner Mongolia Medical University. Specimens were donated voluntarily, and children’s guardians signed informed consents. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The reconstructed three-dimensional model could show the basal nucleus, and could be used to measure the volume of the basal nucleus and the related parameters of meridians. There was no significant difference between the sides of the reconstructed model. (2) The reconstructed three-dimensional structure could be rotated at any angle and at different speeds, and the corresponding scaling and transparent processing could be carried out to make the reconstructed structure image more realistic and realistic. In children aged 3 or 4, the reconstruction of the basal nucleus based on volume rendering can provide the morphological basis for stereotactic neuronavigation surgery as well as the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy.
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Objective: To measure anatomical parameters related to cervical uncovertebral joint and provide data support for the design of uncovertebral joint fusion cage. Methods: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, raw DICOM data of cervical CT scan in 60 patients (30 males and 30 females, aged 39-60 years) were obtained, then the three-dimensional cervical spine model was reconstructed for anatomical measurement by using the Mimics19.0 software. The height of the uncinate process, the length of the uncinate process, the width of the uncinate process, and the length of the uncovertebral joint in the intervertebral foramen region were measured bilaterally from C3 to C7. The anterior and posterior distances between the uncinate processes were measured from C3 to C7. The height of the uncovertebral joint space, the central height of the intervertebral disc space, and the depth of the intervertebral disc space were also measured from C2, 3 to C6, 7. The mean, standard deviation, maximum, and minimum were calculated by using the SPSS22.0 statistical software for the design of uncovertebral joint fusion cage. Results: The height of the uncinate process, the length of the uncinate process, the width of the uncinate process, and the length of the uncovertebral joint in the intervertebral foramen region of C3-C7 and the height of the uncovertebral joint space of C2, 3-C6, 7 showed no significant difference between two sides (P>0.05). The height of the uncovertebral joint space also had no significant difference between females and males (P>0.05). The anterior distances between the uncinate processes of C3-C7 were significantly larger than the posterior distances between the uncinate processes (P<0.05), the uncovertebral joint presented a posterior cohesive shape. The central height of the intervertebral disc space in male group was slightly higher than that in female group, and the differences were significant (P<0.05) at C2, 3 and C5, 6; the depth of the intervertebral disc space in male group was significantly higher than that in female group (P<0.05). The central height of the intervertebral disc space was (4.94±0.49) mm (range, 3.81-5.90 mm), the depth of the intervertebral disc space was (15.78±1.23) mm (range, 12.94-18.85 mm), the anterior and posterior distances between the uncinate processes were (17.19±2.39) mm (range, 13.39-24.63 mm) and (10.84±2.12) mm (range, 7.19-16.64 mm), respectively. According to the results of the anatomical research, the height of the uncovertebral joint fusion cage was designed as 5, 6, 7, and 8 mm; the depth of the uncovertebral joint fusion cage was designed as 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 mm; the width of the uncovertebral joint fusion cage was designed as 14-18 mm; and the two wings are designed as arc-shape with 2 and 3 mm in width. Conclusion: There are certain differences in the anatomical parameters of the uncovertebral joint between different segments. The uncovertebral joint fusion cage that designed based on the results of anatomical research is suitable for most patients.
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[Objective]To provide Chinese morphological data for anterior C1、2 transarticular screw fixation.[Method]With a digital vernier and a goniometer made in China,the anatomic parameters related to anterior C1、2 transarticular screw fixation were measured from 50 pairs of dried Chinese adult human C1 and C2 vertebrae.[Result]In the anterior transarticular screw fixation,the lateral angulation of the screw tract to the sagittal plane ranged from(10.8?2.10)? to(25.13?3.12)?,the posterior anguation to the coronal plane from(8.85?2.12)? to(26.96?3.09)?,the screw tract length was from(17.48?2.1) mm to(25.4?2.59)mm,the distance from medial part of C2 foramen to the middle of C2 body was(14.12?1.28)mm.[Conclusion]It is optimal for the anterior C1、2 transarticular screw fixation to place the anterior C1、2 transarticular screw with the length of 17 mm to 25 mm in lateral angulation ranged from 10? to 25? and the posterior angulation ranged from 9? to 27?.During the procedure,the dissecting distance from the middle of C2 to lateral should not exceed 14 mm.
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Objective To provide anatomical evidence for a safe osteotomy line and direction in periacetabular osteotomy.Methods The pelvic CT images of 18 adults were obtained.With the help of Mimics software,three-dimensional CT reconstruction was performed,and periacetabular osteotomy was simulated.The length of osteotomy lines on the ilium,ischium and iliac columna posterior was measured,and the relationship between osteotomy lines and anatomic landmarks was explored. Results The length of osteotomy lines on the ilium,ischium and iliac columna posterior was(50.96?7.09) mm,(36.46?5.92)mm and(55.28?6.42) mm,respectively.The angles between the osteotomy line on the ilium and that on the iliac columna posterior,between the osteotomy line on the ischium and that on the iliac columna posterior,and between the osteotomy line on the iliac columna posterior and quadrilateral surface were 120.21??5.96?,115.49??6.46? and 60.31??4.96?,respectively.And the real periacetabular osteotomy has been performed on the pelvic specimens for verification.The vertical distances between the ending point of osteotomy line on the ilium and iliopectineal line,between osteotomy line on the ischium and iliopectineal line,and between the osteotomy line on the iliac columna posterior and greater sciatic notch were(11.98?5.26) mm,(45.08?8.59) mm and(18.52?6.49) mm,respectively. Conclusion The length and angles of osteotomy lines in periacetabular osteotomy can be well measured by three-dimensional reconstruction,and the relationship between the osteotomy lines and anatomic landmarks can also be well displayed,which provides anatomical data for the clinical application of periacetabular osteotomy.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data for the anatomy of distal femur by real measurement, to determine the morphologic fit between the distal femur of Koreans and the femoral prostheses in total knee arthroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For 173 knees of 117 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty, we measured the mediolateral width and the anteroposterior height of the distal femur during operation. RESULTS: The average mediolateral width of the distal femur was 68.4+/-4.3 mm, and the average anteroposterior height of the medial and lateral condyle were 59.0+/-4.7 mm and 60.8+/-4.0 mm respectively. the distal femurs of Koreans are smaller on average than the femoral prostheses used in Korea. The average ratio of height to width of the distal femur is 0.86+/-0.07, but the ratios of the five different kinds of femoral prostheses were not constant. So discrepancy between the ratio of the distal femur and the femoral prosthesis results in poor bony coverage. CONCLUSION: A more adequate femoral prosthesis is required to improve the compatibility to the distal femur. These results should contribute to the development of new model of femoral prosthesis for Koreans.
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Humans , Arthroplasty , Femur , Knee , Korea , Prostheses and ImplantsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anatomy of the ulnar nerve according to the degree of elbow flexion and to obtain optimal elbow position for ulnar nerve conduction study. METHODS: Eleven elbows in nine cadavers were dissected. We estimated the 10 cm elbow segment to be the distance between 2 points, 4 cm distal and 6 cm proximal to the center of the cubital tunnel, which was determined to be the halfway point between the medial epicondyle and olecranon with elbow position in extension and 45o, 90o, 135o flexion. Anatomical measurements of the actual length of ulnar nerve, distance between medial epicondyle and ulnar nerve, and distance between medial epicondyle and olecranon were obtained in each position. The actual length of the ulnar nerve was measured between two points of the ulnar nerve closest to the landmarks of the estimated 10 cm with flexible ligature. RESULTS: The actual lengths of ulnar nerve were 10.23 cm, 10.00 cm, 9.44 cm, and 9.08 cm in elbow extension, and 45o, 90o, 135o flexion, respectively. The difference between actual length and estimated lengths were least in 45o elbow flexion (p=0.0001). The distance between medial epicondyle and olecranon increased with increasing elbow flexion (p=0.0001). However, there was no difference in the distance between medial epicondyle and ulnar regardless of the elbow position. As a result, the ulnar nerve seemed to have migrated anteriorly in the cubital tunnel with increasing elbow flexion. CONCLUSION: This study suggest that the optimal angle in ulnar nerve conduction study would be 45o flexion, under the condition that the distance measurement is through the halfway point between the medial epicondyle and olecranon.