Medical Ethics of Ancient Traditional Chinese Medicine and Its Contemporary Value from the Perspective of Pre-Qin Confucian Benevolence / 中国医学伦理学

Ancient traditional Chinese medical ethics thought is a value system with Pre-Qin Confucian benevolence thought as the core. Under the cultivation and regulations of Pre-Qin Confucian benevolence, such as "benevolent love", "taking life as morality" and "self-denial and ritual", ancient Chinese medicine gradually formed the medical ethics ideal of "helping the world and saving people", the medical ethics goal of "life is the most important" and emotion towards patient of "considering others in one’s own place". Learn from the past, cultivate the professional emotion of "saving people and helping the world" of medical staff through example education; using recessive education to guide both doctors and patients to respect their lives, thus creating a social atmosphere of mutual respect between doctors and patients, and advocating doctor-patient communication that apply oneself to others with the help of carrier education; the essence of ancient traditional Chinese medical ethics thought is integrated into the construction of contemporary medical ethics, so as to overcome the problem of medical ethics anomie that life is technicalized and medical services are materialized in today’s medical development, make contemporary medical ethics thought meet the needs of today’s medical development, make medical development return to benevolence and promote the healthy development of medicine.

Ethical Consideration of Chinese Ancient Disasters and Diseases: Centered on the Basic Principles of Public Health Ethics / 中国医学伦理学

The ethical problems in the prevention and control of public disasters and epidemics have attracted more and more attention. Briefly combed the disaster and epidemic events in ancient China. From the view of the several basic principles of public health ethics, this paper took four aspects of the distribution of medical and health resources for epidemic diseases, the isolation prevention and control, the skeleton convergence and the protection of public health conditions as examples, to dialectically treat the measures taken by ancient people to deal with disasters and epidemics and explore some enlightenment of public health ethics in ancient Chinese disasters and epidemics. The measures of epidemic prevention and disaster resistance in ancient China have their own formation and development process. Although the historical limitations are insurmountable, interpreting it by using the basic principles of public health ethics will help us understand the development process of epidemic prevention and control, promote the development of medical archaeology, and provide some reference for the construction of public health undertakings today.

Analysis of Ancient Literature and Modern Clinical Application of Tuoli Xiaodusan / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Tuoli Xiaodusan is the 65th formula in the Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas（First Batch）. In this study， the bibliometric method was used to summarize and verify the ancient books about Tuoli Xiaodusan in terms of its historical origin， composition and dosage of the formula， indications， decoction and administration method， and processing， etc. According to the research， there is no definite date of the formation of Tuoli Xiaodusan， the earliest can be traced back to Lizhai Waike Fahui in Ming dynasty， which has been widely circulated， with many versions of prescription composition， and the modern influential version is from Waike Zhengzong in Ming dynasty， which is made up of 12 Chinese herbs including Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma（3.73 g）， Chuanxiong Rhizoma（3.73 g）， Paeoniae Radix Alba（3.73 g）， Astragali Radix（3.73 g）， Angelicae Sinensis Radix（3.73 g）， Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma（3.73 g）， Poria（3.73 g）， Lonicerae Japonicae Flos（3.73 g）， Angelicae Dahuricae Radix（1.87 g）， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma（1.87 g）， Gleditsiae Spina（1.87 g）， Platycodonis Radix（1.87 g）. The herb origins almost follow the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， except that Angelica dahurica var. formosana is only recommended as the origin of Angelicae Dahuricae Radix， and Glycryyhiza uralensis is only recommended as the origin of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. All the herbs are recommended to be used in the raw products. As for the preparation method， it is recommended to decoct with water， add 400 mL of water， boil until 160 mL， and take 2-3 times a day. The formula has the functions of nourishing Qi and nourishing blood， detoxifying and draining pus， and was mainly used to treat ulcerative diseases with the syndrome of syndrome of healthy Qi deficiency and pathogenic factors excess in ancient times， and in modern times， it is used for a wide range of treatment， involving the skin and soft tissues， bones， digestion and many other systemic diseases， and is also mainly used for syndrome of healthy Qi deficiency and pathogenic factors excess. In this study， the ancient and modern applications of Tuoli Xiaodusan were summarized， and its key information was identified， providing a basis for its wider clinical application， in-depth research and formulation development.

Historia cultural sobre el conocimiento de higiene y lavado de manos en las mujeres nahuas del México Antiguo / História cultural sobre os conhecimentos de higiene e lavagem das mãos das mulheres Nahua no México Antigo / Cultural history on the knowledge of hygiene and hand washing in the Nahua women of Ancient Mexico

Introducción. El trabajo de cuidados ha sido el núcleo fundamental de análisis y objeto de estudio tradicional de la Enfermería. Las investigaciones que durante mucho tiempo se han realizado se han centrado mayoritariamente en la producción de cuidados desde la mirada cientificista y hegemónica de la ciencia una ciencia de la enfermería llena de conocimientos técnicos y mecánicos desde una visión parcial de estos, una visión eurocentrista y anglosajona con "valor" académico, dejando al margen los trabajos que se realizan fuera de estos ámbitos y que no están plagados de números y cosas "tangibles". Metodología. Se trata de una investigación histórico cultural, que pretende deconstruir y cristalizar el conocimiento femenino en torno a la higiene y al lavado de manos, por medio de la transdisciplinariedad, haciendo uso de la heurística y la hermenéutica analógica. Hallazgos. Las mujeres nahuas del México Antiguo, dice Clementina Battcock en el Seminario de Historia de las Mujeres en el México Antiguo (Battcock, 2018, 2021), que la historia de las mujeres en el México Antiguo es una historia acallada, "bajita", por lo cual las historiadoras e historiadores han ido construyendo un debate profundo sobre las aportaciones de las mujeres. A través de la heurística seguida se logró encontrar la valiosa recopilación de libros, hecha por Andrés de Olmos denominada "Huehuetlatolli", también denominados la "antigua palabra", gracias a estos escritos se sabe la forma de educación que brindaban mujeres y hombres sabios (tlamatini, mujeres u hombres que saben algo, que conocen las cosas) Discusión. La higiene en la sociedad náhuatl era un método de cuidado para la salud individual y colectiva. Estudiar estos fenómenos como sustento de la la historia del cuidado en la sociedad mexicana gracias al pueblo nahua, es una fuente de información que robustece el cuerpo histórico académico de la profesión de enfermería en México y Latinoamérica Conclusiones. La participación de las mujeres en la educación y en otros ámbitos ha tenido un realce inconmensurable, equiparable con el conocimiento hegemónico proveniente de Europa, las mujeres histórica y universalmente son quienes se han encargado de ilustrar y enseñar desde el seno del hogar las normas básicas de convivencia y civilidad, y aunque ha sido un papel de cierta forma impuesto, no se debe dejar de lado que el conocimiento empírico de todas estas mujeres es valioso y digno de darse a conocer

Introduction. The work of care has been the fundamental nucleus of analysis and traditional object of study of nursing. The research that has been carried out for a long time has focused mainly on the production of care from the scientificist and hegemonic viewpoint of science, a nursing science full of technical and mechanical knowledge from a partial view of this, a Eurocentric and Anglo-Saxon view with academic "value", leaving aside the work that is carried out outside these fields and which is not full of numbers and "tangible" things. Methodology. This is cultural-historical research, which aims to deconstruct and crystallize feminine knowledge around hygiene and hand washing, by means of transdisciplinarity, making use of heuristics and analogical hermeneutics. Findings. Nahua women in Ancient Mexico, says Clementina Battcock in the Seminar on the History of Women in Ancient Mexico (Battcock, 2018, 2021), that the history of women in Ancient Mexico is a silenced history, "bajita", for which historians and historians have been building a deep debate on the contributions of women. Through the heuristics followed, it was possible to find the valuable compilation of books, made by Andrés de Olmos called "Huehuetlatolli", also called the "ancient word", thanks to these writings we know the form of education provided by wise women and men (tlamatini, women or men who know something, who know things). Discussion. Hygiene in the Nahuatl society was a method of care for individual and collective health. Studying these phenomena as a support for the history of care in Mexican society thanks to the Nahua people, is a source of information that strengthens the academic historical body of the nursing profession in Mexico and Latin America. Conclusions. The participation of women in education and in other fields has had an immeasurable enhancement, comparable to the hegemonic knowledge coming from Europe, women historically and universally have been in charge of illustrating and teaching from the bosom of the home the basic rules of coexistence and civility, and although it has been a role somewhat imposed, it should not be left aside that the empirical knowledge of all these women is valuable and worthy of being made known

Introdução. O trabalho de cuidar tem sido o núcleo fundamental de análise e o objeto tradicional de estudo da enfermagem. A investigação que se realizou durante muito tempo centrou-se principalmente na produção de cuidados a partir da visão cientificista e hegemónica da ciência, uma ciência de enfermagem cheia de conhecimentos técnicos e mecânicos a partir de uma visão parcial desta, uma visão eurocêntrica e anglo-saxónica com "valor" académico, deixando de lado o trabalho que se realiza fora destes campos e que não está cheio de números e coisas "tangíveis". Metodologia. Trata-se de uma investigação histórico-cultural, que tem como objetivo desconstruir e cristalizar o conhecimento feminino sobre higiene e lavagem das mãos através da transdisciplinaridade, utilizando a heurística e a hermenêutica analógica. Conclusões. No Seminário de Clementina Battcock sobre a História das Mulheres no México Antigo (Battcock, 2018, 2021), Clementina Battcock afirma que a história das mulheres no México Antigo é uma história silenciada, "baixa", razão pela qual os historiadores têm vindo a construir um debate aprofundado sobre os contributos das mulheres. Através da heurística seguida, foi possível encontrar a valiosa compilação de livros escritos por Andrés de Olmos chamada "Huehuetlatolli", também chamada de "palavra antiga", graças a estes escritos conhecemos a forma de educação fornecida por mulheres e homens sábios (tlamatini, mulheres ou homens que sabem algo, que sabem coisas). Discussão. A higiene na sociedade Nahuatl era um método de cuidado da saúde individual e colectiva. O estudo destes fenómenos como base para a história dos cuidados na sociedade mexicana graças ao povo Nahua é uma fonte de informação que reforça o corpo académico histórico da profissão de enfermeiro no México e na América Latina. Conclusões. A participação das mulheres na educação e em outros campos teve uma importância incomensurável, comparável ao conhecimento hegemónico proveniente da Europa. Histórica e universalmente, as mulheres foram encarregadas de ilustrar e ensinar as regras básicas de convivência e civilidade a partir do seio do lar, e embora tenha sido um papel um tanto imposto, não se deve esquecer que o conhecimento empírico de todas essas mulheres é valioso e digno de ser divulgado

Historia cultural sobre el conocimiento de higiene y lavado de manos en las mujeres nahuas del México Antiguo / História cultural sobre os conhecimentos de higiene e lavagem das mãos das mulheres Nahua no México Antigo / Cultural history on the knowledge of hygiene and hand washing in the Nahua women of Ancient Mexico

Introducción. El trabajo de cuidados ha sido el núcleo fundamental de análisis y objeto de estudio tradicional de la Enfermería. Las investigaciones que durante mucho tiempo se han realizado se han centrado mayoritariamente en la producción de cuidados desde la mirada cientificista y hegemónica de la ciencia una ciencia de la enfermería llena de conocimientos técnicos y mecánicos desde una visión parcial de estos, una visión eurocentrista y anglosajona con "valor" académico, dejando al margen los trabajos que se realizan fuera de estos ámbitos y que no están plagados de números y cosas "tangibles". Metodología. Se trata de una investigación histórico cultural, que pretende deconstruir y cristalizar el conocimiento femenino en torno a la higiene y al lavado de manos, por medio de la transdisciplinariedad, haciendo uso de la heurística y la hermenéutica analógica. Hallazgos. Las mujeres nahuas del México Antiguo, dice Clementina Battcock en el Seminario de Historia de las Mujeres en el México Antiguo (Battcock, 2018, 2021), que la historia de las mujeres en el México Antiguo es una historia acallada, "bajita", por lo cual las historiadoras e historiadores han ido construyendo un debate profundo sobre las aportaciones de las mujeres. A través de la heurística seguida se logró encontrar la valiosa recopilación de libros, hecha por Andrés de Olmos denominada "Huehuetlatolli", también denominados la "antigua palabra", gracias a estos escritos se sabe la forma de educación que brindaban mujeres y hombres sabios (tlamatini, mujeres u hombres que saben algo, que conocen las cosas) Discusión. La higiene en la sociedad náhuatl era un método de cuidado para la salud individual y colectiva. Estudiar estos fenómenos como sustento de la la historia del cuidado en la sociedad mexicana gracias al pueblo nahua, es una fuente de información que robustece el cuerpo histórico académico de la profesión de enfermería en México y Latinoamérica Conclusiones. La participación de las mujeres en la educación y en otros ámbitos ha tenido un realce inconmensurable, equiparable con el conocimiento hegemónico proveniente de Europa, las mujeres histórica y universalmente son quienes se han encargado de ilustrar y enseñar desde el seno del hogar las normas básicas de convivencia y civilidad, y aunque ha sido un papel de cierta forma impuesto, no se debe dejar de lado que el conocimiento empírico de todas estas mujeres es valioso y digno de darse a conocer.

Introduction. The work of care has been the fundamental nucleus of analysis and traditional object of study of nursing. The research that has been carried out for a long time has focused mainly on the production of care from the scientificist and hegemonic viewpoint of science, a nursing science full of technical and mechanical knowledge from a partial view of this, a Eurocentric and Anglo-Saxon view with academic "value", leaving aside the work that is carried out outside these fields and which is not full of numbers and "tangible" things. Methodology. This is cultural-historical research, which aims to deconstruct and crystallize feminine knowledge around hygiene and hand washing, by means of transdisciplinarity, making use of heuristics and analogical hermeneutics. Findings. Nahua women in Ancient Mexico, says Clementina Battcock in the Seminar on the History of Women in Ancient Mexico (Battcock, 2018, 2021), that the history of women in Ancient Mexico is a silenced history, "bajita", for which historians and historians have been building a deep debate on the contributions of women. Through the heuristics followed, it was possible to find the valuable compilation of books, made by Andrés de Olmos called "Huehuetlatolli", also called the "ancient word", thanks to these writings we know the form of education provided by wise women and men (tlamatini, women or men who know something, who know things). Discussion. Hygiene in the Nahuatl society was a method of care for individual and collective health. Studying these phenomena as a support for the history of care in Mexican society thanks to the Nahua people, is a source of information that strengthens the academic historical body of the nursing profession in Mexico and Latin America. Conclusions. The participation of women in education and in other fields has had an immeasurable enhancement, comparable to the hegemonic knowledge coming from Europe, women historically and universally have been in charge of illustrating and teaching from the bosom of the home the basic rules of coexistence and civility, and although it has been a role somewhat imposed, it should not be left aside that the empirical knowledge of all these women is valuable and worthy of being made known.

Introdução. O trabalho de cuidar tem sido o núcleo fundamental de análise e o objeto tradicional de estudo da enfermagem. A investigação que se realizou durante muito tempo centrou-se principalmente na produção de cuidados a partir da visão cientificista e hegemónica da ciência, uma ciência de enfermagem cheia de conhecimentos técnicos e mecânicos a partir de uma visão parcial desta, uma visão eurocêntrica e anglo-saxónica com "valor" académico, deixando de lado o trabalho que se realiza fora destes campos e que não está cheio de números e coisas "tangíveis". Metodologia. Trata-se de uma investigação histórico-cultural, que tem como objetivo desconstruir e cristalizar o conhecimento feminino sobre higiene e lavagem das mãos através da transdisciplinaridade, utilizando a heurística e a hermenêutica analógica. Conclusões. No Seminário de Clementina Battcock sobre a História das Mulheres no México Antigo (Battcock, 2018, 2021), Clementina Battcock afirma que a história das mulheres no México Antigo é uma história silenciada, "baixa", razão pela qual os historiadores têm vindo a construir um debate aprofundado sobre os contributos das mulheres. Através da heurística seguida, foi possível encontrar a valiosa compilação de livros escritos por Andrés de Olmos chamada "Huehuetlatolli", também chamada de "palavra antiga", graças a estes escritos conhecemos a forma de educação fornecida por mulheres e homens sábios (tlamatini, mulheres ou homens que sabem algo, que sabem coisas). Discussão. A higiene na sociedade Nahuatl era um método de cuidado da saúde individual e colectiva. O estudo destes fenómenos como base para a história dos cuidados na sociedade mexicana graças ao povo Nahua é uma fonte de informação que reforça o corpo académico histórico da profissão de enfermeiro no México e na América Latina. Conclusões. A participação das mulheres na educação e em outros campos teve uma importância incomensurável, comparável ao conhecimento hegemónico proveniente da Europa. Histórica e universalmente, as mulheres foram encarregadas de ilustrar e ensinar as regras básicas de convivência e civilidade a partir do seio do lar, e embora tenha sido um papel um tanto imposto, não se deve esquecer que o conhecimento empírico de todas essas mulheres é valioso e digno de ser divulgado.

A BIRD'S EYE VIEW ON ANCIENT ADMINISTRATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDIA

The Indian Criminal Justice System as we know today isn't a modern development. It finds its origin from ancient times. There exited unique methods to deal with the criminals, with each state having its own different and unique mode of punishment and justice. The Judicial framework manages the organization of the laws through the organization of the courts. The framework gives the apparatus to the settling of the questions because of which the wronged Party moves toward the courts. Nothing annoys in the human heart more than an agonizing feeling of bad form. No general public can permit a circumstance to develop where the impression prevails of there being no change for complaints.

Application characteristics of Qugu (CV 2) in ancient and modern literature / 中国针灸

To summarize and analyze the clinical application characteristics of Qugu (CV 2) in ancient and modern literature based on data mining technology. The Chinese Medical Code (the 5th edition) was taken as the retrieval source of ancient literature, while the CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases were taken as the retrieval source of modern literature. The indications of Qugu (CV 2) used alone or with compatible acupoints, compatible acupoints, acupuncture-moxibustion manipulation, etc., were systematically sorted out. As a result, a total of 140 articles of ancient literature were included. The common indications of Qugu (CV 2) used alone were urinary retention, profuse vaginal discharge and hernia. The common indications of Qugu (CV 2) used with compatible acupoints were profuse vaginal discharge, stranguria and hernia. Sixty-four acupoints were concurrently used with Qugu (CV 2), Qugu (CV 2) was mainly compatible with acupoints of conception vessel, bladder meridian and liver meridian, and the high-frequency acupoints included Zhongji (CV 3), Guanyuan (CV 4) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6); five-shu points were the most used special acupoints, and moxibustion therapy was often used. A total of 73 modern articles were included. The common indications of Qugu (CV 2) used alone were urinary retention, erectile dysfunction and chronic prostatitis; the common indications of Qugu (CV 2) used with compatible scupoints were urinary retention, erectile dysfunction and prostatic hyperplasia. Thirty-six acupoints were concurrently used with Qugu (CV 2), Qugu (CV 2) was mainly compatible with acupoints of conception vessel, kidney meridian and spleen meridian, and the high-frequency acupoints included Zhongji (CV 3), Guanyuan (CV 4) and Zusanli (ST 36); front-mu points were the most used special acupoints, and acupuncture therapy was often used. Qugu (CV 2) treats a wide range of diseases in ancient times, the distant treatment effectiveness of acupoints is emphasized; and it mainly treats local diseases in modern times, the nearby treatment effectiveness of acupoints is emphasized.

Historical Evolution and Modern Clinical Application of Classic Formula Wuyaotang / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The classic formula Wuyaotang is the 49th of the 100 formulas in the Catalogue of Ancient Classic Prescriptions (First Batch) issued by the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and is from the Secrets from the Orchid Chamber (《兰室秘藏》) by LI Dongyuan of the Jin Dynasty. It is composed of Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Aucklandiae Radix, Linderae Radix, and Cyperi Rhizoma, and has the effect of moving Qi, regulating meridians, and relieving pain. It is mainly indicated for Qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome. Based on the ancient books on Wuyaotang, this study systematically reviewed the formula source, composition, dosage, preparation, usage, functions, indications, preparation principle, drug processing, modification, etc. of Wuyaotang with the bibliometrics method, explored its historical evolution, and determined the key information. Statistical analysis of its modern literature shows that there are few studies of the original formula of Wuyaotang, and the clinical studies mainly focus on modified Wuyaotang. It has a wide range of treatment scope and can be used for the treatment of dysmenorrhea, delayed menstrual cycle, hypomenorrhea, and menstrual fever, as well as ulcerative colitis, spleen distortion, sciatica, child intestinal spasm, and other internal, surgical, gynecological, and pediatric diseases. The pathogenesis in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is Qi stagnation. Through the analysis and research on ancient books and modern literature recording Wuyaotang, this study is expected to provide a scientific basis for the clinical application, in-depth research, and development of the classic formula Wuyaotang.

Historical Evolution and Herbal Textual Research of Jupi Zhurutang / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Jupi Zhurutang originated from Synopsis of the Golden Chamber （《金匮要略》）， which consists of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae， Caulis Bambusae in Taenia， Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma， Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens， Jujubae Fructus， and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and is used to treat retching. It has been put on the list of Catalogue of Ancient Classical Prescription （First Batch） released by National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. With the bibliometric method， we searched the medical classics containing Jupi Zhurutang and systematically examined the information on the origin of the prescription， the indications， compatibility rule， medicinals in the prescription， dosage and usage， processing method， and decocting method. It was found that there are many versions of Jupi Zhurutang， and there are common grounds of main symptoms， pathogenesis， composition and dosage between the same prescription with different names and different prescriptions with the same name. The prescription which is closest to the original version in Synopsis of the Golden Chamber is mainly used for the treatment of stomach deficiency and qi counterflow without obvious cold or heat. According to the weights and measures， ratio of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae， Caulis Bambusae in Taenia， Radix Ginseng， Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens， and Radix Ginseng in Synopsis of the Golden Chamber is approximately 6∶2∶8∶5∶1. The Jupi Zhurutang derived from other ancient classics such as Yanshi Jisheng Fang（《严氏济生方》） is a different prescription for hiccups caused by the stomach heat， and the ratio of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae to Caulis Bambusae in Taenia in this prescription is about 1∶1. It is also found that cold herbs such as Red Poria， Eriobotryae Folium and Ophiopogon Japonicus are added to the formula in later generations. Therefore， the Jupi Zhurutang used in modern times is mostly modified and different from that in Synopsis of the Golden Chamber. This study summarizes the historical evolution of Jupi Zhurutang and identifies the key information， with a view to providing a reference for the rational modification of this prescription in clinical settings and further research.

Analysis on the Narrative Ability of Ancient Famous Doctors in China from the Perspective of Narrative Medicine / 中国医学伦理学

Narrative medicine emphasizes paying attention to patients, and aims to improve doctors’ empathy for patients and their ability to reflect on their own medical behaviors by cultivating their narrative abilities of understanding, explanation, and feedback. Traditional Chinese medicine has always focused on people-oriented, syndrome differentiation and treatment, and focused on the physical and mental dual health of individuals. The medical humanistic spirit embodied by the two naturally coincides. From the perspective of narrative medicine, the ancient famous doctors in China have demonstrated their superb narrative ability of listening, communication, and reflection, which are valuable resources for narrative medicine and have important value and significance for enriching and developing narrative medicine.

Historical Evolution and Textual Research on Classic Prescription Danggui Buxuetang / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Danggui Buxuetang， derived from Clarifying Doubts about Damage from Internal and External Causes （Volume 2）： Treatise on Heat Injury to Stomach Qi（《内外伤辨惑论卷中·暑伤胃气论》） by LI Dongyuan in the Jin and Yuan dynasties， is a classic and famous formula for tonifying qi and generating blood that has been inherited and promoted by successive generations of medical practitioners and has been included in the "Catalogue of Ancient Classical Prescriptions （First Batch）" published by the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 2018. The paper analyzed the historical origin， composition， dosage， processing， preparation， decocting， and taking methods， efficacy， and application of the classic formula Danggui Buxuetang by consulting ancient and modern literature and combining the key information examination principles of ancient classic prescriptions. A total of 604 pieces of information on relevant ancient literature were collected， including 186 ancient Chinese medical books， of which 40 （five in the Jin and Yuan dynasties， 19 in the Ming Dynasty， and 16 in the Qing Dynasty） had detailed records of composition， processing， and dosage. Danggui Buxuetang is mainly comprised of Astragali Radix and Angelicae Sinensis Radix. According to the ancient and modern dose conversion， there are 37.3-38.1 g of Astragali Radix and 7.5-7.6 g of Angelicae Sinensis Radix in the formula. Astragali Radix is preferably fried with honey and Angelicae Sinensis Radix with wine. Astragali Radix and Angelicae Sinensis Radix are decocted with 600 mL of water to 300 mL， and taken warm before meals. The main effect of this formula are described in ancient books as blood deficiency and fever， with symptoms of muscle fever， dryness and heat， irritability and thirst， red eyes and face， sleeplessness in daytime and night， and surging and feeble pulse which is weak under hard pressing， and it is a famous formula for replenishing qi and generating blood. Modern research shows that Danggui Buxuetang is commonly used in the treatment of various kinds of anemia， diabetic nephropathy， tumors， and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The above research results can provide a reference for the subsequent development and research on the classic formula Danggui Buxuetang.

Constituent elements and characteristics of ancient acupuncture and moxibustion prescriptions: taking migraine and headache as an example / 中国针灸

The basic constituent elements of ancient acupuncture prescriptions and moxibustion prescriptions for migraine and headache are extracted and summarized. The frequency and proportion of each element are counted and its characteristics are analyzed. The basic constituent elements of ancient acupuncture and moxibustion prescriptions includes five aspects: disease symptoms (main symptoms, concurrent symptoms, etiology and pathogenesis), disease type, acupuncture and moxibustion site (acupoint name, site name, meridian name), manipulation method (acupuncture method, reinforcing and reducing method, blood pricking method, moxibustion method) and curative effect. Acupuncture and moxibustion prescriptions are essential for recording the disease symptoms, while the acupuncture and moxibustion site and manipulation methods are the two core elements of ancient acupuncture and moxibustion prescriptions, which are also the premise to ensure that acupuncture and moxibustion prescriptions have good reference value.

Preliminary Discussion on Post-marketing Comprehensive Evaluation Indicator System of Ancient Famous Classical Formula Preparations / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The construction of the comprehensive evaluation index system of the famous classical formula preparations after the marketing has both theoretical and practical significance. In this study， literature related to the post-marketing comprehensive evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） compound preparations was retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI）， China Science and Technology Journal Database（VIP）， Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform（WanFang） and SinoMed from January 1， 2000 to April 30， 2022. CiteSpace 6.1.R2， a scientometrics software， was used to visualize the keywords involved， and to analyze the dynamic evolution trend and research hotspots in this field. Then， the existing comprehensive post-marketing evaluation index system of TCM compound preparations was screened and extracted， and the research status was systematically analyzed by mathematical statistics. It was found that there were problems such as the generalized boundaries between assessment dimensions and assessment elements， the lack of data sources for individual evaluation indexes， unset weight of some index system and insufficient application degree. In addition， according to the characteristics of famous classical formulas， the authors discuss the importance of evidence evaluation based on combination of disease and syndrome， pharmacovigilance of famous classical formulas preparations， and whole-process quality control of famous classical formulas， and put forward the construction strategy of comprehensive post-marketing evaluation of the famous classical formula preparations， which is oriented by clinical value， centered on evidence evaluation， and guaranteed by the whole-process quality control.

Historical Evolution and Clinical Application of Famous Classical Formulas Zhulingtang / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The classic formula Zhulingtang, derived from the medical work Treatise on Cold Damage (《伤寒论》) compiled by ZHANG Zhongjing, a medical sage in the Eastern Han Dynasty, has been included in the Catalogue of Ancient Classic Formulas (First Batch) published by the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 2018. Using the method of textual research, this study systematically reviewed ancient and modern literature to conduct a historical and textual analysis of Zhulingtang, including its origin, composition, dosage, processing, decoction methods, efficacy, and applications. A total of 733 pieces of relevant information related to Zhulingtang were collected, involving 206 ancient Chinese medical texts, with 52 of them providing detailed records of the composition, dosage, processing, and efficacy of Zhulingtang. The results of the analysis showed that Zhulingtang was composed of Polyporus, Poria, Alismatis Rhizoma, Asini Corii Colla, and Talcum. Polyporus and Poria should be used without their peels, Asini Corii Colla should be stir-fried with clam powder, and Talcum should be ground into powder or soaked in water. Based on the conversion of ancient and modern dosages, Polyporus, Poria, Alismatis Rhizoma, and Talcum, 15.63 g for each one, were decocted with 800 mL of water to 400 mL. Then the drug residue was removed, and 15.63 g of Asini Corii Colla was added to the drug juice for melting by heating. The decoction should be taken warm, 140 mL each time, three times a day. Zhulingtang has the effects of promoting diuresis, nourishing yin, and clearing heat, and it is mainly used to treat water-heat combination syndrome, characterized by symptoms such as difficult urination, fever, and thirst. Modern research indicates that Zhulingtang is commonly used to treat diseases such as cirrhotic ascites, chronic glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, diarrhea, and urinary tract infections. This study provides key information about the famous formula Zhulingtang, which can serve as a reference for further development and research on its application.

Correlation Analysis Between Material Basis and Color Characteristics of Polygoni Multiflori Radix Decoction Pieces During Ancient Classical Nine-time Repeating Steaming and Sun-drying Processing / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo analyze the dynamic changes of the main chemical components and color characteristics of Polygoni Multiflori Radix（PMR） during the process of ancient classical nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying， and to explore the correlation between the changes. MethodHigh performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） was used to determine the contents of gallic acid， stilbene glycoside， emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside， physcion-8-O-β-D-glucoside， emodin and physcion in PMR during the process of nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying， and electronic eye technology was used to objectively characterize the color of PMR during the process. Partial least squares（PLS） was used to analyze the correlation between the content of main components and the color characteristics. ResultDuring the nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying process of PMR， the content of gallic acid gradually increased with the increase of steaming and sun-drying times， and the contents of other components showed fluctuating changes， with an overall decreasing trend in the contents of stilbene glycoside， emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside and physcion-8-O-β-D-glucoside， and an overall increasing trend in the contents of emodin and physcion. The results of electronic eye analysis showed that the color of PMR became dark， red and blue in the process of nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis（HCA） and principal component analysis（PCA） of the contents of six main components and the colors showed that the samples steamed and sun-dried for one to four times could be grouped into one category， the other five categories of samples could be grouped into another category. Gallic acid and stilbene glycoside were significantly correlated with the color indexes of PMR during the process of nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying. ConclusionThe general changes of material basis and color characteristics of PMR during the process of ancient classical nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying have certain rules， and the establishment of the correlation model between color and index components can realize the judgment and quality evaluation of processing degree of PMR decoction pieces.

Functions of Scutellariae Radix， Coptidis Rhizoma， and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex in Materia Medica and Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Scutellariae Radix， Coptidis Rhizoma， and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex are three commonly used Chinese herbal medicines， and their application in classic famous prescriptions cannot be fully explained by the triple energizer classification method. This study reviewed the ancient materia medica works and elaborated on the functions of the three herbal medicines before the Song dynasty and after the Jin dynasty. The works before the Song dynasty mainly introduced the diseases treated by the three herbal medicines according to the Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica（《神农本草经》）， and the works after the Jin dynasty mainly expounded the indications of the three medicines in the Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica according to the new medical theory. Although all the three herbal medicines can treat heat syndrome， digestive system diseases， skin and mucosa diseases， they act on different targets. Scutellariae Radix can regulate Qi stagnation and reverse caused by the fire syndrome. Coptidis Rhizoma can treat excess fire and purulent bloody stool caused by the deficiency of Zang-fu organs. Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex mainly treats the diseases of the intestine and reproductive system and can kill parasites. In addition， this paper summarized the descriptions about the functions of Scutellariae Radix in eliminating blood blockage， Coptidis Rhizoma in protecting the intestine， and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex in clearing the liver in ancient books. According to the sentences in the Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases（《伤寒杂病论》）， the application of Scutellariae Radix in Chaihu prescriptions， Coptidis Rhizoma in Baitouweng Decoction， and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex in Zhizi Baipi Decoction confirms to the indications of the three medicines in the materia medica works before the Song Dynasty. The existing clinical and pharmacological research results confirm the indications of the three herbal medicines in the ancient works. The clinical application of the three medicines should refer to the materia medicia works before the Song dynasty， so as to achieve precise medication.

Study on medication rule of TCM fumigation and washing in promoting the postoperative healing of hemorrhoids / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To analyze the medication law of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) fumigation and washing to promote postoperative healing of hemorrhoids by data mining technology.Methods:The clinical literature about TCM fumigation and washing to promote postoperative healing of hemorrhoids was retrieved from the databases of CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed from the establishment of the databases to March 10, 2022. The frequency efficacy attributes, core medicinal pairs and core prescriptions of TCM were analyzed by using the Ancient and Modern Medical Records Cloud Platform (V2.3.5).Results:A total of 299 articles were included, involving 200 kinds of Chinese materia medica. The drugs used at high frequency ≥40 were Sophorae Flavescentis Radix, Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex, Natrii Sulfas, Galla Chinensis and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and so on. The main efficacy was to clear heat and reduce dampness; cold, warm and slightly cold were the main medicinal properties, and the tastes were mainly bitter, pungent, sweet and sour, and most of the drugs return to the liver meridian, stomach meridian, heart meridian, large intestine meridian and so on. A total of 22 rules were obtained by correlation analysis. Five groups of drugs were obtained by clustering analysis. The core prescription drugs obtained by complex network analysis included Sophorae Flavescentis Radix, Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex, Natrii Sulfas, Galla Chinensis, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Taraxaci Herba, Borneolum Syntheticum, Sanguisorbae Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma, Carthami Flos, Scutellariae Radix, Olibanum, Myrrha, and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. Conclusion:TCM fumigation and washing can promote the postoperative healing of hemorrhoids mainly by clearing heat and reducing dampness and detoxification, as well as promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, reducing swelling and relieving pain, restraining sore and generating muscle.

Discussion on medication law of Shao Nianfang in the treatment of kidney deficiency and bone marrow loss in senile dementia based on ancient and modern medical case cloud platform / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To discuss the medication law in prescriptions of Professor Shao Nianfang in the treatment of kidney deficiency and bone marrow loss in senile dementia based on data mining.Methods:Medical cases of kidney deficiency and bone marrow loss in senile dementia in the Geriatric Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from 1st Jan. 2014 to 31st Oct, 2019 were collected. Through hospital electronic medical records system prescription statistics, using ancient and modern medical case cloud platform (V1.2.4), medication frequency, property ans taste, efficacy analysis, correlation rule analysis, clustering analysis and complex network analysis were performed.Results:Totally 110 cases were included in medical cases, involving 238 kinds of Chinese materia medica. The top 10 Chinese materia medica with use frequency were Poria, Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma, Corni Fructus, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata, Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus, Rehmanniae Radix, Astragali Radix, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma; the properties were mainly mild, warm slight cold, and cold; the tastes were mainly sweet, bitter, pungent, and light; the meridians were mainly spleen, liver, lung and kidney meridians; the efficacy was clearing dampness and promoting diuresis, clearing heat and promoting blood circulation, calming mind, clearing heat and detoxification, reducing dampness and promote appetizing, tonifying spleen; the association analysis found 15 groups of drug combinations used more than 25 times, they were: Corni Fructus and Poria, Corni Fructus and Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Dioscoreae Rhizoma and Corni Fructus, Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata and Corni Fructus, Dioscoreae Rhizoma and Poria, Astragali Radix and Poria, Alismatis Rhizoma and Poria, Moutan Cortex and Poria, Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata and Poria, Rehmanniae Radix and Poria, Polygalae Radix and Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma, Moutan Cortex and Corni Fructus, Moutan Cortex and Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Alismatis Rhizoma and Corni Fructus, Alismatis Rhizoma and Dioscoreae Rhizoma; clustering analysis identified four groups of new prescriptions, the first group: Poria, Rehmanniae Radix, Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata, Alismatis Rhizoma, Moutan Cortex, Corni Fructus, Dioscoreae Rhizoma; the second group: Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma, Cistanches Herba, Morindae Officinalis Radix; the third group: Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata Cum Melle; the fourth group: Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Codonopsis Radix, Astragali Radix, Angelicae Sinensis Radix; the results of complex network analysis showed that the core prescription was modified Liuwei Dihuang Pills. Conclusion:This study found that in view of kidney deficiency and bone marrow loss in senile dementia, Professor Shao pays attention to strengthening the healthy qi, and focuses on tonifying deficiency, taking into account the methods of clearing dampness, clearing heat, detoxification, removing blood stasis and restoring consciousness. The four new prescriptions found in the study can provide a reference for modified medication for syndrome differentiation.

Research on the rules of Traditional Chinese Medicine prescriptions of gastroesophageal reflux disease based on Ancient and Modern Medical Records Cloud Platform / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To explore the rules of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) prescriptions of gastroesophageal reflux disease based on Ancient and Modern Medical Records Cloud Platform.Method:The relevant medical cases from ancient medical case database, modern medical case database, shared medical case database and famous doctors' medical case database in Ancient and Modern Medical Records Cloud Platform (V2.3.8) were selected, and frequency analysis, attribute analysis, association analysis, cluster analysis and complex network analysis were performed on the herbs.Results:A total of 107 medical records were obtained, including 225 TCMs. The core medicines were Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Rhizoma Coptidis, Poria, and Fructus Evodiae. The drug property was mainly cold and warm, and the herbal tastes bitter and pungent. The meridian tropism of drugs mainly manifested in the spleen and stomach meridians. The core herbal pairs were Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae. The core prescription consisted of 17 herbs including Radix Glycyrrhizae, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Rhizoma Coptidis, Fructus Evodiae, Poria, Endoconcha Sepiae, Herba Taraxaci, Fructus Aurantii, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Radix Bupleuri, Jiang Banxia, Rhizoma Cyperi, Radix Aucklandiae, Caulis Bambusae In Taenia, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus, Fructus Amomi, and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae. Conclusions:Chinese medicine treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease is mainly based on Chaihu Shugan Powder, Zuojin Pill, and Wendan Decoction. Moreover, we need to combine with clinical symptoms to add or subtract herbs.

Analysis on the medication rules of Pu Ji Fang for treating acne externally based on data mining / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To analyze the medication rules in the ancient book Pu Ji Fang for the external treatment of acne based on data mining method. Methods:By screening out the methods of treating acne externally in Pu Ji Fang and establishing a standardized medical record database, this paper adopted the web version of Ancient and Modern Medical Record Cloud Platform to calculate the frequency, properties, flavors, and meridians of those medicines, and conduct cluster analysis by using IBM SPSS Modeler 18.0 software to analyze the association rules. Results:A total of 87 prescriptions were selected, including 164 kinds of Chinese materia medica, among which. Radix Angelicae, Ligusticum Wallichii, Rhizoma Typhoni and lead powder are frequently appeared. The properties of those medicines are mainly warm, cold and mild; the flavors of those medicines are mainly spicy, acrid, sweet and bitter, and the meridians mainly belongs to lung, spleen, stomach and liver meridians. The medical pair and group with the strongest associationion are Ligusticum Wallichii- Radix Angelicae and Rhizoma Typhonii- Radix Angelicae- Ligusticum Wallichii. Those freuently appeared medicines could be grouped into three categories. The paste dosage that was frequently appeared has strong correlation with tallow, mercury and lead powder, while the powder dosage that was frequenctly appeared has strong correlation with Angelica Dahurica, Radix Saponicae, Gleditsia sinensis, Radices Ligustici Sinensis and Ligusticum Wallichii. Conclusions:The application of data mining method could preliminarily reveal the medication rules of Pu Ji Fang for the external treatment of acne. The main treatment method is XinSanFaYue. The three categories of Chinese materia medica are used to treat the syndrome of asthenic habitus attacked by exogenous pathogenic factors, exterior attacked by wind heat and hot blood stasis respectively, showing the rules of treating acne externally before Ming Dynasty and providing references for the clinical treatment of acne.