Investigation of anemia prevalence in 10 674 children in Bincheng District, Binzhou City / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To analyze the prevalence of anemia in preschool children in Bincheng District of Binzhou city and its influencing factors, so as to provide reference for formulating new measures to prevent anemia in children. 【Methods】 The health examination results of 10 674 children aged 3~6 from multiple kindergartens in Bincheng District in 2020 were collected, and anemia prevalence was investigated by analyzing the blood routine indicators. 【Results】 The incidence of anemia in 10 674 children was 1.95%, with 1.86%(100/5 375)in boys and 2.04%(108/5 299)in girls(P>0.05), with 3.06%(44/1 439)vs 2.93%(43/1 468), 1.79%(37/2 071)vs 2.04%(43/2 107)and 1.02%(19/1 865)vs1.28%(22/1 724)in boys and girls aged 3, 4 and 5, respectively. No significant difference was noticed in anemia incidence between boys and girls in each age group(P>0.05), while significant difference laid between boys and girls among different age groups(P<0.05). The degree of anemia was mainly mild in both boys and girls, accounting for 98.6%(205/208)of the total anemia. The median Hb of preschool children in Bincheng District was 125 g/L(boys 125 g/L vs girls 124 g/L). The median Hb of 5-year-old boys was 126 g/ L, which was higher than 125 g/L of 5-year-old girls. The Hb values of boys and girls were different by age groups, with statistical significance(P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 The anemia prevalence in children in Bincheng District decreased gradually with the increase of age. The general survey of anemia in children with younger age is an important step for early detection and early intervention.

Effect of directly observed oral iron supplementation during pregnancy on iron status in a rural population in Haryana: A randomized controlled trial

Background: In India, more than half of the pregnant women suffer from anemia. Low compliance to iron supplementation is one of the important reasons. Objectives: The objective of the study is to estimate the reduction in the prevalence of anemia, improvement in iron status, and to compare the compliance to oral iron supplementation during pregnancy between directly observed iron-folic acid (IFA) supplementation group and control group. Methods: This was a community-based open labeled parallel block-randomized controlled trial including 400 pregnant women in a rural setting of north India. In the intervention group, the first dose of IFA every week was supervised by ASHA and women were instructed to take the remaining tablets during the week as per the prescription. In control group, IFA tablets were supplemented without direct supervision. Results: After 100 days of IFA supplementation, the reduction in anemia in the intervention group was 6% higher as compared to control group (P = 0.219). The increase in the mean hemoglobin level over and above control group was 0.52 g/dl in intervention group (P < 0.001). However, the mean increase in serum ferritin level in the intervention group was similar to the control group. The mean percentage compliance in the intervention group was almost 9% higher than that of control group (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Directly supervised oral iron (IFA) supplementation improves compliance to oral iron (IFA) supplementation and also improves hemoglobin status among pregnant women. However, the mean increase in serum ferritin and reduction in the prevalence of anemia in the intervention group were not higher than the control group.

Fatores associados à anemia em adolescentes escolares do sexo feminino / Factores asociados con la anemia en adolescentes escolares / Factors associated with anemia in female school adolescents

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a prevalência da anemia em meninas adolescentes do município de Vespasiano, Minas Gerais, e sua associação com variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e biológicas. Foram avaliadas 736 meninas adolescentes na faixa etária de 11 a 16 anos de idade, matriculadas em 8 escolas do ensino fundamental entre fevereiro e março de 2012. A hemoglobina sanguínea foi determinada por punção digital, pelo método da cianometahemoglobina. Também foi aplicado um questionário às meninas escolares para a obtenção de variáveis biológicas, socioeconômicas e demográficas. Considerou-se anemia a concentração de hemoglobina<12,0 g/dL, segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde. Foram consideradas significativas as diferenças cujo teste associado tivesse p<0,05. A prevalência de anemia na população estudada foi de 7,3%. A idade média e desvio padrão foram 12,9±1,1 anos. As meninas escolares de 14 a 16 anos completos tiveram 1,8 vezes mais chance de serem anêmicas do que suas colegas da faixa etária inferior (p<0,047). Houve associação significativa entre anemia e número de pessoas no domicílio (p<0,001). Esses resultados demonstram que a anemia neste grupo é um leve problema de saúde pública, o que não descarta a necessidade de instituição de mecanismos de vigilância alimentar e nutricional, permitindo uma intervenção precoce no problema e reduzindo o impacto negativo da anemia em meninas escolares.

The objective of this study was to evaluate anemia prevalence in young adolescent girls and their association with socio-economic, demographic and biological variables in the city of Vespasiano, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Adolescent girls (n=736) between 11 and 16 years of age, enrolled in eight elementary schools, were evaluated for anemia between February and March, 2012. Hemoglobin level was assessed on site by fingerprick blood samples using the cyanmethemoglobin method. Additionally, the adolescent girls were asked to respond to a socio-economic, biological and demographic questionnaire. Anemia was defined as a hemoglobin level<12.0 g/dL, according to the World Health Organization. The adopted significance level was 0.05. Prevalence of anemia observed in the adolescent girl population was 7.3%. Mean age and standard deviation were 12.9±1.1. Adolescent girls aged 14 to 16 years were 1.8 times more anemic than their younger classmates (p<0.047). There was a positive association between anemia and the number of family members living at home (p<0.001). The results demonstrated low anemia prevalence in the young adolescent girl population enrolled in public schools. The implementation of mechanisms for ongoing food and nutrition surveillance is highly recommended in this vulnerable group as part of an ongoing anemia control and prevention program.

El objetivo fue evaluar la prevalencia de anemia en las adolescentes y su asociación con variables socioeconómicas, demográficas y biológicas en la ciudad de Vespasiano, Minas Gerais, Brasil. En adolescentes (n=736) entre 11 y 16 años, matriculadas en escuelas primarias, se evaluó la anemia entre febrero y marzo de 2012. La hemoglobina fue evaluada por punción digital en muestras de sangre utilizando el método cianometahemoglobina. Además, a las adolescentes se les pidió responder al cuestionario socioeconómico, biológico y demográfico. La anemia es una concentración de hemoglobina<12,0 g/dL, según la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El nivel de significación fue 0,05. La anemia en las chicas fue del 7,3%. La edad media fue de 12,9. Las adolescentes de entre 14 y 16 años eran 1,8 veces más anémicas que sus compañeras más jóvenes (p<0,047). Se observó una asociación positiva entre la anemia y el número de miembros de la familia (p<0,001). La prevalencia de anemia en las adolescentes fue baja. La implementación de mecanismos para la alimentación continua y vigilancia de la nutrición es recomendable en este grupo como control de la anemia en curso y programa de prevención.

Hemoglobin measured by Hemocue and a reference method in venous and capillary blood: a validation study

Objective. To assess the comparability of hemoglobin concentration (Hb) in venous and capillary blood measured by Hemocue and an automated spectrophotometer (Celldyn) and to document the influence of type of blood (capillary or venous) and analysis method on anemia prevalence estimates. Material and Methods. Between February and May 2000, capillary and venous samples were collected from 72 adults and children at Hospital del Niño Morelense (Morelos State Children's Hospital) in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, and assessed for Hb using the Hemocue and Celldyn methods. Estimated Hb levels were compared using the concordance correlation coefficient and Student's t test for paired data. The sensitivity and specificity for anemia diagnosis were estimated and compared between type of blood and method of assessment. Results. Capillary blood had higher Hb (+0.5g/dl) than venous blood in adults and children, as did samples assessed by Celldyn compared to Hemocue (+0.3g/dl). Specificity to detect anemia was adequate (>0.90) but sensitivity was low for capillary blood assessed by Hemocue (<0.80). Conclusions. The difference in Hb between venous and capillary blood is likely related to biological variability. Hemoglobin concentration in capillary blood assessed by Hemocue provides an adequate estimation of population anemia prevalence but may result in excess false negative diagnoses among individuals. The results of this study stress the importance of sample collection technique, particularly for children. Method of analysis and sampling site need to be taken into consideration in field studies.

Objetivo. Evaluar la comparabilidad de la concentración de hemoglobina (Hb) en sangre venosa y capilar medida por Hemocue y por espectrofotómetro automatizado (Celldyn), así como documentar la influencia del tipo de sangre (capilar o venosa) y del método de análisis sobre la prevalencia de anemia. Material y métodos. De febrero a mayo de 2000, se recolectaron muestras de sangre capilar y venosa en 72 adultos y niños en el Hospital del Niño Morelense, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. Se determinaron los niveles de Hb con los métodos Hemocue y Celldyn. Las cifras de Hb estimadas se compararon con el coeficiente de concordancia y la prueba pareada de t de Student. También se comparó la sensibilidad y especificidad para el diagnóstico de anemia, utilizando sangre de los dos tipos y métodos de análisis. Resultados. La Hb fue mayor en sangre capilar comparada con sangre venosa (+0.5g/dl) en adultos y niños, y en las determinaciones por Celldyn comparadas con las de Hemocue (+0.3 g/dl). La especificidad para el diagnóstico de anemia fue adecuada (>0.90), mientras que la sensibilidad fue baja para las muestras capilares medidas por Hemocue (<0.80). Conclusiones. Es probable que la diferencia en la Hb entre sangre venosa y capilar refleje variabilidad biológica. La Hb en sangre capilar medida por Hemocue provee una estimación adecuada de la prevalencia de anemia en poblaciones, pero podría resultar en un exceso de diagnósticos falsos negativos. Los resultados de este estudio ponen énfasis en la importancia de la técnica de recolección de la muestra, particularmente en niños. Los métodos de análisis y tipos de muestra de sangre deben ser tomados en cuenta en estudios de campo.