Nova análise das vias aéreas superiores através de radiografias Panorâmicas: correlacionando seus locais de estreitamento, fluxo respiratório e de dor Orofacial / New analysis of upper airways using Panoramic radiographies, correlating narrowing sites, respiratory airflow and orofacial pain

A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar se radiografias panorâmicas de boca fechada podem ser usadas para observação dos tecidos moles e resistência do fluxo aéreo nas vias aéreas (VA), principalmente da faringe (naso, velo, oro e hipofaringe). Para averiguação do potencial obstrutivo das vias aéreas foram estudados 65 indivíduos adultos (54 do gênero feminino e 11 do gênero masculino), 45 com dores orofaciais e 20 assintomáticos. Estabeleceram-se parâmetros através de uma nova análise radiográfica para avaliação da presença de estruturas de tecido mole potencialmente obstrutoras do fluxo respiratório. Investigou-se a influência que a dor orofacial poderia exercer no fluxo aéreo destas vias respiratórias da cavidade nasal até a entrada dos pulmões. Estes parâmetros foram correlacionados à presença e localização de obstruções de vias aéreas (VA), através da técnica de oscilometria, mensurando diferenças do fluxo aéreo durante o repouso por via nasal e bucal. Secundariamente averiguou-se a possibilidade do uso das radiografias panorâmicas para a determinação da classificação de Angle dos pacientes determinada clinicamente. A classe molar de Angle foi confirmada com facilidade através das radiografias panorâmicas de boca fechada, acrescida da vantagem de visualização bilateral da mandíbula, ao invés da superposição dos lados direito e esquerdo como ocorre nas radiografias cefalométricas, comumente utilizadas para este fim. Concluiu-se que as radiografias panorâmicas de boca fechada são úteis para visualização e investigação preliminar de tecidos moles e do fluxo das vias aéreas superiores, principalmente da nasofaringe, velo e orofaringe, e a cavidade nasal, permitindo a detecção de locais com estreitamento potencialmente obstrutivos ao fluxo aéreo. A análise panorâmica facilitou a avaliação da simetria entre os lados direito e esquerdo das estruturas supracitadas. A presença de dor orofacial não influenciou o fluxo aéreo das VAS(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of closed-mouth panoramic radiographs for visualization of soft tissues and airflow resistance of upper airways, especially the pharynx (naso, velo, oro, and hipopharynx regions). This study analyzed 65 adult individuals (54 of the feminine gender and 11 of the masculine gender), 45 with orofacial pain and 20 with no symptoms. Parameters were stablished using a new radiographic analysis for evaluation of the potentially obstructive soft tissues in the airways from the nasal cavity to the lungs. The influence of orofacial pain on the respiratory airflow was investigated. These parameters were correlated to the presence and level of the airway obstruction (VA), using forced oscillation technique or oscillometry were measured by the nose and mouth. The Angle's classes previously determined on the clinical way were verified. The results demonstrated that the closed-mouth panoramic radiographs can be used to soft tissues visualization and initial investigation of airways, mostly at nasopharynx and oropharynx, their potentially obstructive sites, nasal cavity, symmetry between right and left sides of these structures. The analysis of the results also demonstrated, as a specific objective, that the closed-mouth panoramic radiographs could be used easily to the confirmation of the Angle's clinical classification. The closed mouth panoramic radiography showed an advantage of maxillar and mandibular bilateral visualization, instead of the right and left sides overlapping as it occurs in the usually used cephalometric radiography. The closed mouth panoramic radiography showed an advantage of maxillar and mandibular bilateral visualization, instead of the right and left sides overlapping as it occurs in the usually used cephalometric radiography. The orofacial pain did not influence the upper airways

Frecuencia de maloclusiones sagitales y transversales en estudiantes de 12 a 18 años de Asunción / Frequency of sagittal and transverse malocclusions in students from 12 to 18 years of age in Asunción

La maloclusión es uno de los trastornos bucodentales más comunes. Reconocer su importancia lleva a la necesidad de realizar estudios epidemiológicos cuyos resultados orienten el desarrollo de programas para su prevención, intercepción y tratamiento. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la frecuencia de maloclusión en sentido sagital y transversal en estudiantes de nivel secundario de la ciudad de Asunción. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por los alumnos de 12 a 18 años inscriptos en colegios públicos y privados de la ciudad de Asunción durante el 2017. Los datos recabados de la inspección bucodental fueron anotados en fichas clínicas yanalizadas con el programa Epi-Info TM. El número de participantes fue de 1047 estudiantes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. El 52% de los participantes fueron de sexo femenino y el 48% del sexo masculino. La frecuencia de maloclusión en sentido sagital fue del 98%, y en sentido transversal del 27,6%.Entre las maloclusiones en sentido sagital la más frecuente fue la Clase I (53%). La frecuencia de mordida cruzada fue del 23%, de los cuales, el 43% presentó mordida cruzada anterior y el 57% mordida cruzada posterior. De los que presentaron mordida cruzada posterior, el 61% fue unilateral y el 39% bilateral. Se observa una importante frecuencia de maloclusiones en la población de estudio indicativa de la necesidad de establecer acciones para su diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos

Malocclusion is one of the most common oral disorders. Recognizing its importance leads to the need for epidemiological studies whose results guide the development of programs for its prevention, interception and treatment. The objective of the present investigation was to determine the frequency of malocclusion in the sagittal and transverse direction in secondary school students from the city of Asunción. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. The study population was made up of students from 12 to 18 years old enrolled in public and private schools in the city of Asunción during 2017. The data collected from the oral inspection was recorded in clinical records and analyzed with the Epi-Info program. TM. The number of participants was 1047 students who met the inclusion criteria. Fifty two percent of the participants were female and 48% male. The frequency of malocclusion in the sagittal direction was 98%, and in the transverse direction it was 27.6%.Among sagittal malocclusions, the most frequent was Class I (53%). The frequency of crossbite was 23%, of which 43% presented an anterior crossbite and 57% a posterior crossbite. Of those who presented posterior crossbite, 61% were unilateral and 39% bilateral. An important frequency of malocclusions is observed in the study population indicative of the need of establishing actions for its timely diagnosis and treatment

Prevalence of Malocclusion in Rural and Backward Area (Seemanchal) in Bihar-India

Malocclusion is the biggest challenge in the world and its existence varies. Diagnosis and treatment Plan predict the occlusal Problem and its occurrence. Interceptive and preventive treatment needs more manpower for prediction of malocclusion. In Katihar (Seemanchal) area there is no any malocclusion related studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the existence of different types of dental malocclusion in this rural and backward area. Methods: The study was done in 2109 patient who have visited the dental department of dentistry, of Katihar medical college in between September 2015 to February 2019. The different parameter was recorded and analysed. Chi Square test is done for the significance of gender and it the difference is p < 0.05. Results: In our study it is found that angle class I malocclusion is 59.5% with Class II malocclusion is 36.8% and 8.2% of class III malocclusion. The most problem in this area is crowding 81.1% followed by increased overjet, deep bite, crowding and spacing. Except deep bite there is no gender significance difference exist. Conclusion: The result in this study shows the prevalence of malocclusion and decreased of awareness which set a base line for awareness programme and interceptive and preventive orthodontic service and future study in Katihar (SEEMANCHAL) population

Bayesian-Based Decision Support System for Assessing the Needs for Orthodontic Treatment / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: In this study, a clinical decision support system was developed to help general practitioners assess the need for orthodontic treatment in patients with permanent dentition. METHODS: We chose a Bayesian network (BN) as the underlying model for assessing the need for orthodontic treatment. One thousand permanent dentition patient data sets chosen from a hospital record system were prepared in which one data element represented one participant with information for all variables and their stated need for orthodontic treatment. To evaluate the system, we compared the assessment results based on the judgements of two orthodontists to those recommended by the decision support system. RESULTS: In a BN decision support model, each variable is modelled as a node, and the causal relationship between two variables may be represented as a directed arc. For each node, a conditional probability table is supplied that represents the probabilities of each value of this node, given the conditions of its parents. There was a high degree of agreement between the two orthodontists (kappa value = 0.894) in their diagnoses and their judgements regarding the need for orthodontic treatment. Also, there was a high degree of agreement between the decision support system and orthodontists A (kappa value = 1.00) and B (kappa value = 0.894). CONCLUSIONS: The study was the first testing phase in which the results generated by the proposed system were compared with those suggested by expert orthodontists. The system delivered promising results; it showed a high degree of accuracy in classifying patients into groups needing and not needing orthodontic treatment.

Comparison of masticatory efficiency according to Angle's classification of malocclusion / 대한치과교정학회지

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in masticatory efficiency among patients with different Angle's classes of malocclusion and to assess the correlation between masticatory efficiency and the occlusal contact area. METHODS: The mixing ability index (MAI) was calculated for measuring masticatory efficiency of 61 adult patients according to Angle's classifications of malocclusion. The study included 25, 15, and 21 patients with Angle's Class I, II, and III malocclusions, respectively. Silicone interocclusal recording material was used to measure the occlusal contact area. RESULTS: Both the MAI and occlusal contact area showed the highest average values in the Class I malocclusion group, followed by the Class II and Class III malocclusion groups. No significant difference was observed in the MAI values between the Class I and Class II malocclusion groups (p > 0.05), whereas a significant difference was observed between the Class I and Class III malocclusion groups (p < 0.01) and between the Class II and Class III malocclusion groups (p < 0.05). A weak positive correlation was also observed between the MAI and occlusal contact area (p < 0.01, r² = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicated that masticatory efficiency was the highest in patients with Angle's Class I malocclusion, followed by those with Angle's Class II and Angle's Class III malocclusions. Moreover, a weak positive correlation was observed between masticatory efficiency and the occlusal contact area.

Bolton analysis with malocclusions in Shanghai Fengxian district / 中国基层医药

Objective To measure Bolton index with malocclusions in Shanghai Fengxian district,and ana-lyze the distinction among different malocclusions patients in respect of gengder,age,and different Angle classifica-tion.Methods Measure Bolton index of plaster models of 348 eligible malocclusions patients who were selected ran-domly from Shanghai Fengxian District,and divided them into different groups by gender,age and Angle classification. Then,Bolton overall ratio and Bolton anterior ratio among these groups were analyzed and compared.Results The results showed that there were no significant differences of Bolton analysis in respect of gender or age(all P >0.05). It exsisted obvious differences in anterior ratios among the three Angle malocclusion class(P <0.05).Bolton anterior ratios were (79.88 ±3.15)%,(78.91 ±2.86)% and (80.59 ±1.55)%,mean of Class I and mean of ClassⅢwere bigger than that of Class Ⅱ.Bolton overall ratios of Angle class Ⅰ,classⅡ and class Ⅲ were (79.88 ± 3.15)%,(79.88 ±3.15)% and (79.88 ±3.15)%,and there were no obvious differences in overall ratios among them.Conclusion Bolton index with malocclusions for Shanghai Fengxian District accord with normol Bolton index of our country.Gender and age are not the influencing factors of Bolton index in Fengxian District.Bloton index anomalies are the important fator in malocclusions.We should pay more attention to the Bolton analysis of class Ⅱ malocclusions in clinical practice,and draw up a treatment plan combined with specific classification.

Efecto del uso de instrumentos de viento en las malocusiones dentarias: revisión de la literatura / Effect of the use of wind instruments in dental malocclusion: Literature review

El diseño de la embocadura adecuada, requiere por parte de los músicos muchos años y horas de práctica, desarrollando y manteniendo posturas prolongadas que suponen una sobrecarga para órganos que no están diseñados para el esfuerzo continuado. El presente artículo refleja estudios realizados, donde se recabó información que refleja la relación entre las maloclusiones y el uso de instrumentos viento madera, observando como influye en la maloclusión que padece cada paciente, el instrumento que toca, el número de horas semanales que práctica, la edad del inicio de la ejecución, el tipo de boquilla que posee el instrumento. Se puede resaltar que los resultados de estudios previos arrojaron como resultado que la maloclusión con mayor prevalencia es la Clase I tipo I, seguida por la clase II División 2 . Según los resultados se puede concluir que los instrumentos musicales de viento deben ser tomados en cuenta como factores postnatales ambientales etiológicos de maloclusiones dentarias

The design of the mouth proper, required by musicians for many years and hours of practice, developing and maintaining long positions that can strain bodies are not designed for continuous effort. This article reflects studies where information was collected that reflects the relationship between malocclusions and the use of woodwind instruments, observing how malocclusion affects each patient suffering, the instrument he plays, the number of hours a week practicing, age of onset of implementation, nozzle type which has the instrument. One may notice that the results of previous studies yielded the result that the most prevalent malocclusion is Class I type I, followed by Class II Division 2. According to the results we can conclude that the wind instruments should be taken into account as environmental etiologic postnatal factors of dental malocclusion

Prevalencia de maloclusiones en un grupo de estudiantes universitarios mexicanos y su posible asociación con la edad, el sexo y el nivel socioeconómico, 2009 / Prevalence of malocclusions in a group of Mexican university students and its possible association with age, sex, and socioeconomic status, 2009

Introducción: la oclusión dental hace referencia a la relación que guardan los dientes entre sí en estado de reposo, la cual puede verse alterada por múltiples factores. El estudio tuvo como propósito evaluar la prevalencia de maloclusiones dentales y su posible relación con la edad, el sexo y el nivel socioeconómico, en un grupo de estudiantes universitarios. Métodos:la encuesta epidemiológica sedesarrolló en dos momentos: la aplicación de un cuestionario y el examen bucal, para tal fin dos examinadoras fueron estandarizadas (Cr= 0,03, Ca = 0,89, k = 0,902).Resultados: el 47,7% de los estudiantes correspondió a la clase media. El 13,2% presentó normoclusión y 86.8% maloclusión dental. Su distribución por edad, sexo y nivel socioeconómico no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas. En relación con los tipos de maloclusión la más frecuente fue la clase I (37,3%), frecuencia que resultó ser menor a lo esperado, con base en el comportamiento de este mismo evento en poblaciones similares. Conclusiones:lo único que mostró el comportamiento observado, es que el nivel socioeconómico no es un factor que se encuentre asociado a la frecuencia del tipo de oclusión dental en esta población, por lo que abre las expectativas para que se explore en función de otros, tales como los de tipo cultural y educativo.

Introduction: dental occlusion refers to the relationships of teeth at rest; it may be altered by a variety of factors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental malocclusions and their possible relations to age, sex, and socioeconomic status in a group of university students. Methods: the epidemiological survey was conducted in two moments: application of a questionnaire, and an oral examination. Two examiners were standardized for this purpose (Cr = 0.03, Ca = 0.89, k = 0.902). Results: 47.7% of the students come from the middle class. 13.2% presented normal occlusion, and 86.8% had dental malocclusion. Their distribution per age, sex, and socioeconomic status did not show statistically significant differences. Concerning malocclusion classification, the most common one was Class I (37.3%), a figure which happened to be lower than expected, in comparison to the same condition in similar populations. Conclusions: the only conclusion drawn from this study is that socioeconomic status is not a factor associated to the frequency of dentalocclusion classification in this population, so there might be other factors to be evaluated, such as cultural and educational factors.

Dentofacial characteristics of patients with Angle Class I and Class II malocclusions

OBJECTIVE: The present study assessed some cephalometric measurements of the soft tissue profile in order to observe the behavior of facial convexity in patients with Class I, Class II division 1, and Class II division 2 malocclusions. METHODS: One hundred and thirty pre-treatment teleradiographs of Caucasian patients aged 10-16 years (mean age of 12.6 years) were selected for study and divided into 3 groups. The cephalometric measurements used in the present study were the following: H.SN, Cx, NLA, MLA, UL-SUL-S, LL-S, IMPA, and 1-SN. Analysis of variance and Tukey's test were applied for measurements H.SN, Cx, IMPA, 1-SN, MLA, and NLA, whereas Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests were applied for UL-S and LL-S. RESULTS: The results showed statistically significant differences for the measurements H.SN, Cx, UL-S, and IMPA between Groups I, II-1 and II-2 (p < 0.05). Measurements LL-S and MLA showed statistically significant difference between Groups I and II-1 only (p < 0.05). On the other hand, no statistically significant differences were found for measurement NLA among the 3 groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Regarding facial characteristics expressed by measurements H.SN, Cx, and UL-S, one could conclude that Class II division 1 and Class II division 2 malocclusions, both differed from Class I malocclusion. In addition, Class II division 1 malocclusion was found to have facial characteristics expressed by MLA, which differentiate it from the Class II division 2 and Class 1 malocclusions. Class I, Class II division 1 and Class II division 2 malocclusions showed no difference in facial characteristics expressed by the measurement NLA, and measurement LL-S was directly related to eversion of the lower lip.

Perfil epidemiológico de las alteraciones de la oclusión en la población escolar del corregimiento de Genoy, municipio de Pasto, Colombia / Epidemiological profile of occlusion alterations in a school population in the Genoy township, municipality of Pasto, Colombia

Introducción: el objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de alteraciones de la oclusión en población escolar de 5 a 16 años del corregimiento de Genoy (Pasto), durante el año 2010. Métodos: estudio transversal en 439 escolares en la Institución Educativa MunicipalFrancisco de La Villota (sector público) del Corregimiento de Genoy, municipio de Pasto (Colombia). Se hizo un examen clínico y se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, presencia de caries, características de los arcos, relación molar derecha e izquierda en dientesdeciduos y permanentes y alteraciones de la oclusión. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo de frecuencias totales y por sexo. Cálculo de razones de prevalencia (RP) con sus intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%) para determinar asociación entre el sexo y las principales alteraciones de la oclusión. Resultados: la prevalencia de caries fue del 88%. Las alteraciones de la oclusión que se presentaron con mayor frecuenciafueron la mordida abierta anterior(10%; con mayor frecuencia en mujeres sin diferencias significativas) y mordida cruzada anterior (9,6% con mayor prevalencia en mujeres y diferencias significativas p < 0,05). Los hábitos que presentaron mayor frecuencia fueron:deglución atípica (38%), dificultad en la pronunciación (19%) y onicofagia (15%). Las mujeres presentaron mayor frecuencia de relación molar clase I y los hombres mayor frecuencia de clase II y clase III. Conclusiones: se presentaron algunas variaciones en el diagnóstico de alteraciones de la oclusión por sexo, siendo mayor frecuencia de clase I, mordida cruzada y abierta anterior en mujeres. Se sugierenestrategias específicas que permitan establecer los principales factores de riesgo para estas alteraciones.

Introduction: the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of occlusion alterations in a population ofschoolchildren between the ages of 5 and 16 years in the Genoy Township (Pasto), during 2010. Methods: a cross sectional study was conducted in a sample of 439 children at the Institución Educativa Municipal Francisco de la Villota (public school) of the Genoy Township, Municipality of Pasto (Colombia). A clinical exam was carried out and socio-demographic variables, presence of dental caries, archcharacteristics, right and left molar relationships for deciduous and permanent teeth, and occlusion alterations were recorded. A descriptiveanalysis of total frequencies and by gender was conducted. Calculations of prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were made in order to estimate the association between gender and main occlusion alterations. Results: Caries prevalence was 88%. The occlusion alterations most frequently observed were anterior open bite (10%, more frequent in girls, with no significant differences) and anterior crossbite (9.6%, more frequent in girls, with significant differences, p < 0.05). The most frequent habits were atypical swallowing pattern (38%), pronunciation difficulties (19%) and nail biting (15%). Girls presented Class I molar relationship more frequently thanboys. Class II and III molar relationships were observed more frequently in males than in females. Conclusions: some differences in the diagnosis of occlusion alterations were found by gender, being Class I, crossbite and anterior open bite the most common ones in girls. Specific strategies are suggested in order to establish the principal risk factors for these alterations.

Prevalência de má oclusão em crianças de 7 a 12 anos de idade / Prevalence of malocclusion in children aged 7 to 12 years

OBJETIVO: verificar a prevalência de más oclusões em 3.466 crianças com 7 a 12 anos de idade, matriculadas em escolas públicas nas cidades de Lins/SP e Promissão/SP. MÉTODOS: considerou-se a relação sagital entre as arcadas dentárias, a relação interarcadas no sentido transversal e a relação de incisivos nos sentidos vertical e horizontal. Na relação intra-arcada avaliou-se a prevalência de diastemas, apinhamentos e perdas dentárias. RESULTADOS: entre as más oclusões, 55,25 por cento das crianças apresentaram uma relação molar de Classe I, seguida de 38 por cento de Classe II e 6,75 por cento de Classe III. Na relação de incisivos houve prevalência de mordida aberta em 17,65 por cento dos casos, seguida de 13,28 por cento para mordida profunda e 5,05 por cento de mordida cruzada anterior. A mordida cruzada posterior foi encontrada em 13,3 por cento das crianças. Na relação intra-arcada, 31,88 por cento das crianças mostraram diastemas; 31,59 por cento, apinhamento; e 4,65 por cento, perdas dentárias.

OBJECTIVE: This study determined the prevalence of malocclusion in a group of 3,466 children aged 7 to 12 years enrolled in public school in the cities of Lins and Promissão, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: It was analyzed the sagittal relationships between dental arches, the transverse relationship between arches, and the vertical and horizontal relations of incisors. The prevalence of diastemas, crowding and tooth losses were evaluated. RESULTS: Among the types of malocclusion, 55.25 percent of the children had a Class I molar relationship; 38 percent, Class II; and 6.75 percent, Class III. The analysis of incisor relationships revealed 17.65 percent of open bite, followed by 13.28 percent of deep bite and 5.05 percent of anterior crossbite; 13.3 percent of the children had a posterior crossbite. The analysis of relationships between arches showed that 31.88 percent of the children had diastemas; 31.59 percent, crowding; and 4.65, tooth losses.

Prevalência de oclusopatias e comparação entre a Classificação de Angle e o Índice de Estética Dentária em escolares do interior do estado de São Paulo - Brasil / Malocclusion prevalence and comparison between the Angle classification and the Dental Aesthetic Index in scholars in the interior of São Paulo state - Brazil

INTRODUÇÃO: as oclusopatias estão entre os principais problemas de saúde bucal em todo o mundo, juntamente com a cárie dentária e a doença periodontal, e vários índices têm sido utilizados para registrá-las. OBJETIVOS: verificar a prevalência de oclusopatias utilizando a Classificação de Angle e o Índice de Estética Dentária (DAI), sua severidade e a necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico registradas pelo DAI, e comparar os resultados de ambos os índices, visando correlacionar o padrão dos dados coletados e a viabilidade de utilizá-los de forma conjunta. MÉTODOS: a amostra consistiu de 734 escolares com idade de 12 anos, de ambos os sexos, da rede pública do município de Lins/SP. Foram realizados exames nos pátios das escolas com utilização de sondas IPC a olho nu. RESULTADOS: pela Classificação de Angle, encontrou-se 33,24 por cento das crianças com oclusão normal e 66,76 por cento com má oclusão. Pelo DAI, observou-se que 65,26 por cento das crianças apresentavam-se sem anormalidades ou com más oclusões leves. A má oclusão definida esteve presente em 12,81 por cento, a má oclusão severa foi observada em 10,90 por cento e a muito severa ou incapacitante em 11,03 por cento. A maioria das crianças (70,57 por cento) apresentou relação molar normal, e o overjet maxilar anterior foi a alteração mais frequentemente observada. No cruzamento dos índices houve semelhanças e divergências. CONCLUSÃO: o DAI não foi sensível a alguns problemas de oclusão detectados pela Classificação de Angle, e a recíproca foi verdadeira, demonstrando que ambos os índices possuem pontos distintos na detecção das oclusopatias, podendo ser utilizados de forma reciprocamente complementar.

INTRODUCTION: The malocclusions are among the main buccal health problems all over the world, together with dental cavity and periodontal disease. Several indexes are being used for malocclusion registration. The present study verified the prevalence of this condition, using the Angle classification and the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI), the severity and the necessity of orthodontic treatment registered with the DAI and the results of both indexes were compared, seeking to correlate collected data pattern and the viability of using them together. METHODS: The sample consisted of 734 schoolchildren with 12 years of age, both male and female from the public municipal schools in Lins-SP, Brazil. The exams were performed at the school's playgrounds with the use of IPC probes with a naked eye. RESULTS: For the Angle classification, it was found that 33.24 percent of the children presented normal occlusion and 66.76 percent presented malocclusions. It was observed, with the DAI, that 65.26 percent of the children had no abnormalities or had slight malocclusions. The defined malocclusion was present in 12.81 percent, severe malocclusion was observed in 10.90 percent and very severe or disabling malocclusion in 11.03 percent. Most of the children (70.57 percent) presented normal molar relationship and the anterior maxillary overjet was the most frequently observed alteration. When the indexes were compared there were similarities and divergences. CONCLUSION: DAI was not sensitive for some occlusion problems detected by the Angle classification, and vice-versa, demonstrating that both indexes have different points in malocclusions detection, so they could be used mutually in a complementary way.

Frecuencia del apiñamiento dentario en adolescentes del área de salud Masó: 2008 / Frecuency of the dental crowding in adolescents of the Health Area Masó: 2008

Como propósito se ha tenido el determinar la prevalencia del apiñamiento dentario en adolescentes del área de salud Masó, en el curso escolar 2007-2008, identificar la prevalencia por sexos, precisar la arcada más afectada, clasificarlo y relacionarlo con la clasificación de Angle. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-prospectivo en un universo de 987 adolescentes, seleccionando de forma aleatoria estratificada una muestra de 138; se examinaron en sus propios escenarios, con luz natural y se utilizaron depresores linguales, pie de rey y solución esterilizante. La frecuencia del apiñamiento dentario fue de 44,2%; según el sexo, el masculino mostró 49,2% y el femenino, 50,8%; el apiñamiento dentario en la mandíbula mostró 44,2%; en el maxilar, 23% y en ambos maxilares, 32,8%. Al clasificarlo, el apiñamiento ligero se observó en 52 adolescentes (64,2%) y es la clase I de Angle la que más se relacionó con el apiñamiento (57,4%). La frecuencia del apiñamiento dentario se presentó por encima de 40%, no existen diferencias significativas en cuanto al sexo. Apareció el apiñamiento más en la mandíbula y es el ligero, él que aportó mayor número de casos, es la Clase I la que se relacionó más con la patología en estudio.

To determine the prevalence of the dental crowding in adolescents of the Health Area Masó, in the schoolar course 2007-2008, identificate the prevalence by gender, select the most affected arcade, clasify and relate with Angle's classification. A descriptive-prospected study was made in an univrse of 987 adolescents, selecting the aleatory form stratificated in their own stages with natural lihght and lingual tonge pusher, dental vernier and sterilizer solution were used. The prevalence of the dental crowding was of the 44,2%; according to the gender, the masculine shows 44,2% and the female 50,8%. The dental crowding in the jaw showed 42,2%, in the maxilar 23%, in both maxilars 32,8%. At the moment of classify the crowding was observed in 52 adolescents (64,2%) and it is Class I of Angle the one that had most relation with the crowding (57,4%). The prevalence of the dental crowding was presented over the 40%, there aren't significant differences according to the gender. Appeared the dental crowding more in the jaw and it is the light the one that offered a greater number of cases, it is Class I of Angle the one most related with the patology in study.

Características cefalométricas de pacientes portadores de más oclusões Classe I e Classe II de Angle / Cephalometric characteristics of patients with Angle Class I and Class II malocclusions

OBJETIVOS: o presente estudo comparou algumas medidas cefalométricas relacionadas às características faciais em pacientes com má oclusão Classe I, Classe II 1ª divisão e Classe II 2ª divisão. METODOLOGIA: foram selecionadas 130 telerradiografias de pacientes leucodermas em fase inicial de tratamento ortodôntico, com idades entre 10 e 16 anos (média de 12,6 anos); e divididos em 3 grupos. As medidas cefalométricas utilizadas neste estudo foram: ANB, ı-SN, IMPA, AML, Ls-ı, Li-ī e EI. A análise de variância e o teste de Tukey foram realizados nas medidas ANB, IMPA, AML, ı-SN e Li-ī. Para as demais variáveis (EI e Ls-ı) foi utilizado o teste de Kruskal Wallis e Dunn. RESULTADOS: os resultados mostraram que as medidas Ls-ı e EI tiveram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos I e II-1 e entre os grupos II-1 e II-2 (p < 0,05). As medidas ANB e IMPA tiveram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos I e II-1 e entre os grupos I e II-2 (p < 0,05). A medida ı-SN teve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os 3 grupos (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: pode-se concluir que a medida ı-SN mostrou ser uma medida capaz de diferenciar os 3 tipos de más oclusões e a medida IMPA demonstrou que o comportamento axial dos incisivos inferiores em sua base óssea é bastante variável. A má oclusão Classe II 1ª divisão apresenta características faciais que a diferenciam da Classe II 2ª divisão e Classe I, quanto às medidas AML, Ls-ı e EI. As más oclusões Classe II 1ª divisão, Classe II 2ª divisão e Classe I não apresentaram características faciais diferentes para a medida Li-ī.

AIM: The present study compared some cephalometric measurements related to facial characteristics in patients having Class I, Class II division 1, and Class II division 2 malocclusions. METHODS: One hundred and thirty teleradiographs of Caucasian patients aged 10-16 years (mean age of 12.6 years) under initial orthodontic treatment were selected for study and divided into 3 groups. The cephalometric measurements used in the present study were the following: ANB, ı-SN, IMPA, AML, Ls-ı, Li-ī, and EI. Variance analysis and Tukey's test were carried out for ANB, IMPA, AML, ı-SN, and Li-ī measurements, whereas Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests were used for EI and Ls-ı. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found for EI and Ls-ı measurements when Group II-1 was compared to Group I and Group II-2 (p < 0.05). ANB and IMPA measurements also had statistically significant differences when Group I was compared to Group II-1 and Group II-2 (p < 0.05). The measurement ı-SN had statistically significant differences between the 3 groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: One can conclude that the measurement ı-SN was found to be capable of differentiating the 3 types of malocclusions, whereas measurement IMPA showed that lower incisors have a variable axial behavior regarding their osseous bases. Based on the AML, EI and Ls-ı measurements, Class II division 1 malocclusion was found to have facial characteristics which differentiate it from Class II division 2 and Class I malocclusions. Class II division 1, Class II division 2, and Class I malocclusions did not show different facial characteristics regarding the measurement Li-ī.

Size and forms of the mandibular dental arch in Korean malocclusion patients / 대한치과교정학회지

The purpose of this study was to clarify morphological differences among mandibular dental arch forms in Korean malocclusion patients. The sample in this study consisted of 114 Class I, 119 Class II, and 135 Class III malocclusion cases. The most facial portions of 13 proximal contact areas were digitized from photocopied images of the mandibular dental arches. Clinical bracket points were calculated for each tooth based on the data of the mandibular tooth thickness. Four linear and two proportional measurements were undertaken. The dental arches were classified into square, ovoid, and tapered forms to compare the frequency distributions. Our results suggested that there was no single arch form specific to any particular Angle classification or sex. It appeared to be the frequency of a particular arch form that varies among the Angle classifications. In comparison of arch measurements between male and female, there was no statistical difference except in the intermolar width. In comparison of arch size measurements among the different Angle classifications, there were statistically significant differences between Class I and Class III malocclusion groups and between Class II and Class III malocclusion groups. In comparison of frequency distribution of arch forms in Class I and III malocclusion groups, the square form demonstrated the highest distribution followed by the ovoid and tapered forms in that order. In the Class II malocclusion group, the square form showed the highest distribution, followed by the tapered and ovoid forms in that order. There was no statistical difference in the frequency distribution of arch forms between male and female groups.

A comparative study about the position of upper and lower jaws, and first molars in normal occlusion and Angle's Class I,II,III malocclusions / 대한치과교정학회지

There has been so much controversies about the position of upper and lower jaws, and their first permanent molars in normal occlusion and Angle's class I,II,III malocclusions. So, the purpose of this study is to compare the position of upper and lower jaws, and their first molars in normal occlusion and Angle's class IIIIII malocclusions by lateral cephalometric analysis. The sample consisted of one hundred and twenty girls(thirty in each group) who had completed growth. The findings of this study were as follows: 1. In class I malocclusion, both maxilla and mandible were slightly posterior position than normal occlusion, but they showed harmonious relationship. 2. In class II malocclusion, the mandible was greatly retruded, and the maxilla was also slightly retruded to the cranial base as compared with normal occlusion. 3. In class III malocclusion, the maxilla was significantly retruded to the cranial base, but no significant difference was found in mandibular position as compared with normal occlusion. 4. The maxillary first molar was located at posterior position in class II malocclusion, and anterior position in class III malocclusion to the cranium, so that the rotation of mandible was influenced by that. 5. The mandibular first molar showed constant relationship to the mandible in all four groups, but different position to the cranial base in direct proportion to the mandibular position. 6. On the treatment planning of class II malocclusion, it seems to be better to promote the mandibular horizontal growth by inhibiting the vertical growth of maxillary molar area, and on the treatment planning of class III malocclusion, it seems to be better to promote the antero-inferior growth of maxilla and to promote the mandibular vertical growth by inducing the vertical growth of maxillary molar area.