Laboratory animal welfare: environmental enrichment shows positive effect on animal testing / Bem-estar animal em laboratório: enriquecimento ambiental apresenta efeito positivo na experimentação animal

Reproductive and developmental toxicology has focused on the need to approach the effects of organism exposure to various drugs during pregnancy after the mid-50's, when the thalidomide tragedy stroke humanity. In recent decades, this area of study has developed a lot due to animal testing, raising awareness on the need to improve the quality of life of such animals. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate how the science of animal welfare can improve scientific research as a whole, including the reproductive and developmental toxicology fields, by emphasizing environmental enrichment in animal facilities. To do so, we conducted an integrative literature review on several quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches that are applicable to toxicology studies. Here, we present evidence that environmental enrichment improves animal welfare and prevents or reduces the negative effects of captive housing, which must be a principle of toxicological research for ethical, legal and scientific reasons.(AU)

Na toxicologia da reprodução e do desenvolvimento, a atenção necessária foi dada aos efeitos da exposição do organismo às inúmeras drogas durante o período gestacional somente após a metade dos anos 50, quando a tragédia da talidomida atingiu a humanidade. Assim, esta área alcançou desenvolvimento científico com a contribuição da experimentação animal nas últimas décadas. O uso de animais de laboratórios para a pesquisa científica expôs a necessidade de melhorar a qualidade de vida destas espécies. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar como a ciência do bem-estar animal pode melhorar a pesquisa científica como um todo, incluindo na área de toxicologia da reprodução e de desenvolvimento, enfatizando o enriquecimento ambiental em biotérios. Uma revisão integrativa de literatura foi realizada, incluindo abordagens quantitativas e qualitativas, quais podem ser aplicadas para estudos de toxicologia. Aqui, são mostradas evidências de que o enriquecimento ambiental melhora o bem-estar animal e previne ou reduz os efeitos negativos do cativeiro, qual deve um princípio da pesquisa toxicológica por razões éticas, argumentos legais e garantias científicas.(AU)

Determinación de la documentación del bioterio del Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel" basado en la norma ISO 9001: 2015 / Determination of the documentation of the biotery National Institute of Hygiene "Rafael Rangel" by norm ISO 9001:2015

Un sistema de gestión de la calidad (SGC) según norma ISO 9001:2015, requiere un soporte documental de sus procesos, que permita a la organización demostrar la eficacia de planificación, operación, control, implantación y mejora continúa de su SGC. La producción de animales de laboratorio (AL) requiere además otros documentos que garanticen las buenas prácticas de producción (BPP). Objetivo: Describir y analizar los procesos del Bioterio definiendo su documentación según la ISO 9001:2015, para apoyar la operatividad, lograr mejoras y recomendar acciones que garanticen la trazabilidad y la satisfacción del cliente. Materiales y métodos: Se hace la descripción del SGC y de BPP diseñado e implantado en la producción de AL bajo condiciones convencionales con barreras. Norma ISO 9001:2015; Mapas y diagramas de procesos, interacciones y documentación nueva y existente. Resultados: Se toma como soporte el enfoque de procesos de la ISO 9001:2015; Levantamiento e Identificación de los procesos claves, clientes y partes interesadas; expectativas y requisitos; Definición de las especificaciones del AL a producir; Descripción de diagramas de flujo asociados en recepción, producción, control y entrega; Mantenimiento de la documentación asociada a la gestión de procesos; planes de control, procedimientos, instructivos y registros. Conclusiones: Producción de AL con la documentación especializada que agrega valor al proceso y al SGC. .La documentación coadyuva la valoración, eficacia y adecuación del SGC. Identifican y controla los procesos claves garantizando su función a satisfacción. Estimula la actitud de mejora en la Institución necesaria para el cambio en la cultura de trabajo

A quality management system (QMS) according to ISO 9001: 2015 standard requires documentary support of this processes, which allows the organization to demonstrate the efficiency of planning, operation, control, implementation and continuous improvement of its QMS. The production of Laboratory Animals (AL) also requires other documents that guarantee good production practices (BPP). Objective: the aim of this study was to describe and analyze the processes of the biotery defining its documentation according to ISO 9001: 2015, to support the operation, achieve improvements and recommend actions that guarantee traceability and customer satisfaction. Materials and methods: The description of the SGC and BPP is designed and implemented in the production of AL under conventional conditions with barriers. The ISO 9001: 2015 standard; Maps and diagrams of processes, interactions and new and existing documentation. Results: The process approach of ISO 9001: 2015 is taken as support; survey and identification of key processes, clients and interested parties; expectations and requirements; definition of the LA specifications to be produced; description of associated flow diagrams in reception, production, control and delivery; maintenance of documentation associated with process management; control plans, procedures, instructions and records. Conclusions: The production of AL with specialized documentation that adds value to the process and the QMS. The documentation contributes to the assessment, effectiveness and adequacy of the QMS. They identify and control the key processes guaranteeing their function to satisfaction and stimulate the attitude of improvement in the Institution necessary for the change in the work culture.

Neoplasias espontâneas em camundongos de um centro de criação de animais de laboratório / Spontaneous neoplasms in mice from a center of a laboratory animal breeding

Verificaram-se a prevalência e as características anatomopatológicas de neoplasias espontâneas encontradas em camundongos, provenientes de biotério. Foram necropsiados 9.219 camundongos pertencentes a 13 linhagens, entre agosto de 2002 e janeiro de 2007, para monitoramento sanitário. Amostras de tecidos foram colhidas, fixadas em formol tamponado a 10 por cento e processadas pelas técnicas habituais para inclusão em parafina. Foram realizados 84 diagnósticos de neoplasmas, sendo acometidos 82 camundongos (0,9 por cento). As principais neoplasias diagnosticadas com as respectivas ocorrências foram: carcinoma mamário, 27,4 por cento; linfoma, 19,0 por cento; adenocarcinoma papilífero pulmonar primário, 17,9 por cento; carcinoma epidermoide, 8,3 por cento; osteossarcoma osteoblástico, 4,8 por cento; e outros com menor porcentagem de ocorrência. Houve predomínio de tumores malignos, sendo mais frequentes os carcinomas mamários. A linhagem BALB/c An foi a que apresentou a maior variedade de tipos de neoplasias, seguida das linhagens outbred Swiss Webster e NIH. Fibrossarcoma em camundongos C57BL/10 ScSn-Dmd mdx/J e carcinoma mamário na linhagem NOD foram relatados pela primeira vez.

The prevalence and the pathologic features of spontaneous neoplasms found in mice from a breeding colony were verified. Nine thousand two hundred and nineteen mice belonging to 13 strains were submitted to necropsy from August 2002 to January 2007 for health monitoring. Tissue samples were collected, fixed in 10 percent buffered formalin, and processed by the usual techniques for inclusion in paraffin. Eighty-four neoplasms were diagnosed and 82 mice had tumors (0.9 percent). The main neoplasms were diagnosed with the following occurrences: mammary carcinoma, 27.4 percent; lymphoma, 19.0 percent; primary papillary pulmonary adenocarcinoma, 17.9 percent; squamous carcinoma, 8.3 percent; osteoblastic osteosarcoma, 4.8 percent; and others with a lower percentage of occurrence. The malignant tumors predominated and the most common tumor was the mammary carcinoma. The wider variety of neoplasm types was found in the BALB/c An strain, followed by the outbred strains Swiss Webster and NIH. The fibrossarcoma in C57BL/10 ScSn-Dmd mdx/J mice and mammary carcinoma in NOD mice were reported for the first time.

Club de Cirugía Experimental: nuestra experiencia con los alumnos latinoamericanos del pre-médico / Experimental surgery club: our experience with Latin American students of the pre doctorate

El aprendizaje de los procedimientos quirúrgicos en edades tempranas, favorece la adquisición de conocimientos y habilidades en el alumno en los primeros años de la Carrera de Medicina. Nuestro Centro ha impartido cursos de habilidades quirúrgicas básicas tempranas a alumnos 1ro y 2do año de Medicina, con resultados satisfactorios. La llegada a nuestra Institución de los alumnos latinoamericanos para la realización del pre-médico constituyó un reto para infinidad de Departamentos docentes que crearon sus clubes, no quedando exento nuestro Centro que creó el Club de Cirugía experimental. El club contó con una matrícula inicial de 126 alumnos, teniendo tres encuentros teórico-prácticos y se programó por ciclos que incluía 6 temas. Los resultados fueron satisfactorios y sorprendentes tanto desde el punto de vista de la adquisición de conocimientos en los procedimientos quirúrgicos como en el desarrollo de las habilidades requeridas. El Club sirvió para orientar a los alumnos a decidirse por estudiar una especialidad quirúrgica, una vez graduados, y para otros a desistir. Además permitió elevar el nivel de preparación de los estudiantes para el desarrollo exitoso de cualquier proyecto de investigación que necesite de alguna técnica quirúrgica y en sus estancias en los cuerpos de guardia en atención de los pacientes.

In our center there have been implemented courses of early basic surgical abilities to the students of the first and second year of their careers, with satisfactory results. The arrival, at our center, of Latin American students for the pre doctorate preparation was a challenge for all the teaching departments, which created their clubs, and our department created the Club of experimental surgery. The initial inscription of our club was of 126 students, having three theoretical and practical confrontations and was programmed by cycles including six topics. The results were satisfactory and amazing from the point of view of the acquisition of knowledge in surgical procedures as in the development of the required abilities. The Club was important in orienting the students to decide to follow up a surgical residency once graduated and for others, to quit the idea. Besides, it allowed increasing the level of preparation of students for the successful development of any other investigative project which needed a surgical technique and also in their stay in E.R. and patient's care.

Neoplasias espontâneas em ratos Wistar de um centro de criação de animais de laboratório do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Spontaneous neoplasms in Wistar rats from a center for laboratory animal breeding of the Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar a prevalência e as características anatomopatológicas de neoplasias espontâneas encontradas em ratos Wistar, provenientes do biotério do Centro de Criação de Animais de Laboratório, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro. Foram necropsiados 1.964 ratos Wistar, no período entre agosto de 2002 e janeiro de 2007, após eutanásia em câmara de gás carbônico. Amostras teciduais foram colhidas, fixadas em formol tamponado a 10 por cento e processadas pelas técnicas habituais para inclusão em parafina. Foram realizados 38 diagnósticos de neoplasmas, sendo 36 ratos acometidos, o que representa uma prevalência de 1,8 por cento. Dos 36 animais, apenas seis (16,7%) eram machos e um (2,8%) jovem. As neoplasias diagnosticadas com as respectivas ocorrências foram: carcinoma mamário (42,1 %), fibroadenoma mamário (13,2%), hemangiossarcoma (7,9%), adenoma da glândula hipófise (7,9%), adenoma mamário (5,3%), fibrossarcoma (5,3%), adenocarcinoma papilífero pulmonar primário (2,6%), epitelioma sebáceo (2,6%), ganglioneuroblastoma na glândula adrenal (2,6%), leiomioma uterino (2,6%), mesotelioma (2,6%), osteossarcoma osteoblástico (2,6 por cento) e papiloma (2,6%). No presente estudo a prevalência de neoplasias espontâneas foi bastante inferior à encontrada em estudos similares, com predomínio dos tumores malignos. O epitelioma sebáceo e os carcinomas mamários mucinoso e simples cístico-papilar com ocorrência espontânea foram descritos pela primeira vez em ratos Wistar.

The purpose of the present study was to check the prevalence and the pathologic features of spontaneous neoplasms found in Wistar rat, from the production colonies at the Center for Laboratory Animal Breeding, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro. One thousand nine hundred and sixty four Wistar rats were submitted to necropsy in the period between August 2002 and January 2007, after euthanasia in CO2 chamber. Tissue samples were collected, fixed in 10 percent buffered formalin and processed by the usual techniques for inclusion in paraffin. Thirty eight neoplasms were diagnoses and 36 rats had tumors, representing a prevalence of 1.8 percent. Among the 36 animals, only six (16.7%) were male and one (2.8% young. The neoplasms were diagnosed with the following occurrences: mammary carcinoma (42.1%), mammary fibroadenoma (13.2%), hemangiosarcoma (7.9%), adenoma of the pituitary gland (7.9%), mammary adenoma (5.3%), fibrosarcoma (5.3%), primary papillary pulmonary adenocarcinoma (2.6%), sebaceous epithelioma (2.6%), ganglioneuroblastoma in the adrenal gland (2.6%), leiomyoma of the uterus (2.6%), mesothelioma (2.6%), osteosarcoma osteoblastic (2.6%), papilloma (2.6%). In this study the prevalence of spontaneous neoplasms was lower than the ones found in similar studies and the malignant tumors predominated. The sebaceous epithelioma and also the mucinous and simple papillary-cystic mammary carcinomas with spontaneous occurrence were described in Wistar rats for the first time.