Calidad de forraje y almidón en 10 clones de batata Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam / Forage and starch quality in 10 sweet potato clones Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam

RESUMEN La batata Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. es una manifestación de la biodiversidad silvestre y cultivada del Neotrópico, caracterizada por hojas anchas y tubérculos feculentos. La especie es objeto de investigación, por su amplio uso e importancia en regiones tropicales y subtropicales, por sus propiedades nutricionales y aporte energético, convirtiéndose en un recurso imprescindible para la seguridad alimentaria. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el rendimiento agronómico, en valor relativo del forraje (VRF) y rendimiento y calidad de almidón, en tubérculos de batata. Se evaluaron 10 clones seleccionados por alta materia seca en tubérculos, con un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con 3 repeticiones y 6 plantas por repetición. Se destacó el clon 440-078, con un VRF de 133,07 y por el alto rendimiento de tubérculos los clones 440-656 y 440-621, considerados como materiales promisorios para calidad del tubérculo; este último presentó el peso de tubérculo más alto en las tres categorías identificadas A, B y C. El clon Tainung-66, se posicionó con -1.53 de ISP, asociado con bajos valores de fibra (28,9 y 20,25 de FDN y FDA, respectivamente), que le confieren una digestibilidad burda del tubérculo del 72 %. Además, se determinaron diferencias significativas (p <0,05), en las propiedades de empastamiento del almidón, con superioridad del clon 440-016, por sus características retrogradantes, con 221 cP y el clon Tainug-66, por su estabilidad teniendo en cuenta la viscosidad.

ABSTRACT The sweet potato Ipomoea babatas (L.) Lam., is a manifestation of the wild and cultivated Neotropical biodiversity, characterized by leaves with value as forage and starchy tubers, it is the object of research for its wide use and importance in tropical and subtropical regions, for its nutritional properties and contribution energy, becoming an essential resource for food security. The agronomic yield was evaluated in relative forage value (RFV), yield, and starch quality in sweet potato tubers. 10 clones selected for high dry matter in tubers were evaluated, with a randomized complete block design with 3 repetitions and 6 plants per repetition. Clone 440-078 stood out with an RFV of 133.07 and due to its high performance in tubers, clones 440-656 and 440-621, considered as promising materials for tuber quality, the latter presented the highest tuber weight in the three identified categories A, B, and C. The Tainung-66 clone is positioned in first place with -1.53 ISP associated with low fiber values (28.9 and 20.25 of NDF and ADF respectively), which give it a gross tuber digestibility of 72 %. Significant differences (p <0.05) in starch plastering properties were determined, with superiority at clone 440-016 for its retrograde characteristics with 221 cP and the Tainug-66 clone for its stability taking into account the maximum viscosity (Vm) and the viscosity of the cold paste (VPF) with 730 cP and 738 cP respectively.

Agronomic characterization of sunflower cultivars for animal feeding in tropical conditions

This study was developed to examine morpho-agronomic traits of 18 sunflower cultivars and identify superior cultivars in terms of grain yield, forage quality, or both, for animal feeding. Twenty-two morpho-agronomic traits related to plant development and architecture; earliness of maturity; grain yield (achenes); dry matter yield; and dry matter content were evaluated. Cultivars Hélio 253, Hélio 358, Embrapa 122, BRS 321, and Hélio 360 showed inflorescence at the final stage. Aguará 4 showed the lowest flowering rate, characterizing it as late-maturing. For grain yield, cultivars Charrua, Olisun 3, BRS 321, Paraíso 103CL, Paraíso 65, Aguará 6, and CF 101 are recommended, as they showed the highest achene yields (average: 1,541.67 to 2,148.81 kg.ha−1, respectively). Cultivars Charrua, Hélio 251, Olisun 3, Hélio 360, Paraíso 55, and Paraíso 103CL exhibited higher dry matter yields (9,550.93 to 11,789.91 kg ha−1) and were thus indicated for forage production. Cultivars Charrua, Olisun 3, BRS 321, Paraíso 103CL, Paraíso 65, Aguará 6, and CF 101 are recommended for grain yield, for the diet of monogastric animals; Charrua, Hélio 251, Olisun 3, Hélio 360, Paraíso 55, and Paraíso 103CL for forage yield, for ruminant feeding; and Charrua, Olisun 3, and Paraíso 103CL for both purposes.

Uso de harina de follaje de Tithonia diversifolia en la alimentación de pollos de engorde / Use of Tithonia diversifolia foliage meal in broiler feed / Uso de farelo de folhagem de Tithonia diversifolia na ração de frangos de corte

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la harina de follaje de Tithonia diversifolia como sustitución de fuente tradicional de proteína en dietas para pollos de engorde. Se emplearon 240 pollitos de engorde mixtos de la línea Cobb distribuidos en diseño experimental completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 4, dos edades de corte 45 y 60 días, con cuatro niveles de inclusión de harina de botón de oro 0, 5, 10 y 15%, tres repeticiones y 10 aves por unidad experimental. No hubo efecto de los niveles de Tithonia sobre el consumo de alimento (P>0,05), los niveles de Tithonia influenciaron (p<0,05) la ganancia de peso y la conversión alimentcia. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que el uso de harina de follaje de Tithonia se puede constituir como una alternativa en la alimentación del pollo de engorde en inclusiones ≤ 10% en la dieta para los dos estados de desarrollo y permite reemplazar parcialmente una materia prima costosa en etapa de finalización.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of flour from foliage of Tithonia diversifolia as substitution of traditional source of protein in diets for broilers. We used 240 mixed fattening chicks of the Cobb distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement, two cutting ages of 45 and 60 days, with four inclusion levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15% gold button flour, three repetitions and 10 birds per unit experimental. There was no effect of Tithonia levels on feed intake (P> 0,05), Tithonia levels influenced (p <0,05) weight gain and feed conversion. The results obtained in final weight show that the use of gold button foliage flour can be constituted as an alternative in the feeding of the broiler in inclusions ≤ 10% in the diet for the two stages of development and allows partially replacing a expensive raw material in the final stage.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito do farelo de folhagem Tithoni diversifolia em substituicao da fonte tradicional de proteína na dieta para frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 240 pintos de corte da linha Cobb distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2 x 4, duas idades de corte 45 e 60 dias, com quatro níveis de inclusão de 0, 5, 10 e 15% de farelo de tithonia, três repetições e 10 aves por unidade experimental. Não houve efeito dos níveis de Tithonia sobre o consumo de alimento (P>0,05), os níveis de Tithonia influenciaram (P<0,05) o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o uso de farelo de folhagem de Tithonia Os resultados obtidos no peso final evidenciam que o uso de farinha folhagem pode-se constituir como uma alternativa na alimentação de frango em inclusões ≤ 10% na dieta para as duas fases de desenvolvimento e permite substituir parcialmente matéria-prima cara na fase final.

Inclusion of discarded banana in sugarcane silage decreases dry matter losses and improves its nutritional value / La inclusión de banano de descarte en el ensilaje de caña de azúcar reduce las pérdidas de materia seca y mejora su valor nutricional / A inclusão de banana de descarte em silagem de cana de açúcar decresce as perdas de matéria seca e melhora o seu valor nutricional

Abstract Background: Sugarcane silage (SCS) has often been characterized by large dry matter (DM) losses associated with reduction in soluble nutrients and increase in indigestible fiber. Objective: To evaluate the effect of including discarded fruits on the losses and nutritional value in SCS. Methods: A completely randomized design was used with five treatments and five replications. Silages were added with 15% (as-fed basis) papaya (Carica papaya) (SP), acerola (Malpighia glabra) (SA), banana (Musa sp.) (SB) or tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) (ST). The control treatment was composed only of SCS. Twenty-five (25-L) plastic buckets were used to make the experimental silos, which were opened on the 90th day after their closure. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Results: Gas losses and total DM losses were lower and DM recovery was higher in SB and SA than in the control (p<0.05). The SB had lower content of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber compared to SP, SA, ST and the control group (p<0.05). There was no effect of treatment for ethanol content (p>0.05). However, there was treatment effect for lactic and acetic acids, ammonia nitrogen contents, lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts and mold counts (p<0.05). Conclusion: The inclusion of 15% banana or acerola in SCS decreases losses and increases DM recovery. Furthermore, the inclusion of 15% banana improves the nutritional value of SCS.

Resumen Antecedentes: El ensilaje de caña de azúcar (SCS) es frecuentemente caracterizado por grandes pérdidas de materia seca (DM) asociadas con reducciones en los nutrientes solubles y aumentos en la fibra indigestible. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de frutas de descarte sobre las perdidas y el valor nutricional del SCS. Métodos: Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cinco tratamientos y cinco repeticiones. Fueron adicionados a los ensilajes, 15 % (materia natural) de papaya (Carica papaya) (SP), acerola (Malpighia glabra) (SA), banano (Musa sp.) (SB) o tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) (ST). El control estuvo compuesto apenas por SCS. Veinticinco baldes de 25 L fueron usados para hacer los silos, los cuales se abrieron al día 90 posterior a su cierre. Los datos fueron analizados por análisis de varianza. Resultados: Las pérdidas de gases y de DM total fueron menores y la recuperación de DM fue mayor en SB y SA que en el grupo control (p<0,05). Los contenidos de fibra detergente neutra y ácida fueron menores en SB comparados con SP, SA, ST y el grupo control (p<0,05). No hubo efecto para el contenido de etanol (p>0,05). Sin embargo, hubo efecto de tratamiento para los contenidos de ácidos láctico y acético, y nitrógeno amoniacal y recuento de bacterias ácido lácticas, levaduras y hongos (p<0,05). Conclusiones: La inclusión de 15% de banano y acerola en SCS decreció las perdidas, y aumentó la recuperación de DM. Además, la inclusión de un 15% de banano mejoró el valor nutricional de SCS.

Resumo Antecedentes: A silagem de cana de açúcar (SCS) é frequentemente caracterizada por grandes perdas de matéria seca (DM) associadas com reduções nos nutrientes solúveis e aumento na fibra indigestível. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da inclusão de frutas de descarte sobre as perdas e o valor nutricional de SCS. Métodos: Um delineamento completamente casualizado foi utilizado, com cindo tratamentos e cinco repetições. As silagens foram adicionadas com 15% (matéria natural) de mamão (Carica papaya) (SP), acerola (Malpighia glabra) (SA), banana (Musa sp.) (SB) ou tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) (ST). O controle foi composto apenas por SCS. Vinte e cinco baldes de 25 L foram usados para fazer os silos, que foram abertos no 90º dia após o fechamento deles. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de variância. Resultados: As perdas por gases e de DM total foram menores e a recuperação de DM foi maior em SB e SA que no controle (p<0,05). Os conteúdos de fibra em detergente neutro e ácido foram menores em SB comparado a SP, SA, ST e o grupo de controle (p<0,05). Não houve efeito para conteúdo de etanol (p>0,05). Contudo, houve efeito de tratamento para os conteúdos de ácidos lático e acético, e nitrogênio amoniacal e contagens de bactérias láticas, e leveduras e fungos (p<0,05). Conclusões: A inclusão de 15% de banana e acerola em SCS decresceu as perdas, e aumentou a recuperação de DM. Adicionalmente, a inclusão de 15% de banana melhorou o valor nutricional da SCS.

Caracterización de Sitios de Alimentación de Vacunos a Pastoreo en Comunidades Heterogéneas en el Estado Cojedes, Venezuela / Characterization of Feeding Sites of Grazing Cattle on Heterogeneous Community at Cojedes State, Venezuela

Se realizó el estudio para caracterizar los sitios de alimentación de vacunos a pastoreo en comunidades de sabanas y bosques en el estado Cojedes. Para tal fin, cada animal fue observado una sola vez/día, mientras duró su consumo y marcado su recorrido (transecta animal, TAn), el entorno más cercano (transecta control, TC) así como el paisaje en general (transecta aleatoria, TA). Las evaluaciones se hicieron durante 3 días consecutivos cada 3 semanas por 2 años. Sobre TAn y en cada sitio de alimentación se evaluó: número de especies totales, número de especies seleccionadas, altura de la pastura, cobertura, altura de consumo y partes consumidas, identificación taxonómica y funcional de plantas y sobre TC y TA, sólo número de especies totales. Se aplicó un ANAVAR, con año, comunidad y periodo, como fuentes de variación. Hubo diferencias significativas (P<0,05) para todas las variables evaluadas, excepto para las especies seleccionadas en TAn. Tanto los sitios de alimentación, como el entorno y el paisaje en general, fueron más diversos durante el primer año, lo que parece ser decisivo en las distancias recorridas. La heterogeneidad del paisaje tuvo efecto sobre los patrones de selección y de distribución de los animales. Los animales consumieron 38 especies, de las cuales el 66%, pertenecían a los (TFP) Caespiticulmi (21%), Nothopluviiarbore (18%), Tropoarbore (16%) y Teroculmi (11%); mientras que el resto (34%) estuvo distribuido en 10 TFP diferentes, con predominio de tipos herbáceos (Fasciculmi, Teroherbae, Herbae, Herbolianae aestivae y H. perennae). También, se observó consumo de especies arbóreas. Se concluye que la caracterización detallada del sitio de alimentación del animal y de su entorno, permite obtener información para definir estrategias de manejo sustentable y de planificación del pastoreo en áreas altamente heterogéneas. Los resultados evidencian variaciones espaciales y temporales en la selectividad de especies.

A study was conducted to characterize the feeding sites of grazing cattle on savannas and forests communities of Cojedes state. Each animal was observed once a day, while its consumption lasted and its route (Animal transect, TAn), the nearest surroundings (Control transect, TC), and the landscape in general (Random transect, TA) were marked for characterization. Evaluations were made for 3 consecutive days every 3 weeks for 2 years. It was evaluated on each TAn and feeding site: number of total species, number of selected species, height of pasture, coverage, consumption height and consumed parts, taxonomical and functional identification of plants; and on both TC and TA, only the number of total species, the number of total species only. Variables were analyzed through an ANOVA with year, period, and community as sources of variation. The results showed significant differences (P<0.05) on TAn for all assessed variables, except for the selected species. The feeding sites, the surroundings, and the landscape in general, were more diverse during the first year, which seems to be decisive in the distances walked by animals. Landscape heterogeneity had an effect on patterns of selection distribution of animals. Animals consumed 38 species, of which 66% belonged to the functional types of plants (FTP) Caespiticulmi (21%), Nothopluviiarbore (18%), Tropoarbore (16%), and Teroculmi (11%), while the rest (34%) was distributed in 10 different FTP, with a predominance of herbaceous types (Fasciculmi, Teroherbae, Herbae, Herbolianae aestivae, and H. perennae). Consumption of trees species was observed. It is concluded that the detailed characterization of animal´s feeding sites and their surroundings, allows information for defining strategies for sustainable management and planning of grazing on highly heterogeneous areas. Results show spatial and temporal variations in species selectivity.

Desempeño productivo y rendimiento de canal en pavos alimentados con harina de plumas tratadas con NaOH / Productive performance and carcass yield of turkey fed feather meal treated with NaOH

Objetivo. Evaluar el desempeño productivo y el rendimiento de la canal en pavos en crecimiento alimentados con dietas elaboradas con harina de plumas (HP). Materiales y métodos. Los tratamientos fueron una dieta control y dos dietas experimentales con harina de plumas tratada con 50 ó 100 g de NaOH/kg. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar. El consumo de alimento y el peso de los animales se registró cada dos semanas. Los datos del desempeño productivo se analizaron con el procedimiento MIXED del programa estadístico SAS. El rendimiento de la canal se analizó con el procedimiento GLM del programa estadístico SAS. Resultados. Los pavos que consumieron la dieta testigo tuvieron mejores ganancias de peso (GP), consumo de alimento (CA), peso de la canal y de sus partes (p<0.05) que aquellas con harina de plumas. Sin embargo, se observó una mayor GP, CA, peso de la canal y del muslo (p<0.05) cuando se trató la harina de plumas con 100 g de NaOH/kg. Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la utilización de harina de plumas disminuyó el comportamiento productivo y el rendimiento de canal en los pavos. Sin embargo, el aumento del tratamiento de la harina de plumas de 50 a 100 g de NaOH/kg mejoró el comportamiento productivo y el rendimiento de canal.

Objective. Evaluate the productive performance and carcass yield of growing turkeys fed with dietsincluding feather meal. Materials and methods. The treatments were: a control diet and two dietswith feather meal (FM) treated with 50 or 100 g of NaOH/kg (5% inclusion) each. A random blockdesign was used. Feed consumption and weight gain were recorded every two weeks. Productiveperformance data was analyzed using the MIXED procedure of the SAS statistical program. Carcassyield was analyzed using the GLM procedure of the SAS statistical program. Results. Weight gain(WG), feed consumption (FC), carcass yield and composition were higher in turkeys fed with thecontrol diet, in comparison to those fed with FM diets (p<0.05). However, Turkeys fed diets with 100g NaOH/kg presented higher WG, FC, carcass yield and thigh weight (p<0.05) than turkeys fed dietswith 50 g NaOH/kg. Conclusions. The use of FM reduces the productive performance and carcassyield in turkeys. However, improvement on productivity and carcass yield were observed when FMtreatment with NaOH increased from 50 to 100 g/kg.

Evaluación del desarrollo de babas (Caiman crocodilus crocodilus) alimentadas con una dieta medicada con antibiótico / Evaluation of development of the spectacle caiman (Caiman crocodilus crocodilus) fed with an antibiotic medicated diet

La baba, Caiman crocodilus crocodilus, criada en cautiverio puede sufrir estrés, que unido a otros factores, promueve el retraso y mortalidad en la época crítica de crecimiento, por lo que algunos algunos autores reportan el uso de antibióticos para contrarrestar estos efectos. Se evaluó el crecimiento de babas en cautiverio alimentadas con una dieta medicada con antibiótico (virginiamicina) y poblaciones con dieta no medicada, tomando como indicadores: medidas del largo total, grosor del cuello y grosor de la base de la cola y el peso de los animales. Se utilizaron 600 babas nacidas por incubación en el zoocriadero Kiubo (La Suareña, estado Aragua). Estos animales fueron medidos, pesados y evaluados clínicamente antes del inicio del ensayo y distribuidos al azar en un tanque tipo australiano (4 secciones). Las dietas fueron: Tratamiento 1: alimento comercial + proteína animal fresca, y Tratamiento 2: alimento comercial + antibiótico + proteína animal fresca. El análisis estadístico fue un diseño completamente aleatorizado, con evaluaciones en tres etapas o fases: Inicial, Intermedia y Final. En la fase inicial se encontraron diferencias significativas (P≤ 0,05) para todas las variables, siendo el tratamiento 1 el que resultó con mayores promedios. En la fase intermedia se observaron diferencias significativas (P≤0,05) para grosor de la base de la cola, largo total y peso; el grosor del cuello no presentó diferencia significativa. En la fase final se, detectaron diferencias significativas (P≤0,05) entre los tratamientos para la base de la cola y largo total; para el grosor del cuello y peso no hubo diferencias significativas. Se observó que el tratamiento 1 fue mejor que el tratamiento 2, para algunas variables, pero ambas dietas contribuyeron al incremento de la tasa de crecimiento, concluyéndose que no se recomienda el uso de antibióticos adicionados a la dieta, ya que incrementa los costos de producción y puede contribuir con la resistencia bacteriana en el hombre, mientras la cría en cautiverio de esta especie, depende principalmente del buen manejo de los mismos.

The spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus crocodilus) is a species raised in captivity that can suffer from stress, which, along with other factors, promotes growth delay and mortality during the critical time of growth. Some investigators report the use of antibiotics to counteract those effects. The growth of a population of spectacle caimans raised in captivity and fed with a diet supplemented with antibiotic (virginiamycin) was compared with the growth of the spectacle caiman population fed with a control diet was assessed. A total of 600 animals born through incubation at the Kiubo farm were used. Before the onset of the experiment, the animals were measured, weighed, clinically evaluated, and randomly distributed in four sections in an Australian tank. The following variables were measured using a metric tape: total length (TL), neck thickness (NT), base of the tail thickness (BTT). The weight was recorded with an electronic balance. The animals were submitted to the following treatments (T): Treatment 1 (T1): commercial diet + fresh animal protein; Treatment 2 (T2): commercial diet + fresh animal protein + antibiotic. The evaluations were carried out in three phases: Initial phase, Intermediate phase, and Final Phase. A totally randomized design with a covariance analysis was performed to analyze the data. The results show that during the initial phase, all variables showed statistically significant (P≤0.05) differences, reaching T1 the highest averages. During the intermediate phase, significant differences (P≤0.05) were found for BTT, TL, and weight. The NT was not significant. During the final stage, statistical differences (P≤0.05) were recorded among T for BTT and TL, but no differences were found for NT and weight. For some variables, T1 was better than T2, but both diets contributed to the increment of growth rate. It is concluded that the use of antibiotics supplemented in the diet, increases production costs and that breeding in captivity depends more on good handling.

Degradação de α-Tocoferol, retinol e ácido ascórbico durante processamento e armazenamento de rações para camarão / α-Tocopherol, retinol and ascorbic acid degradation during the processing and storage of shrimp food

O cultivo de camarão marinho é um setor de grande viabilidade econômica, principalmente na região Nordeste. Entretanto, a alimentação dos camarões é responsável pelo maior custo no cultivo desses crustáceos, a ração deve ser nutricionalmente eficiente, sendo indispensável a presença das vitaminas que são substâncias fundamentais para o funcionamento do organismo animal, e sua falta resulta frequentemente em crescimento e desenvolvimento deficiente. O retinol, -tocoferol e o ácido ascórbico são vitaminas que atuam em diversos processos metabólicos. São indispensáveis em rações animais porque são antioxidantes que auxiliam os animais contra o estresse oxidativo. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar as perdas das vitaminas durante o processamento das dietas e no período de armazenagem. Foram formuladas oito dietas isoprotéicas com diferentes níveis de vitamina A, E e C que foram processadas com temperatura de até 80ºC. Após a fabricação e depois de 60 dias de armazenagem foram analisadas e quantificadas as vitaminas a fim de descobrir as perdas durante o processamento e após estocagem. Constatou-se que a vitamina A, que foi adicionada na dieta, foi perdida em até 99,56 por cento. Já a vitamina E perdeu no máximo 93,5 por cento e a vitamina C com 70 por cento de perda, durante o processamento. Durante o período de armazenagem as perdas foram menores. Pode-se concluir que as vitaminas são extremamente sensíveis aos fatores que atuam durante a manufatura das dietas, ocasionando perdas consideráveis de vitaminas.

The farming of marine shrimp is a sector of great economic viability, mainly in the Northeast region of Brazil. However, feeding is responsible for the major cost in the farming of these crustaceans, so the food must be nutritiously efficient, since it is essential to the presence of vitamins which are vital substances to the functioning of the animal's organism where its lack frequently results in deficient growth and development. Retinol, -tocopherol, and ascorbic acid are vitamins that act in several metabolic processes, therefore they are indispensable in animal food due to their antioxidant effects that protect these animals against oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vitamin losses during the diet processing and in the storage period. Eight isoproteic diets were formulated with different levels of vitamin A, E and C that were processed with temperatures up to 70º C. After the production and 60 days of storage, the vitamins were analyzed and quantified in order to discover the losses during the processing and post-storage. It was observed that the vitamin A suffered loss of up to 99.56 percent, vitamin E had its maximum loss value of 93.5 percent and vitamin C with 70 percent of loss, during the processing. During the storage period the losses were lower. It can be concluded that the vitamins are extremely sensitive to the factors that occur during the production and food storage, causing considerable vitamin losses.

Estabilidad de almacenamiento de ensilados biológicos a partir de residuos de pescado inoculados con bacterias ácido-lácticas / Storage stability of biological silage from fish remains added with lactic acid bacteria culture

Se elaboraron cuatro muestras por triplicado de ensilados biológicos para alimentación animal a partir de residuos de pescado, utilizando melaza como fuente de carbohidratos para el crecimiento de cuatro cepas de bacterias ácido-lácticas (BAL) aisladas de los mismos, sometidos a un tiempo de incubación de 72 horas y temperatura de 35 °C (±2 °C) para acidificar el producto como método de conservación. A continuación los ensilados se almacenaron durante 180 días a temperatura ambiente para evaluar la estabilidad en anaquel, por medio de análisis químicos, composición química proximal, aminograma, recuentos microbiológicos y algunos de tipo organoléptico del producto terminado. Las cepas fueron eficientes en el proceso de fermentación, causando inhibición del crecimiento de microorganismos indeseables y aportando características organolépticas agradables. El ensilado elaborado con la cepa C14 provocó el descenso del pH en menos de 72 horas de incubación. Ninguno de los productos sufrió deterioro evidente durante el almacenamiento; presentaron porcentajes aceptables de proteína, grasa, cenizas, carbohidratos y aminoácidos, que hacen del producto una fuente utilizable en formulaciones de alimentos para animales.

Four biological sil ages samples for animal feeding were made from fish remains in triplicate,using molasses like source of carbohydrate for the growth of four lactic acid bacteria(LAB) strains isolated from those remains and incubated during 72 hours and temperature of 35°C (±2°C) to acidify the product as preservation method. Then, the sil ages were storage for 180 days at room temperature to asses the shelf stability by conducting chemical, proximal chemical composition, amine assessment, microbiological counting and some sensory evaluation in final product. Bacteria cultures were efficient in fermentation process causing inhibition growth of undesirable bacteria and giving pleasant sensory characteristics. The silage inoculated with culture C14 made the pH decreased in less than 72 hours of incubation.Neither one of the products suffered clearly deterioration during storage and had acceptable percentages of protein, lipids, ashes, carbohydrates and amino acids; all these make this product as a feasible source to be use in feed animal recipes.

El alga marina Sargassum (Sargassaceae): una alternativa tropical para la alimentación de ganado caprino / The seaweed Sargassum (Sargassaceae) as tropical alternative for goats’ feeding

The nutritive value of seaweed (Sargassum spp.) was studied in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Twenty female Nubian goats (43-weeks old) were randomly distributed into two groups of 10 goats each and were housed in individual pens. One group was fed with a control diet and the other with a diet supplemented with 25% of Sargassum spp. Feed and water intake were recorded daily and individually for 60 days. The weight of each goat was recorded every 15 days. The nutritional content of Sargassum spp. was 89% dry mater, 8% crude protein, 31% ash, 2% ether extract, and 39% carbohydrates. Fiber fractions, minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, and antinutritional factors were also determined. There were no significant differences in body weight (8.6 kg control and 9 kg experimental), feed intake (1.3 kg control and 1.6 kg experimental), and feed conversion rate (11.1 control and 12.6 experimental). Water consumption was greater in the goats that ate the Sargassum diet (5.3 l). From these results,Sargassum spp.can be considered as an alternative feedstuff for goats.

Se estudió el valor nutricional de varias algas del género Sargassum. Veinte cabras hembras (Nubia) en crecimiento (43 semanas)se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en dos grupos de 10 cabras y se alojaron en corraletas individuales. Un grupo fue alimentado con una dieta testigo elaborada con insumos regionales y el otro con una dieta que incluyó el 25% de Sargassum spp. Durante 60 días se midieron diariamente y en forma individual, el alimento y agua consumidos, el peso corporal se cuantificó cada 15 días. La composición química proximal de Sargassum fue de: 89% materia seca, 7.7% proteína, 31% cenizas, 2% extracto etéreo y 39% de carbohidratos. También se determinaron las fracciones de fibra, minerales, vitaminas, ácidos grasos y factores antinutricios. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el peso corporal (8.6 kg grupo control y 9 kg experimental), alimento consumido (1.31 kg grupo control y 1.6 experimental)y tasa de conversión alimenticia (11.1 grupo control y 12.6 experimental) entre los tratamientos. El consumo de agua fue mayor en el grupo alimentado con la dieta que incluyó Sargassum spp (5.1 l). De los resultados se deduce que las algas marinas de este género pueden ser utilizadas como un forraje alternativo de mediana calidad para el ganado caprino.