Anisakidosis en peces frescos comercializados en tres ciudades de la Región del Bío Bío, Chile

Introducción: La anisakidosis humana es una zoonosis transmitida por alimentos, causada por la ingestión de carne de pescado parasitada por nematodos anisákidos. Investigaciones sobre la presencia de anisákidos en pescados comercializados, sin cocción o congelación previa, en la región centro sur de Chile son escasas. Objetivo: Identificar nematodos anisákidos en catorce especies de peces marinos, obtenidos por pesca artesanal y comercializados en Concepción, Talcahuano y Lebu, ciudades de la Región del Bío Bío, Chile. Métodos: Entre los años 2018 y 2020, se examinó en busca de anisákidos a 334 pescados marinos frescos. Resultados: Se identificó larvas de Anisakis spp. y Pseudoterranova sp. en ejemplares de siete y cuatro especies de peces, respectivamente. La mayoría de las larvas se encontraron vivas y ubicadas a nivel visceral. Conclusión: La mayoría de las especies de peces que resultaron positivas son reconocidos hospederos intermediarios de estos parásitos. La presencia de anisákidos en la musculatura de estas especies indica que su preparación, en forma ahumada o cruda, es un riesgo para salud pública, recomendándose comprar estos productos en forma eviscerada y/o congelada, junto a promover su cocción.

Background: Human anisakidosis is a food-borne zoonosis, caused by the intake of fish meat parasitized by anisakid nematodes. Research of anisakids parasites in commercialized fish, without previous cooking or freezing, in the south central region of Chile is scarce. Aim: To identify anisakid nematodes in fourteen species of marine fish, obtained by artisanal fishing and commercialized in Concepción, Talcahuano and Lebu, cities from Bío Bío Region, Chile. Methods: During 2018 to 2020, we examinated for anisakids to 334 fresh marine fishes. Results: Larvae of Anisakis spp. and Pseudoterranova sp. were identified in specimens of seven and four fish species, respectively. Most of the larvae were found alive and located at the visceral level. Conclusion: Most of the positive fish species are recognized intermediate hosts for these parasites. The presence of anisakids in the musculatura of these species indicates that their preparation, in smoked or raw form, is a risk to public health, and it is recommended to buy these products in gutted and / or frozen form, together with promoting their cooking.

Anisakidosis diagnosticada tras la expulsión de vermes en deposiciones: forma poco frecuente de diagnóstico en humanos / Anisakidosis diagnosed after expulsion of worms in stools: a rare form of diagnosis in humans

Resumen La anisakidosis es una zoonosis parasitaria accidental y cosmopolita de los seres humanos, siendo su hospedero definitivo los mamíferos marinos como lobos de mar, focas y delfines, entre otros. El ser humano se infecta por el consumo en estado larvario del nemátodo de la familia Anisakidae presentes en pescados y mariscos crudos como la merluza o el congrio. Los helmintos se ubican preferentemente en el tubo digestivo alto, observándose la regurgitación del parásito a la boca o evidenciándose durante la realización de una endoscopía digestiva alta. En forma infrecuente las larvas pueden migrar al peritoneo o seguir su paso por el intestino delgado y colon, siendo inhabitual la expulsión por las deposiciones. Presentamos el caso de una expulsión dos larvas L3 de la familia Anisakidae en deposiciones.

Abstract Anisakidosis is an accidental and cosmopolitan parasitic zoonosis of human beings, its definitive host being marine mammals such as sea lions, seals and dolphins, among others. Humans are infested by consumption in the larval stage of the nematode of Anisakis present in raw fish and shellfish such as hake or conger eel. The infestation is preferably located in the upper digestive tract, observing the regurgitation of the parasite to the mouth or becoming evident during an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. In rare cases, the larvae can migrate to the peritoneum or continue their passage through the small intestine and colon, with expulsion in stools being unusual. We present a case of expulsion of two larvae of the Anisakidae family in feces.

Human infection with Pseudoterranova cattani by ingestion of "ceviche" in Buenos Aires, Argentina / Infección humana con Pseudoterranova cattani por ingesta de ceviche en Buenos Aires, Argentina

Abstract Anisakidosis is an infection caused by larval nematodes that belong to several genera within the family Anisakidae. Anisakidosis has about 20000 cases reported to date, the vast majority (90%) in Japan. Usually, human anisakiosis is more common than human pseudoterranovosis in Japan and Europe, although in North America Pseudoterranova spp. is the more frequent. Cases of human pseudoterranovosis have been reported from Chile and Peru. We here report one of the few cases of human infection by Pseudoterranova cattani by consumption of ``ceviche'' in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Resumen La anisakidosis es una infección por larvas de nematodos que pertenecen a varios géneros dentro de la familia Anisakidae. Se han registrado aproximadamente 20.000 casos hasta la fecha, la mayoría (90%) en Japón. En Europa y Japón la anisakidosis es más frecuente en el humano que la pseudoterranovosis. En cambio, en América del Norte es más frecuente la infección humana por Pseudoterranova spp. También se han informado casos de pseudoterranovosis humana en Chile y en Perú. Informamos uno de los pocos casos de infección humana por Pseudoterranova cattani por consumo de ceviche en Buenos Aires, Argentina.

First reporting of Anisakis sp. in the Armed Snook fish (Centropomus armatus) caught and commercialized in Buenaventura, Colombia / Primer reporte de Anisakis sp. en el pez Róbalo (Centropomus armatus) capturado y comercializado en Buenaventura, Colombia

Objective: Nematodes of the Anisakidae family are parasites found in aquatic organisms. The lack of studies on anisakidosis and Anisakis in Colombia has meant this type of parasitosis is not widely known by health personnel and underreporting of the disease is highly likely. The objective of this study was to identify anisakid nematodes in the armed snook fish (Centropomus armatus) obtained by artisanal fishing and sold commercially in the coastal port city of Buenaventura. Material and methods: Morphological identification of these worms was performed using taxonomic keys and supplemented with microscopic study using the histochemical Hematoxylin-Eosin technique. Results: Nematodes of the genus Anisakis were found in 42% and the mean abundance was 2.8 in the C. armatus. Conclusions: The findings confirm the presence of Anisakis sp. in fish for human consumption in Buenaventura, the main fishing port in the Colombian Pacific region. This finding in itself warrants further investigation into the possibility of an emerging disease in Colombia.

Objetivos: Los nematodos de la familia Anisakidae son parásitos de organismos acuáticos. La falta de estudios en anisakidosis y anisakidos en Colombia ha resultado en el desconocimiento de esta infección por parte del personal de salud y un posible subregistro de la enfermedad. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar nematodos anisakidos en el pez róbalo (Centropomus armatus), obtenido por pesca artesanal y comercializado en la localidad de Buenaventura. Materiales y métodos: La identificación morfológica se realizó usando claves taxonómicas para estos gusanos complementada con estudio microscópico mediante técnica histoquímica de Hematoxilina-Eosina. Resultados: Se encontraron nemátodos del género Anisakis en 42% y una abundancia promedio de 2.8 en el hospedero C. armatus. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos confirman la presencia de Anisakis sp. en peces de consumo humano de Buenaventura, principal puerto pesquero en la región Pacífica colombiana, lo cual abre el camino en la investigación de una posible enfermedad emergente en este país.

Resposta imunológica a antígenos de Hysterothylacium deardorffoverstreetorum de peixes teleósteos / Imunne response against Hysterothylacium deardorffoverestreetorum from teleost fish

Anisaquidose é uma doença provocada por parasitos da família Anisakidae e se caracteriza por manifestações gastrointestinais e alérgicas. O Anisakis simplex é o parasito mais patogênico ao homem e altamente alergênico. Porém, outros anisaquídeos também são danosos aos humanos, mas é desconhecida a imunogenicidade dessas larvas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial imunogênico do parasito Hysterothylacium deardorffoverestreetorum (HD) em modelo murino. Camundongos da linhagem BALB/c foram divididos em três grupos experimentais e receberam as preparações antigênicas obtidas de larvas de HD: extrato bruto de larvas (EBH), extrato secretado/ excretado de larvas (ESH) e extrato bruto de larvas após excreção/secreção (EEH). Amostras séricas foram obtidas em diferentes dias após imunização para determinação dos níveis de anticorpos específicos pelo ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). Os resultados demonstram aumento na produção de imunoglobulina (Ig) G após a segunda imunização, com aumento progressivo após a terceira imunização. Já em relação à IgE, a reatividade foi mais tardia, demonstrando aumento progressivo após a terceira imunização. Foi avaliada a imunidade celular por meio da intradermorreação, como resultado estatisticamente significativo em relação ao controle utilizado. Este experimento é a primeira descrição da potencialidade patogênica desse parasito em mamíferos e representa um avanço no diagnóstico da anisaquidose humana.(AU)

Anisaquidosis is a disease caused by parasites of Anisakidae family and is characterized by gastrointestinal and allergic reactions. The Anisakis simplex is a more pathogenic Anisakidae to humans and is highly allergenic. However, other species of this family also have characteristics that are harmful to humans, but little is known about the immunogenicity this parasites. The objective of this study was to experimentally assess the immunogenic potential of the parasite Hysterothylacium deardorffoverestreetorum (H.D) in mice. Mice of inbred BALB/c strain were divided into three groups and received three immunizations of the following antigenic preparations obtained from L3 larvae H.D: Crude larval extract of H.D (CEH) Extract secreted / excreted larvae H.D. (ESH) and crude extract of larvae after excretion / secretion (EEH). Serum samples were obtained on different days after immunization to determine the levels of circulating specific antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results show increased production of immunoglobulin (Ig) G after the second immunization with a gradual increase after the third immunization. Regarding IgE reactivity, this occurred later, demonstrating a progressive increase only after the third immunization. Cellular immunity was evaluated by intradermal, and showed statistically significant result compared to the control used. This experiment is the first description of the pathogenic potential of this parasite in mammals and represents a breakthrough in the diagnosis of human Anisakidosis.(AU)

Anisakidosis in Korea; Changes Over the Last Decade / 고신대학교의과대학학술지

Anisakidosis is caused by Anisakis simplex and other anisakids larvae parasitizing marine fish and cephalopods. A lot of case reports about anisakidosis have been published in Korea because of raw fish eating habits. Recently seafood consumption has continued to increase due to health concerns and thus, it increases the risk for infectious diseases including anisakidosis. The aim of this review is to analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of anisakidosis during the last 10 years in Korea, based on the case reports published from 2000 to 2010. The incidence age was changed from 30s and 40s to 50s. The young generation was considered to consume seafood in various ways, including raw fish as well. The most noticeable change was the appearance of Anisakis allergy patients over the last decade. The patients showed abdominal pain, urticaria after eating sea food. It reaffirmed that anisakid infection induces not only gastric and intestinal anisakidosis but also cause allergic reaction. Anisakid should be considered as a possible causative food allergen provoking allergic responses after eating raw fish.

Pseudoterranovosis y sushi / Pseudoterranovosis and sushi

Se comunica un caso de ingestión accidental de Pseudoterranova decipiens. A raíz de esta paciente se revisan los principales conceptos relativos a esta naciente patología en Chile. El consumo de platos preparados con pescados crudos como el sushi, sashimi, cebiche y mariscal es cada vez más popular. A través de la ingesta de hospederos intermediarios usados en la preparación, se puede adquirir la larva de tercer estadio de Anisakis simplex o P. decipiens. Estos parásitos pueden provocar gastritis aguda que se manifiesta inmediatamente después de consumido el pescado crudo. En ocasiones puede haber compromiso intestinal e invasión del tracto gastrointestinal con manifestaciones en otros órganos. Se asocia a manifestaciones alérgicas como urticaria, angioedema y shock anafiláctico. La larva se elimina en forma espontánea en la mayoría de los casos, pero en otros debe removerse por vía endoscópica. En Chile, es más frecuente la presencia de P. decipiens, que por lo general no migra a la mucosa gástrica, no invade y produce pocos síntomas. Las medidas de prevención son no comer pescados crudos, cocinarlos a temperaturas elevadas o congelación previa a la preparación de los alimentos, para inactivar las larvas.

A case of accidental ingestión of Pseudoterranova decipiens is reported, on account of this patient we review main concepts related to this emerging pathology in Chile. Consumption of raw fish in different preparations such as sushi or sashimi, cebiche and seafood is becoming more and more popular. Through intermediary hosts used in the preparation, one can acquire the third stage larval of Anisakis simplex or P. decipiens. These parasites frequently cause gastritis, acutely after the consumption of raw fish, or more rarely intestinal involvement. It may also cause allergic symptoms such as urticaria, angioedema and anaphylactic shock. The larvae is eliminated spontaneously in most cases; others need to be removed by upper gastrointestinal endoscopio examination. In Chile, the most common species is P. decipiens, which are generally no invasive, rarely migrate beyond the stomach and cause mild or no symptoms. Prevention strategies include avoid eating raw fish or undercooked seafood containing the parasite, to cook food with high temperatures or to freeze raw fish prior to preparation of meals, which inactivates the larvae.

Nematodes anisákidos presentes en peces del área de Bahía Blanca y el riesgo potencial de anisakidosis humana / Anisákidos nematodes present in fish from the Bahía Blanca area and the potential risk of human anisakidosis

Objetivos: En el presente tra bajo, se dan a conocer las especies de nematodes anisákidos que parasitan peces destinados al consumo humano y valores de prevalencia e intensidad de infección, evaluando el riesgo potencial que representa el consumo de carne sin la debida cocción de estas especies. Resultados: Se examinaron 1250 ejemplares de peces marinos del estuario de Bahía Blanca, pertenecientes a 22 especies, consideradas habituales en el área. En los peces examinados se identificaron nematodes anisákidos al estadio de larva 3 (L3), pertenecientes a cinco géneros: Anisakis, Pseudoterranova, Contracaecum, Hysterothylacium y Terranova. Catorce especies de peces resultaron parasitadas por al menos una especie de anisákido, en tanto sólo la pescadilla y la palometa albergaron larvas de Anisakis sp. Sin embargo, la intensidad media de infección y la abundancia en la pescadilla tienen valores muy bajos, no habiéndose registrado su presencia más que en la cavidad visceral. En el caso de la palometa, la intensidad absoluta de infección suele ser mayor, pero la prevalencia es menor que en la pescadilla. Además, tampoco se han reportado casos de invasión muscular en el filet de palometa. En el resto de los peces examinados los estimadores poblacionales son muy fluctuantes, pero un común denominador es la baja intensidad media en todos ellos, no llegando a superar los 2-3 individuos por hospedador. Conclusiones: El 63% de las especies examinadas en el estuario de Bahía Blanca y áreas adyacentes albergan larvas de anisákidos. La forma dominante es Contracaecum, que cierra su ciclo de transmisión en lobos marinos, seguida por Terranova, que completa su madurez sexual en tiburones. Los peces cartilaginosos presentaron larvas en el lumen intestinal, procedentes de presas digeridas, no observándose invasión por anisákidos a la cavidad corporal. No se comprobó infección a la musculatura estriada esquelética de los peces, por Anisakis ni Pseudoterranova.

ABSTRACT Objectives: In this work, anisakid nematode species parasiting on fish for human consumption and values of prevalence and intensity of infection are reported, thus assessing the potential risk represented by consumption of the improperly cooked fish meat of these species. Results: 1250 specimens of marine fish from Bahía Blanca estuary, belonging to 22 common species in this area, were examined. In the fish under study, anisakid nematodes at larva stage 3 (L3) belonging to five genera were identified: Anisakis, Pseudoterranova, Contracaecum, Hysterothylacium, and Terranova. Fourteen fish species were parasitized by at least one anisakid species. However, only the striped weakfish and the Argentine queen fish harbored Anisakis sp. larvae and mean infection intensity as well as striped weakfish abundance show very low values. Infection was only detected in the visceral cavity. In the case of the Argentine queen fish, the absolute infection intensity is generally higher, although prevalence is lower than in striped weakfish. In addition, no muscular invasion cases were reported in striped weakfish filet. In the rest of the fish examined, population estimators are quite variable. However, a common feature is the low mean intensity in all of them, less than 2-3 individuals by host. Conclusions: 63% of fish species examined in Bahía Blanca estuary and nearby areas harbor anisakid larvae. Contracaecum larvae were the dominant anisakids found in the fish, which complete their transmission cycle in seals, followed by Terranova, which complete their sexual maturity in sharks. Cartilaginous fish presented larvae located in the intestinal lumen from the prey digested. However, no invasion of anisakids was observed in the body cavity and no infection by Anisakis or Pseudoterranova was found in the striated somatic muscles of fish.