Chemical characterization, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of sugar-apple (Annona squamosa L. ) pulp extract / Caracterización química, actividad antimicrobiana y antioxidante del extracto de pulpa de manzana de azúcar (Annona squamosa L. )

Synthetic preservatives are widely present in processed foods, but most of them have carcinogenic potential, requiring the development of new natural alternatives such as fruit extracts, for microbial control. The objective of the study was to evaluate the chemical characterization, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of the sugar apple pulp (Annona squamosa L.). Physicochemical characteristics were evaluated, an extract was prepared, and its antioxidant activity by DPPH method and antimicrobial by disk diffusion. Minimal inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration against strains of Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated. The physicochemical analysis revealed that sugar apple pulp had 75.0% moisture, 3.0% ash, 4.0% protein, 0.2% lipids, 3.3% fibers, and 14.5% carbohydrates. The antioxidant activity of the extract by the DPPH method was 20.6%. The pulp extract from the sugar apple had inhibition zone for Staphylococcus aureus, satisfactory inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella Typhimurium, but did not present a bactericidal effect. Sugar apple pulp presents adequate levels of nutrients and potential for food application due to its microbiological activity and antioxidant properties.

Los conservantes sintéticos están ampliamente presentes en los alimentos procesados, pero la mayoría tienen potencial carcinogénico, lo que requiere el desarrollo de nuevas alternativas naturales para el control microbiano, como los extractos de frutas. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la caracterización química, la actividad antioxidante y antimicrobiana de la pulpa de manzana de azúcar (Annona squamosa L.). Se evaluaron las características fisicoquímicas, y se evaluó su actividad antioxidante mediante el método DPPH y antimicrobiano por difusión en disco, concentración inhibitoria mínima y concentración bactericida mínima contra cepas de Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes y Staphylococcus aureus. El análisis fisicoquímico reveló que la pulpa de manzana de azúcar tiene 75.0% de humedad, 3.0% de cenizas, 4.0% de proteínas, 0.2% de lípidos, 3.3% de fibras y 14.5% de carbohidratos. La actividad antioxidante del extracto por el método DPPH fue del 20.6%. El extracto de pulpa de la manzana de azúcar tenía zona de inhibición para Staphylococcus aureus, efecto inhibidor satisfactorio contra Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes y Salmonella Typhimurium, pero no presenta efecto bactericida. La pulpa de manzana de azúcar presenta niveles adecuados de nutrientes y potencial para la aplicación de alimentos debido a su actividad microbiológica y propiedades antioxidantes.

Fertilizante fosfatado no desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de pinheira / Phosphate fertilizer in the initial development of sugar apple seedlings

A adubação com fósforo é fundamental no estádio de desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de frutíferas, visto que, o fósforo é um dos nutrientes que mais limita o crescimento das plantas devido sua importância na nutrição e a baixa concentração em solos tropicais. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de dosagens do fertilizante fosfatado Cosmofert® , em cobertura, no desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de pinheira. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação na UFERSA em Mossoró-RN, em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. As mudas foram semeadas diretamente em sacolas plásticas de 0,9 L de volume preenchidos com uma mistura de terra de barranco (75%) e esterco bovino curtido (25%). Os tratamentos foram constituídos de quatro doses de Cosmofert® (3,9; 7,8; 15,6; 23,4 mL dm-3) mais a testemunha (dose zero) aplicado em cobertura; este adubo contém 8% de nitrogênio (amoniacal) e 24% de P2O5 (70% na foram de ortofosfato). Decorridos 170 dias após a emergência, avaliaram-se o número de folhas, diâmetro do colo, comprimento da parte aérea, massa seca da parte aérea, das raízes e total, a relação entre a massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes e o índice de qualidade de Dickson. A maior produção de massa seca total nas mudas de pinheira foi obtida com a dose de 10,66 mL dm-3 de Cosmofert® . Para o desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de pinheira vigorosas, em viveiro, pode ser aplicado a dose de 10,83 mL dm-3 de Cosmofert® (147,7 mg P muda-1) em cobertura.

Phosphate fertilization is essential at the stage of early development of seedlings of fruit tree, since the phosphorus is a nutrient that most limits plant growth because of its importance in nutrition and low concentration in tropical soils. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effect of doses of phosphate fertilizer Cosmofert® in coverage, in the early development of seedlings of sugar apple. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at UFERSA in Mossoró-RN, in a randomized blocks design with five treatments and four replications. The seedlings were sown directly in plastic bags of 0.9 L capacity filled with a mixture of soil of steep bank (75%) and bovine manure (25%). The treatments consisted of four doses of Cosmofert® (3.9, 7.8, 15.6, 23.4 mL dm-3) plus control treatment (dose zero); this manure containing 8% of nitrogen (ammonia) and 24% P2O5 (70% were in the orthophosphate). After 170 days of the emergency, it was evaluated the number of leaves, collar root diameter, dry matter of shoot, of root system and total, the relationship between the dry matter of shoot and root system and Dickson quality index. The highest total dry matter production in sugar apple seedlings was obtained with a dose of 10.66 mL dm-3 of Cosmofert® . For the initial development of vigorous sugar apple seedlings in the nursery, can be applied the dose of 10.83 mL dm-3 of Cosmofert® (147,7 mg P seedlings-1) in coverage.