Antioxidant properties of different portions of organic Anoectochilus formosanus hayata with different drying treatments / Propriedades antioxidantes de diferentes porções de Anoectochilus formosanus hayata orgânicas com tratamentos de secagem diferentes

Anoectochilus formosanus HAYATA (Orchidaceae) is a valuable herb used as herbal medicine in Taiwan and other Asian countries. In order to enhance the economic efficiency of organic cultivation and understand how the processing affects plant properties, organic A. formosanus extracts were used as the investigative material in this study. The entire plant, the roots, stems and leaves from organic A. formosanus were freeze-dried or hot air-dried; all samples used methanol to extract. The antioxidant properties and active components were analyzed. The results indicated that antioxidant properties of both the freeze-dried and hot air-dried leaves of organic A. formosanus have better performance, including reducing power and ,-diphenyl--picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The contents of phenols and flavonoids showed positive relationships with reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging activity and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity. The contents of carotenoids positively correlated with trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and the contents of all active components were negatively correlated with the ferrous ion chelating ability. To summarize the results, freeze-dried leaves of organic A. formosanus have better antioxidant properties at a suitable concentration. This study may raise the economic values of A. formosanus by the organic cultural technique.

Anoectochilus formosanus HAYATA (Orchidaceae) é uma erva valiosa usada como medicina herbal em Taiwan e outros países asiáticos. A fim de aumentar a eficiência econômica do cultivo orgânico e entender como o processamento afeta as propriedades das plantas, os extratos orgânicos de A. formosanus foram utilizados como material investigativo neste estudo. A planta inteira, as raízes, hastes e folhas de A. formosanus orgânica foram liofilizadas ou secas por ar quente; todas as amostras usaram metanol para a extração. As propriedades antioxidantes e os componentes ativos foram analisados. Os resultados indicaram que as propriedades antioxidantes de ambas as folhas liofilizadas e secas por ar quente da A. formosanus orgânica apresentam melhor desempenho, incluindo o poder redutor e a atividade de eliminação do radical , -difenil-p-picrilidrazilo (DPPH). Os conteúdos de fenóis e flavonóides mostraram relações positivas com a potência redutora, atividade de eliminação de radicais DPPH e capacidade antioxidante equivalente de trolox. O conteúdo de carotenóides correlacionou-se positivamente com a capacidade antioxidante equivalente de trolox e os conteúdos de todos os componentes ativos foram correlacionados negativamente com a capacidade de quelação de íons ferrosos. Para resumir os resultados, as folhas liofilizadas de A. formosanus orgânica possuem melhores propriedades antioxidantes a uma concentração adequada. Este estudo pode elevar os valores econômicos de A. formosanus pela técnica cultural orgânica.

Pharmaceutical Identification of Three original Plants of Anoectochilus / 中草药

Objective: To research the pharmaceutical identification of Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl., A. formosanus Hayata and A. chapaensis Gagnep. Methods: Using the methods of freehand section, microexamination, and digital photography to compare the plant morphology, tissue structures of root, stem and leaf transverse, and dried medicinal powder. Results: The plants of A.roxburghii and A. formosanus were smaller than that of A. chapaensis. The colors of their leaf veins were golden yellow, silver and light red, respectively, which should be the key morphologic identification. As for characteristics of histology, there were more xylem bundles and broad pulp in the root, and more external vascular bundles in the stem of A. chapaensis than the other two plants. The upper epidermal cells of A. formosanus were triangle shape differ to the oval shape in the other two plants. There were few red materials on the upper surface of A. roxburghii. Many red materials on the upper surface of A. formosanus were dispersed existence. The red materials on the upper surface of A. chapaensis showed to concentrate a column. The result showed their chemical compositions were large differences. Conclusion: The large differences on plant morphology and microstructure of the different sources plant were carried out. Our works will provide the basis for the establishment of quality standard of Anoectochilus.

Establishment and optimization of ISSR reaction system for Anoectochilus formosanus / 中草药

Objective: To establish a stable, reproducible, and suitable reaction system of Anoectochilus formosanus for ISSR analysis of genetic differences according to the ISSR-PCR characters in plants of Anoectochilus Bl. Methods: The initial ISSR reaction system in plants of Anoectochilus Bl. was established and then the primers were screened. After that, PCR amplifications were carried out until the different concentrations of the factors in the ISSR reaction system were designed, and based on the principle of high stability and reproducibility, the stable and reliable ISSR reaction system was eventually established after a series of adjustment and optimization of the reaction system. Results: The optimal ISSR reaction system in plants of Anoectochilus Bl. was reported for the first time, and the volume of 25 μL contained approximately 20 ng template DNA, 1 U Taq DNA polymerase, 0.2 mmol/L deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP), 2 mmol/L MgCl2, 200 umol/L dNTP Mixture, and 0.2 μmol/L primer within 1x reaction buffer [10 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 50 mmol/L KCl]. The reaction mixtures were denatured at 94°C for 7 min and subjected to 45 cycles of 30 s at 94 °C, 45 s at 52 °C, 2 min at 72 °C, and a final extension step of 10 min at 72 °C and eventually stored at 4 °C. Conclusion: The ISSR-PCR systems established for studying on the plants of Anoectochilus Bl. show the characters of stable reaction system, better repeatability, clear marker site, and reliable abundant polymorphisms. It is suitable for the study on genetic diversity in plants of Anoectochilus Bl. in difference wild populations and genetic variation of its sterile seedlings after long time tissue culture.