A fjord-like tropical ecosystem, Pacific coast of Costa Rica: overview of research in Golfo Dulce / Un ecosistema tropical similar a un fiordo, costa del Pacífico de Costa Rica: panorama de la investigación en el Golfo Dulce

Abstract Introduction: Coastal ecosystems worldwide are under the influence of local, regional and global stressors, such as pollution, eutrophication and climate change. Golfo Dulce is a relatively pristine and accessible deep tropical ecosystem that provides opportunities for comparative and collaborative research. Objective: To summarize published reports on past research conducted in this ecosystem, identify topics for further study, and suggest new research issues. Methods: A search was made on the web for reports based on research conducted in Golfo Dulce and published in scientific journals. Reports focusing on environmental parameters and on the biota were included. Results: A total of 123 studies that include data from Golfo Dulce are cited. The four topics more frequently addressed were reports based on the results of the R/V Victor Hensen expedition (1993-1994) and follow-up work on microbiology, studies on water parameters, research on vertebrates, and zooplankton studies. The reports focusing on vertical profiles of oxygen and temperature are discussed in detail, followed by those on the biota. Conclusions: Golfo Dulce has low oxygen concentrations below 50 m and is frequently anoxic at the 200 m deep basin with occasional formation of H2S. However, the ecosystem contains a relatively high diversity of identified organisms, from bacteria to whales. Of particular relevance for future studies are multidisciplinary surveys aiming at obtaining data on primary productivity, the diversity and biomass of the main groups of planktonic, demersal and benthic organisms, and the frequency and magnitude of the influx of deep offshore waters over the sill into the basin. These data, as well as the information gathered in the past, are essential for updating the trophic model developed more than 25 years ago and in support of new predictive models on the functioning of the ecosystem.

Resumen Introducción: Los ecosistemas costeros alrededor del mundo están bajo la influencia de tensores locales, regionales y globales, como la contaminación, la eutroficación y el cambio climático. El Golfo Dulce es un profundo ecosistema tropical relativamente inalterado y accesible, que provee oportunidades para la investigación comparativa y colaborativa. Objetivo: Resumir los informes publicados sobre investigaciones pasadas realizadas en el ecosistema, identificar tópicos para estudios futuros y sugerir nuevas áreas de investigación. Métodos: Se hizo una búsqueda en la red de informes basados en investigaciones hechas en Golfo Dulce y publicadas en revistas científicas. Fueron incluidos aquellos informes sobre parámetros ambientales y la biota. Resultados: Un total de 123 estudios que incluyen datos sobre Golfo Dulce son citados. Los cuatro tópicos citados con más frecuencia fueron: Los resultados de la expedición del R/V Victor Hensen (1993-1994) y estudios de seguimiento sobre microbiología, informes sobre parámetros acuáticos, investigaciones sobre vertebrados y estudios sobre zooplancton. Los informes sobre perfiles de oxígeno y temperatura son presentados con mayor detalle, seguidos por aquellos sobre la biota. Conclusiones: Golfo Dulce tiene bajas concentraciones de oxígeno por debajo de 50 m y es usualmente anóxico a 200 m en el fondo, con formación ocasional de H2S. Sin embargo, el ecosistema contiene una diversidad de organismos identificados relativamente alta, desde bacterias hasta ballenas. De relevancia particular para futuros estudios es, entre otros, la conducción, de muestreos multidisciplinarios orientados a obtener datos sobre productividad primaria, la diversidad y biomasa de los principales grupos de organismos planctónicos, demersales y bénticos, así como la frecuencia y magnitud del flujo de agua oceánica hacia el interior. Estos datos, así como los obtenidos en el pasado, son esenciales para actualizar el modelo trófico desarrollado hace más de 25 años, o en apoyo de nuevos modelos predictivos de funcionamiento del ecosistema.

Modelagem matemática para sistema de tratamento de esgoto doméstico com remoção simultânea de matéria orgânica e nitrogênio / Mathematical modeling for domestic sewage treatment system with simultaneous removal of organic matter and nitrogen

RESUMO Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o uso do modelo matemático ASM3 para um sistema piloto de reator compartimentado anaeróbio/anóxico e aeróbio tipo MBBR, utilizado para a remoção simultânea de matéria orgânica e nitrogênio em esgoto doméstico. A simulação computacional foi implementada pelo software ASIM. Selecionou-se um conjunto padrão de parâmetros para o modelo, com uma combinação dos valores calibrados e dados da literatura. Com a modelagem computacional foi possível incluir as características operacionais próprias do sistema de tratamento e, embora o modelo não tenha tido sua capacidade de previsão dos parâmetros validada, foi possível verificar a aplicabilidade do ASM3 para as fases operacionais definidas neste estudo.

ABSTRACT In this work, the use of the ASM3 mathematical model for a pilot system of anaerobic/anoxic and aerobic MBBR compartmentalized reactor, for the simultaneous removal of organic matter and nitrogen in domestic sewage, was evaluated. The simulation was implemented by the ASIM software. A standard set of parameters was selected for the model, with a combination of calibrated values and literature data. With the computational modeling, it was possible to include the operational characteristics of the treatment system and, although the model capacity to predict the parameters could not be validated. Nevertheless, it was possible to verify the applicability of the ASM3 model for the operational phases defined in this study.

Prognosis following seizures after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a tertiary hospital: A retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND@#Neurologic outcomes following a cardiac arrest is reported to be detrimental and survivors face significant neurologic disability attributed to the diffuse cerebral damage from anoxia. Accurate prognostication is challenging. @*OBJECTIVE@#To determine the prognosis of patients who had seizures after arrest. @*METHODS@#This is an analytic, retrospective cohort study of adult patients that had successful resuscitation after cardiac arrest. The final sample size was 97. Comparison of the clinical outcomes was done using univariate and multivariate analysis. Multiple logistic regression was utilized. Level of significance was set at α-0.05. @*RESULTS@#Post-arrest seizures increased the odds of dying up to 9 times. Age increases the odds of dying; among patients aged 65 years old and above, the odds are increased to 17 times, while among those aged 35 years old and above, the odds are up to 12 times. Presence of an intact brainstem response in the first 72 hours after arrest have 96% lower odds of dying compared to those who have none.@*CONCLUSION@#Patients with post-arrest seizures have higher morbidity and mortality rates. Patients with seizures that occur early after cardiac arrest have poorer prognosis and higher chances of death brought about by additional insults to an already damaged brain. Older patients have poorer prognosis. Preserved brainstem function seem to be a protective factor which can be a reflection of the degree of preserved brain activity despite anoxia.

Capacidade metabólica de bactérias heterotróficas de sistemas de lodo ativado em ambientes aeróbios e anóxicos / Metabolic capacity of heterotrophic bacteria of activated sludge systems in aerobic and anoxic environments

RESUMO Para projetos de sistemas de lodo ativado em países com temperaturas elevadas, como a do Brasil, sugere-se a introdução de um ou mais reatores anóxicos, visto que a nitrificação torna-se um fator quase inevitável. A desnitrificação é um processo capaz de reduzir custos com aeração em até 20%, recuperar a alcalinidade perdida com a nitrificação e ainda remover matéria orgânica e nitrogênio. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a capacidade metabólica de bactérias heterotróficas desses sistemas em ambiente aeróbio e anóxico via nitrato e via nitrito. Para os testes foram comparadas duas configurações: Bardenpho e University of Cape Town (UCT). Os resultados mostraram significativa viabilidade da desnitrificação via nitrato, pois as taxas médias obtidas de consumo de oxigênio e oxigênio equivalente foram semelhantes para ambos os sistemas, indicando que, além da remoção do nitrogênio, a matéria orgânica é removida com a mesma eficiência de um reator aeróbio, possibilitando a redução de custos com aeração devido à possibilidade de limitá-lo apenas ao processo de nitrificação. Contudo, na desnitrificação pelo uso do nitrito, percebeu-se uma redução na capacidade de remoção de matéria orgânica em até 60%, que pode inferir em uma vantagem duvidosa na opção de um processo de nitrificação e desnitrificação simultâneo, mesmo que este apresente menor demanda de oxigênio dissolvido (OD). Entretanto, pode ser viável a sua utilização quando houver também a pretensão de remoção de fósforo via nitrito por organismos acumuladores de fósforo.

ABSTRACT For projects of activated sludge systems in countries with high temperatures such as Brazil, the introduction of one or more anoxic reactors is suggested, since nitrification becomes an almost inevitable factor. Denitrification is a process able to reduce aeration costs by up to 20%, recover the alkalinity lost with nitrification and still remove organic matter and nitrogen. This study aimed to evaluate the metabolic capacity of heterotrophic bacteria of these systems in aerobic and anoxic environment via nitrate and nitrite. Two configurations were compared for the tests: Bardenpho and University of Cape Town (UCT). The results showed significant viability of denitrification via nitrate, as the average rates obtained from oxygen consumption and oxygen equivalents were similar for both systems, indicating that beyond the removal of nitrogen, organic matter is removed with the same efficiency as an aerobic reactor enabling cost reduction with aeration due to the possibility of limiting it only to the nitrification process. However, denitrification by the use of nitrite showed a reduction in the ability of removal of organic matter by 60%, which may lead to a doubtful advantage in the option of a simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process, even if it presents minor oxygen demand. However, it may present exceptions, such as when there is also the claim of phosphorus removal via nitrite by phosphorus-accumulating organisms that may overcome the weakness of this rate.

Remoção simultânea de material orgânico, nitrogênio e fósforo em um reator em bateladas sequenciais com biofilme de leito móvel operado pelo processo anaeróbio-anóxico-óxico / Simultaneous removal of organic material, nitrogen and phosphorus in a reactor in batches of mobile bed biofilm sequencing by the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic process

RESUMO Neste estudo, foi avaliado o desempenho de um reator em bateladas sequenciais com biofilme de leito móvel operado pelo processo anaeróbio-anóxico-óxico (A2O), aplicado à remoção simultânea de material orgânico, nitrogênio e fósforo de esgoto sanitário. Utilizaram-se dois reatores com volume útil de 36 L cada, sendo que um deles recebeu anéis plásticos móveis do tipo Kaldnes®, com área superficial específica estimada em 310 m2/m3 que ocuparam 50% do volume útil do reator (denominado aqui de MBSBBR). O estudo foi conduzido com tempo de retenção de sólidos (TRS) de 12 dias, tempo de retenção hidráulico (TRH) de 6 horas, taxa de alimento/microrganismo (A/M) de 0,4 a 0,5 gDQO/SSV.d, oxigênio dissolvido (OD) na faixa de 0,3-0,8 mgO2/L e taxas de aplicação de carga orgânica, nitrogênio e fósforo de 47,2 gDQO/L.d, 5,4 gNTK/L.d e 0,4 gP/L.d, respectivamente. Os resultados de eficiência de remoção de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), N-NH3 e fósforo foram de 91,1, 90,5 e 85,4% para o reator MBSBBR e de 89,5, 91,6 e 84,4% para o reator RBS, respectivamente. Os resultados do teste estatístico de ANOVA foram aplicados às principais variáveis estudadas, e os valores convergiram para valores de f observado < f crítico . Dessa forma, considera-se que houve similaridade de desempenho nos reatores MBSBBR e RBS. Conclui-se que a introdução do meio suporte não trouxe benefícios ao tratamento em termos de remoção de nutrientes. No entanto, o estudo mostrou que é possível de se obter elevada remoção de nitrogênio, em baixas concentrações de OD, o que se torna vantajoso para o tratamento de esgoto com elevada concentração de nitrogênio.

ABSTRACT In this study, the performance of a reactor in sequential batch with mobile bed biofilm operated by the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2O) process, applied to the simultaneous removal of organic material, nitrogen and phosphorus from sanitary sewage was evaluated. Two reactors with a useful volume of 36 liters each were used, one of them receiving Kaldnes® type mobile plastic rings, with a specific surface area estimated at 310 m2/m3, which occupied 50% of the reactor's useful volume (MBSBBR). The study was conducted with 12-day solid retention time (SRT), 6 hour hydraulic retention time (HRT), food/microorganism (F/M) ratio of 0.4 to 0.5 gCOD/VSS.d, dissolved oxygen (DO) in the range of 0.3-0.8 mgO2/L and application rates of organic load, nitrogen and phosphorus of 47.2 gCOD/L.d, 5.4 gTNK/L.d and 0.4 gP/L.d, respectively. The efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), N-NH3 and Phosphorus removal was of 91.1%, 90.5% and 85.4% for the MBSBBR reactor and 89.5%, 91.6% and 84.4% for the RBS reactor, respectively. The results of the statistical ANOVA test were applied to the main variables studied and the values converged to values of f observed < f critical . In this way, it is considered that there was a similarity of performance between the MBSBBR and RBS reactors. It is concluded that the introduction of the support medium did not bring benefits to the treatment in terms of nutrient removal. However, the study showed that it is possible to obtain high nitrogen removal at low concentrations of DO, which is advantageous for the sewage treatment with high nitrogen concentration.

Síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible secundaria a tacrolimus / Tacrolimus-associated posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome

Los inhibidores de la calcineurina, la ciclosporina y el tacrolimus han jugado un papel preponderante en la prevención de los episodios de rechazo y de la enfermedad de injerto contra el huésped en pacientes tratados mediante el trasplante de órgano sólido y de la médula ósea. No obstante, el tacrolimus presenta efectos adversos relacionados con la neurotoxicidad, siendo el síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible la consecuencia más severa de dicha neurotoxicidad. El reporte de nuestro caso es de una mujer de 30 años de edad, con 2 días de evolución de cefalea intensa en la frente, náuseas, emesis, hiporexia y epigastralgia, afebril. Antecedente de un trasplante cardiaco 45 días antes, en tratamiento inmunosupresor con tacrolimus y micofenolato mofetilo. Se documentan niveles de tacrolimus adecuados (12,1 ng/ml), los estudios imagenológicos normales y los resultados de laboratorio negativos para infección, lo que permite descartar las causas vasculares e infecciosas y la neurotoxicidad por el tacrolimus. Sin embargo, ante el desarrollo de alteraciones neuropsiquiátricas, y a pesar de niveles de tacrolimus < 5,5 ng/ml, se realiza nueva resonancia nuclear magnética cerebral con hallazgos que indican síndrome de leucoencefalopatía posterior reversible. Se suspende el tacrolimus y se inicia tratamiento con everolimus, lográndose remisión total. Este sería el primer caso reportado en el cual las alteraciones imagenológicas asociadas al síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible se desarrollaron en una paciente intervenida de trasplante cardiaco con niveles de tacrolimus < 10 ng/ml. El reporte de este caso permitirá a los grupos médicos tratantes considerar este diagnóstico a pesar de niveles de tacrolimus en rango terapéutico, de manera que se realice un reconocimiento y tratamiento oportuno, evitando así el desarrollo de complicaciones o secuelas neurológicas.

Calcineurin inhibitors, cyclosporine and tacrolimus, have played a major role in preventing graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease in patients undergoing bone marrow and solid organ transplantation. However, tacrolimus has adverse effects related with neurotoxicity, being the posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome the most severe consequence of this neurotoxicity. We report the case of a 30 year-old woman with 2-day history of severe frontal headache, náusea, emesis, hiporexia and epigastric pain, without fever. History of heart transplant 45 days ago, immunosuppressive therapy with tacrolimus and mycophenolatemofetil. Appropriate levels of tacrolimus (12.1 ng/ml), normal imaging and lab results were documented, excluding vascular and infectious causes as well as tacrolimus neurotoxicity. Nevertheless, due to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders and despite tacrolimus levels being < 5.5 ng/ml, a new brain MRI was performed showing a reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Tacrolimus was switched to everolimus achieving complete remission. This is the first reported case in which the imaging alterations associated with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome were developed in a patient undergoing heart transplantation with tacrolimus levels < 10 ng/ml. The report of this case will allow the treating physician groups to consider this diagnosis regardless oftacrolimus levels within therapeutic range, allowing therefore an early recognition and treatment, thus avoiding the development of complications and/or neurological sequels.

Remoção de nitrogênio em sistema combinado anóxico-aeróbio com biomassa imobilizada / Nitrogen removal in combined anoxic-aerobic system with imobilized biomass

Este trabalho visa estudar o desempenho de um sistema combinado na remoção de matéria orgânica e nitrogênio de esgoto sanitário, por meio da recirculação interna do efluente. Os reatores, em escala de bancada, foram: filtro anóxico (32,6 L), biofiltro aerado submerso (17,6 L) e decantador secundário (7,2 L). As razões de recirculação foram 0,5; 1,5; 2,0 e 4,0 sem adição de carbono externo ou alcalinizante. Na razão de recirculação de 4,0 foram aplicadas taxas de carregamento orgânico e de nitrogênio ao sistema de 0,7±0,3 Kg DQO.m-3.d-1 e 0,08±0,02 kg N-NH4 +.m-3.d-1, atingindo remoções de demanda química de oxigênio e nitrogênio total de 92±4% e 83±8%, respectivamente. Os resultados mostram viabilidade do uso da recirculação do efluente, uma vez que as concentrações finais de nitrogênio total (12±3 mg N.L-1) estão abaixo do valor estipulado pela Resolução CONAMA nº 430/2011.

This work aims to study the performance of a combined system in the removal of organic matter and nitrogen from sanitary sewage through internal recirculation of the effluent. The bench scale reactors were: anoxic filter (32.6 L), submerged aerated biofilter (17.6 L) and secondary settler (7.2 L). The recirculation rates were 0.5; 1.5; 2.0 and 4.0 without added external-carbon or alkalising. In 4.0 recirculation rate, the organic and nitrogen loading rates applied to the system were 0.7±0.3 kg chemical oxygen demand.m-3.d-1 and 0.08±0.02 kg N-NH4 +.m-3.d-1, reaching removals of chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen of 92±4% and 83±8%, respectively. The results show the feasibility of using recirculation of effluent, once the final concentrations of total nitrogen (12±3 mg.L-1) are below the value stipulated by CONAMA Resolution nº 430/2011.

Establishment of a hypoxia/reoxygenation model of H9 c2 cell using hypoxia/anoxic workstation / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To investigate optimal method of establishing hypoxia/reoxygenation(H/R) model of H9c2 cell by using hypoxia/anoxic workstation under different conditions in hypoxia.Methods H9c2 cell was placed into hypoxia/anoxic workstation and simultaneously cultured with complete medium, glucose-free DMEM and acidic hypoxic solution for 1,2,4,6 and 8 h respectively, and then reoxygenated with complete medium for 1 h in normoxic incubator.The level of ROS was measured by flow cytometry.The cell viability was detected by MTT assay.The cellular morphology was observed by inverted microscope.Results With the extension of cell hypoxia time, there were no significant differences in the ROS level and cell viability in complete medium-and glucose-free DMEM-treated H/R groups compared with control group(P<0.05).There was no obvious morphologic change observed with inverted microscope, either.Nevertheless, when H9c2 cells were treated with acidic hypoxic solution in hypoxia, the ROS level continuously increased and the cell viability decreased with the extension of cell hypoxia time ( P<0.01 ).Since H:1 h/R:1 h, some of the cells shrunk and a few necrotic cells floated in the media under the inverted microscope , and the damage was aggravated with the extension of hypoxia time.After the cells were exposed in hypoxia for 8 h, they wrinkled to be round and a large number of floating necrotic cells were observed.When the cells were reoxygenated for 1 h, the cytomembrane was not smooth and there were still a few necrotic cells floating in culture dish .Conclusion The H9c2 cell H/R model with good repeatability can be established successfully by using hypoxia/anoxic workstation combining with acidic hypoxic solution.

Antistress activity of Argyreia speciosa roots in experimental animals.

The antistress effect of a seven-day treatment (100 and 200 mg / kg, p.o.) of the hydroalcoholic extract of Argyreia speciosa root (ASE) was evaluated by using the swimming endurance test, acetic acid–induced writhing test, pentylenetetrazoleinduced convulsion test, anoxic tolerance test, cold-restraint, stress-induced gastric ulcers, aspirin-induced ulcers, and biochemical, and histopathological changes in the cold-restraint stress test. The immunomodulatory activity was also evaluated for the same doses, and treatment of ASE was done using the hemagglutination test. Both the doses of ASE showed antistress activity in all the tested models. The ASE-treated animals showed a decrease in immobility time and an increase in anoxic tolerance time in swimming endurance and the anoxic tolerance tests, respectively. The effect of glacial acetic acid and pentylenetetrazole were also reduced by decreasing the number of writhing responses and increasing the onset of convulsions, respectively. In the cold restrained stress and aspirin-induced gastric ulcer models, ASE showed a significant reduction in the ulcer index. Pretreatment with ASE significantly ameliorated the cold stress-induced variations in biochemical levels such as increased plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, total protein, and cortisol. ASE was also effective in preventing the pathological changes in the adrenal gland, due to cold restrained stress, in rats. In mice immunized with sheep red blood cells, the treatment groups subjected to restraint stress prevented the humoral immune response to the antigen. The immunostimulating activity of the ASE was indicated by an increase in the antibody titer in mice pre-immunized with sheep red blood cells and subjected to restraint stress. The findings of the present investigations indicate that the ASE has significant antistress activity, which may be due to the immunostimulating property and increased resistance, nonspecifically, against all experimental stress conditions.

The protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by anoxic preconditioning on diabetic cardiomyopathy / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To explore the protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) on diabetic myocardium and anoxic pre-conditioning (AP).Methods Eight-week-- old male Sprague-Dawley rats were given with a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg)to induce diabetes mellitus (DM).Donor rats were 8-week-old male Sprague - Dawley rats.Before transplantation,MSC were incubated in CM-DiI at a concentration of 2 μg/mL for 20 min.AP-MSC were exposed to 3 hours of anoxia.At 4 months after STZ injection,diabetic rats were randomly given with an intramyocardial injection of one of the followings:150 μL of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium ( DMEM),5 ×106 MSC/150 μL,or 5 × 106 AP - MSC/150 μL (n =10 for each group).Three months after STZ injection and 2 weeks after transplantation,we evaluated the cardiac function by echocardiography,and also evaluated the cardiac conditions by alkaline phosphatase staining,western blot analysis for apoptosis related proteins and signal pathways.Results MSC,especially AP- MSC increased fractional shortening (FS) of diabetic heart (P ＜0.01 vs DMEM respectively).AP-MSC greatly increased the capillary density of diabetic myocardium (P ＜0.01 vs DMEM and MSC group respectively).AP-MSC are anti-apoptotic in the rat DCM model,possibly mediated through cardiac upregulation of Bcl-2/Bax ratio ( P ＜ 0.05 ) and inhibiting the expression and activation of caspase - 3 ( P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions Intramyocardial transplantation of APMSC has a protective effect on diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Relativity Experimental Study between the Anoxic Blood Vessel Constriction and Endothelium Dependent NO Deficiency / 医学研究杂志

Objective To observe effect of large blood vessel hypoxia on the Wister rat′s NO activity. Methods Thoracic aorta rings model with full endothelium and removed endothelium of Wistar rat were prepared , hypoxia stimulated aorta rings and noted changes of constriction extent. Results Endothelium full , removed endothelium aorta rings by hypoxia contract extent difference was 598?42mg and 208?38mg, both had significance discrepancy (P0.05), and NTG made blood vessel contract to reduce range, reach 57.21% (P

CT feature and evaluation hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in neonates / 中国基层医药

Objective To study CT feature of hypoxic-ischemic encephapathy in neonates and its value in predicting prognosis.Methods CT scanning was performed in 62 cases with HIE.CT feafure were analyzed.Results Of 62 cases during their neonatal period,brain edema was seen in 38 the lower density's lesions of subcortical with matter in 42,cerebral hemorrhage in 8,subarachnoid space hemorrhage in 16,SDH in 4,and intraventricular hemorrhage in 2.Of 8 cases during their infants period CT scanning at 6,12 months,dilaled ventricle was seen in 6,increased extracerebral space in 8,and periventricalar leukomalacia in 2.Conclusion CT scaning is helpful for evaluating brain injury and predicting prognosis in neonates with HIE.

Clinical Course of Hypoxic-ischemic Coma after Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Korea

PURPOSE: This study analyzed the survival and the recovery of consciousness in hypoxic-ischemic coma at different time points till 30 days after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). METHODS: A survival analysis was done using Kaplan-Meier estimates, and 30-day outcomes were calculated for all unconscious patients at 24 h, 72 h, 5 days, 7 days, and 14 days after CPR. The patient's characteristics and outcomes were compared with those for published patient series. RESULTS: After 30 days, 32.4% of 74 patients were alive and conscious, 16.2% were still unconscious, and 51.4% had died. The proportions of patients who regained conscious were 32.4% of those unconscious within 6 h post CPR, 34.7% of those still unconscious after 72 h, and 21.1% of those still unconscious after 2 weeks. The proportion surviving increased from 16.2% of patients who were unconscious initially to 63.1% of those still unconscious after 2 weeks. CONCLUSION: The outcomes of hypoxic-ischemic coma vary with the duration of unconsciousness after CPR.

Protective effect of Chinese Medical Formula Decoction on anoxic damage in cultured hippocampal neuronal cells from newborn rats / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo study the protective effect of Chinese Medical Formula Decoction on anoxic damage in cultured hippocampal neuronal cells from newborn rats. MethodsThe sera with Chinese Medicine (SCM-1,2,3) were collected from rats fed on Chinese Medical Formula Decoction Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ(CMFD-Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ) for 3 days,while the sera of rats which were fed with normal saline was collected as control. Hippocampal neuronal cells were obtained from dissociated cerebrella of 2 day old Wister rats. The cells were maintained in 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere at 37℃. After 7 days, the cells were grown in culture media containing SCM-1,2,3 and normal saline for 24 hours and in anoxic atmosphere for 1 hour. After anoxia, the cells were cultured for 24 hours. Culture media were collected and Malonaldehyde (MDA) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) in culture media were detected. ResultsThe survival neuronal cell rate in SCM-1 and 2 groups were significantly higher than control group. LDH and MDA in culture media of SCM-1 and 2 groups were lowed than control group. Conclusions There is a protective effect of CMFD-1 and 2 on anoxic damage in cultured hippocampal neuronal cells from newborn rats.

The Protective Effect of the Serum Containing Tongmai on the Anoxic Myocardial Cells / 中国医师杂志

Objective To observe the influence of serum containing Tongmai on the anoxic myocardial cell. Methods The serum containing Tongmai effective components was extracted and used to interfere the anoxic myocardial cell, then the concentration of the LDH and troponin I in the culture medium of the cardiac myocyte was measured. Results The concentration of LDH and troponin I increased significantly in the culture mediun of the anoxic cardiac myocyte. The intervention of the serum containing Tongmai can significantly decreased the concentration of LDH and troponin I in the culture medium of the anoxic cardiac myocyte. Conclusion Tongmai can protect the cardiac myocyte from anoxic damage.

Protective Effect of Total Flavone of Abelmoschl Manihot L Medic on Acute Myocardial Ischemic-anoxic Injury in Mice / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To observe the protective effect of total flavone of Abelmoschl Manihot L medic(TFA)on acute myocardial ischemic and anoxic injury in mice.METHODS:Acute myocardial ischemic model induced by subcutaneous injection of Isoproterenol was adopted to observe the effects of TFA on the abnormal ST segment in lead II and T wave on ECG,my?ocardial water content(MWC)and myocardial index(MI);Moreover the effect of TFA on myocardial anoxic tolerance was ob?served in trachea clamping mice.RESULTS:TFA could remarkably ameliorate the abnormal changes of ECG and significantly inhibit the increase of MWC and MI of model group.It was found that the ECG lasting time was much longer in the groups pretreated with TFA.CONCLUSION:TFA plays a protective role in myocardial ischemia and anoxic injury in mice.

Pathophysiological Relevance of Oxygen to Reperfusion-Induced Arrhythmias / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

We have examined the role of readmission of oxygen in the initiation of reperfusion-induced arrhythmias by separating readmission flow from readmission of oxygen on a temporal basis. Isolated rat hearts (<i>n</i>=12/group) were subjected to 10 minutes of global ischemia and reperfusion. In controls reperfused with aerobic perfusion medium, 100% of hearts developed ventricular tachycardia 1.48±0.78 seconds after reperfusion, and ventricular fibrillation occurred 13.47±2.91 seconds after reperfusion. Also in hearts reperfused with anoxic perfusion medium, 100% of hearts developed ventricular tachycardia 1.98±0.96 seconds after reperfusion, and ventricular fibrillation occurred 27.01±18.52 seconds after reperfusion. But the duration of the time from reperfusion to the onset of ventricular fibrillation were statistically differrent in these two groups (<i>p</i><0.05). In conclusion anoxic reperfusion delayed ventricular fibrillation but prevent neither ventricular fibrillation nor ventricular tachycardia. This implies that oxygen-derived free radicals may play an important role in the initiation of reperfusion-induced arrhythmias, but are unneccessary for arrhythmogenesis.

Protective Effects of Silybin on Cultured Cardiomyocytes with Deprivation of Oxygen and Glucose / 第二军医大学学报

In this study, we used the anoxic cultured cardiomyocytes with the deprivation of glucose as a “ischemic” model. It was found that silybin could decrease the LDH release from ischemic cardiomyocytes, and act partly against the effect of isoproterenol on anoxic myocytes, i. e., reduce the cardiomyocyte injury by isoproterenol when used along with the isoprotercnol. The result shows that silybin may be a useful drug for the protection of ischemic cardiomyocytes.