ABSTRACT
Higiene del griego "higieya", Diosa de la salud, es una doctrina médica y social, cuyos orígenes se remontan hasta los lejanos siglos del mundo greco-latino. En el presente trabajo se resumen las bases históricas, políticas y sociales que condujeron a la fundación de instituciones administrativas y científicas, cuyo fin fue organizar, así como llevar a cabo, programas que cumplieran con el objetivo de disminuir el riesgo de enfermedades causadas por conductas insanas y noxas del medio ambiente. La idea de higiene pública como una responsabilidad del Estado surgió fundamentalmente en el transcurso del siglo XVII y XVIII, y se sedimentó definitivamente a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. En el presente ensayo se hace una síntesis de algunos hechos históricos, científicos, sociales y políticos que condujeron definitivamente a la constitución de las actuales instituciones de higiene y de salud. Igualmente se resalta la personalidad humana y científica de algunos de los principales investigadores que sentaron las bases de la Higiene institucionalizada, fundando organizaciones que, en su mayor parte, han tenido una importante y positiva evolución, así como un impacto significativo en el devenir de los años subsiguientes. Entre ellos a nivel internacional se destacan investigadores como Max von Pettenkofer, Louis Pasteur, Paul Virchow y Robert Koch, así como a nivel nacional, Santos Aníbal Dominici, Rafael López Barala y Enrique Tejera Guevara. Así mismo, se expone una breve historia de varios de los Institutos de Higiene y de Salud que desde la última década del siglo XIX hasta el presente han aportado una significativa labor en la docencia, la investigación y amplia prestación de servicios de salud en Latinoamérica, algunos de ellos incluso previos a la fundación del Instituto Nacional de Higiene de Venezuela en 1938. Finalmente se menciona brevemente la amplia labor y el significativo apoyo que en todas esas labores ha prestado la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, o las organizaciones predecesoras,por más de 100 años
Hygiene from the Greek "higieya", Goddess of health, is a medical and social doctrine, whose origins go back to the distant centuries of the Greco-Latin world. This paper summarizes the historical, political and social bases that led to the foundation of administrative and scientific institutions, whose purpose was to organize, as well as carry out, programs that met the objective of reducing the risk of diseases caused by insane behaviors and noxious of the environment. The idea that public hygiene as a responsibility of the State arose mainly during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and settled definitively from the second half of the nineteenth century. In the present essay a synthesis of some historical, scientific, social and political facts is made that definitively led to the constitution of the current hygiene and health institutions. Likewise, the human and scientific personality of some of the main researchers who laid the foundations of institutionalized hygiene is highlighted. These scientists founded significant organizations in subsequent years. Among the outstanding researchers we have Max von Pettenkofer, Louis Pasteur, Paul Virchow and Robert Koch. Santos Anibal Dominici, Rafael Lopez Barala and Enrique Tejera Guevara stand out with health scientists in Venezuela. In addition, this paper briefly exposes the history of various health and health institutions in the world and Latin America (nineteenth century - twentieth century). These institutions have contributed significant work in teaching, research and health services. In some cases, the construction and operation of these institutions was prior to the founding of the National Institute of Hygiene of Venezuela (1938). Finally, the work and significant support of the Pan American Health Organization to these institutions for more than 100 years is highlighted
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Health Facility Administration , Health Facilities , History of Medicine , Academies and InstitutesABSTRACT
Abstract The paper shortly presents the early roles of Budapest, Prague, and Belgrade in the development of psychoanalytic movement in Central-Europe before the Second World War. Mapping this historical heritage, it suggests how psychoanalysts of former Soviet Bloc countries could restore their own psychoanalytic communities. The study investigates the consequences of these dictatorial and authoritarian regimes for psychoanalysis and for psychoanalysts focusing on similarities and differences in Hungary, in former Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. Furthermore, it emphasizes the contribution of the international professional organizations - the International Psychoanalytic Association, and the European Psychoanalytic Federation - for reintegration of Budapest, Prague, and Belgrade to the international psychoanalytic community.
Resumo O artigo apresenta brevemente os papéis de Budapeste, Praga e Belgrado no desenvolvimento do movimento psicoanalítico na Europa central antes da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Mapeando essa herança histórica, o artigo sugere como psicanalistas do antigo bloco soviético puderam restaurar suas próprias comunidades psicoanalíticas. O estudo investiga as consequências desses regimes ditatoriais e autoritários para a psicanálise e para os psicanalistas focalizando as semelhanças e diferenças na Hungria e nas antigas Tchecoslováquia e Iugoslávia. Além disso, destaca a contribuição das organizações profissionais internacionais - a International Psychoanalytic Association e a European Psychoanalytic Federation - na reintegração de Budapeste, Praga e Belgrado à comunidade psicoanalítica internacional.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Psychoanalysis/history , Yugoslavia , Czechoslovakia , History, 20th Century , World War II , HungaryABSTRACT
More research needs to be carried out into the theoretical backgrounds of the various specialities in Medicine, and particularly in Psychiatry. Since new classifications for mental disorders are soon to be introduced, we will briefly examine the history of personality disorders and our interest will be directed to problems we might encounter using the current diagnostic criteria, i. e., DSM-IV/ICD-10.
Profundizar en los fundamentos teóricos de la propia especialidad es algo necesario para la labor asistencial de cualquier facultativo en Medicina. Ante las ya inminentes nuevas clasificaciones sobre las enfermedades mentales, hacemos un breve repaso de la historia de los trastornos de personalidad y nos planteamos las principales dificultades que se ponen de manifiesto al hacer el diagnóstico de trastorno de personalidad siguiendo los actuales criterios DSM-IV/CIE-10.