Anthropometric Analysis of Mid-face; Senile Changes of Nasal Dimensions

The objective of this study is anthropometric analysis of nose and mid-face in Korean. This study was based on extensive sample size and variable measurement points. Total 3,000 healthy volunteers (18 to 79 years of age) were took two standardized photographs (frontal and lateral view). And 21 items were measured per person. Age groups were classified into three as young, middle-aged, and elderly. Average nasal length was around 4 cm and height was 5 cm. Female was 5~6% smaller than male. Facial width was 3.5 times larger than nasal length. Nasal length reduced by 5% as get older. Nasofrontal angle was 141degrees and nasolabial angle was 92degrees. Nasal width was 39mm and intercanthal distance was 35 mm. The significant age-related changes were eyeball depth (se-pu) and intercanthal distance. The characteristic senile change of male mid-face was downward deflection of soft tissue but female was soft tissue atrophy. The goal of augmentation rhinoplasty is not filling up sellion point depression but superior shifting of that point. Similarity between nasal length and width was another interesting finding of Korean nose. The results of this study will represent typical values of Korean nose and facilitate exact prediction of surgical results.

Anthropometric Analysis of the Mouth in Koreans

PURPOSE: The objective of this study is anthropometric analysis of mouth and lower face of Korean. The relationship of soft-tissue to underlying bony structures determine the overall aesthetics of the face. The goal of aesthetic surgery of the face is to achieve the ideal normal and enhance the aging face. The purpose of present study was to determine the change of the morphology of the mouth and lower face based on soft-tissue landmarks according to age group to facilitate prediction during aesthetic surgery. METHODS: The standardized photographs of 2,018 healthy volunteers(18 to 79 years of age; 1,070 males, 948 females) were investigated. Age groups were classified into young, middle-aged, and elderly groups. Five and seven items were measured on frontal and lateral view photographs, respectively. Individual dimensions were compared in the three age groups and between males and females. RESULTS: The width of mouth is 4.5 times larger than that of philtrum. Most of measured data decreased with age. However, woman's lip width of the mouth somewhat increased from the young to elderly. The width of lower face is 2.5 times larger than mouth in young age group and increased slightly from the young to middle- aged and thereafter slightly decreased to elderly group. Upper lip was more higher than lower lip and male lip was more higher than female. But male and female lip height is similar at old age. CONCLUSION: Most of Koreans showed prominent lower face because of the development or protrusion of the mandible. And the descent of soft-tissue around the mouth was one of the significant characteristics of senile change. The posterior retrusion of the subnasal was an another characteristic. This study will help to elucidate the age-related dimensional differences of the human being and to provide useful information for clinical applications in oral and aesthetic surgery.

Survey on Nutritional Status of Pre-school Children in Asan Measured by Anthropometric and Nutrient Intake Analysis

The nutritional status of pre-school children is important for both physical growth and functional development. This study investigated the anthropometric, nutrient intakes and dietary quality of the pre-school children living in Asan for planning nutritional education program. The dietary intakes were measured by 2-day 24 hr recall recorded by children's mothers and the anthropometric data were collected by measuring children's weights, heights, and percent body fat at Asan Public Health Center. The children were 161 boys and 129 girls aged 5 and 6 years. When children's nutritional status was determined by their anthropometric status (underweight, normal weight and overweight) determined by z-score (normal range between -1.00 and 1.00), only 1.4% of the children belonged to underweight group while 55.7% and 42.9% belonged to normal and overweight groups, respectively. Significantly higher number of children belonged to overweight group for 5 year-olds. No differences were observed in nutrient intakes, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and index of nutritional quality (INQ) values among nutritional status groups. Intakes of the most nutrients were adequate, but NAR and INQ of calcium and zinc were low. When nutrient intakes, NAR and INQ were compared by sex or age, all nutrient intakes were appropriate except calcium and zinc intakes of 6 year-olds. Nutrient intakes of 5 years were higher than those of 6 years. The mean of nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR) was 0.85 and mean INQ was 1.51 for all participants. The nutritional management program for pre-school children in Asan would be directed differently by age groups and education material should contain contents educating to consume moderate amount of food for 5 year-olds and to increase intake of foods with mineral nutrients such as calcium and zinc for 6 year-olds.

Relationship between manual cephalo-anthropometric analysis and degree of snoring in Korean adult / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This purpose of this research is to study the prevalence of habitual snoring and the association between snoring and cephalo-anthropometric analysis in Korean population. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Four thousand and two hundred twenty four subjects (male: 2277, female: 1947), aged between 18~85 (mean age male: 45.3, female: 44.0), were recruited through home visits and interviewed by well-trained investigators. RESULTS: Three hundred fifty two male subjects (15.5%) and one hundred sixty two female subjects (8.32%) exhibited habitual snoring. Age, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were significantly higher in the snoring group compared to those who dont snore habitually. Using a stepwise variable selection method of multiple logistic regression analysis, we found independent factors as being significant for males and females of the snoring groups. For males, the factors were BMI (p<0.001, OR=1.18 CI: 1.12~1.25), mandibular angle (p<0.001, OR=0.97 CI: 0.96~0.98), and abdominal girth (p<0.001, OR=1.04, CI: 1.02~1.06. For females, they were abdominal girth (p=0.031, OR=1.03, CI: 1.00~1.05), neck girth (p=0.003, OR=1.12, CI: 1.04~1.21), age (p=0.0002, OR=1.02 CI: 1.01~10.3), and BMI (p=0.0007, OR=1.11 CI: 1.05~1.18). CONCLUSION: We found that BMI, gonion angle and abdomen girth in male and abdominal girth, neck girth, age, BMI in female were the significant factors affecting the severity of snoring in Korean population.